Spatial Development Processes Research Articles

Numerical study on cavitation generation induced by the high-speed jet impact on the water surface

The complex interaction between shock waves and two-phase interfaces can generate cavitation. In this study, the cavitation induced by the high-speed jet impact on the water surface was investigated. The mixture fluid is modeled using the barotropic equation of state under the framework of the two-phase flow model, which can describe the mixture of air, water, and vapor with any proportion. Through constructing a 1D Riemann problem for the impact-induced cavitation phase transition, it indicates that the coupling effect of multiple rarefaction waves emitted from the two-phase interface is responsible for the cavitation phase transition inside the liquid. Then, a 3D (three-dimensional) simulation regarding the impact of a high-speed jet on the water surface was conducted and validated against previous experiments that captured the cavitation phase transition phenomenon in the central region after the jet impact. The 3D simulation results revealed the spatial structure and development process of shock waves in detail. The coupling effects of shock waves and two-phase interfaces generate a ring-shaped rarefaction wave, which develops radially inward and superimposes, resulting in the formation of acorn-shaped cavitation bubble nuclei inside the water. The 3D simulation can provide spatial shock/rarefaction wave structures and internal flow details that have never been obtained in experiments, such as shock generation and propagation, rarefaction wave generation and center convergence, and the internal structure of acorn-shaped cavitation nucleation. Furthermore, the influence of the jet velocity on the cavitation intensity was analyzed, and a quantitative relationship was provided.

From here to where: assessing the infrastructure financialization in urban China

PurposeInfrastructure financialization plays a critical role in infrastructure development and urban growth around the world. However, on the one hand, the existing research on the infrastructure financialization focuses on qualitative and lacks quantitative country-specific studies. On the other hand, the spatial heterogeneity and influencing factors of infrastructure financialization are ignored. This study takes China as a typical case to identify and analyze the spatial characteristics, development process and impact factors of infrastructure financialization.Design/methodology/approachTo assess the development and characteristics of infrastructure financialization in China, this study constructs an evaluation index of infrastructure financialization based on the infrastructure financialization ratio (IFR). This study then analyzes the evolution process and spatial pattern of China's infrastructure financialization through the spatial analysis method. Furthermore, this study identifies and quantitatively analyzes the influencing factors of infrastructure financialization based on the spatial Dubin model. Finally, this study offers a policy suggestion as a governance response.FindingsThe results demonstrate that infrastructure financialization effectively promotes the development of infrastructure in China. Second, there are significant spatial differences in China’s infrastructure financialization. Third, many factors affect infrastructure financialization, with government participation having the greatest impact. In addition, over-financialization of infrastructure has the potential to lead to government debt risks, which is a critical challenge the Chinese Government must address. Finally, this study suggests that infrastructure financialization requires more detailed, tailored,and place-specific policy interventions by the government.Originality/valueThis study not only contributes to enriching the knowledge body of global financialization theory but also helps optimize infrastructure investment and financing policies in China and provides peer reference for other developing countries.

Quantitative characteristics and influencing factors of Tibetan Buddhist religious space with monasteries as the carrier: a case study of U-Tsang, China

Tibetan Buddhism has an inseparable connection with the spatial characteristics, development process, and human-natural environment of the Tibetan Plateau. This paper takes monasteries as carriers of Tibetan Buddhist culture in U-Tsang region which is one of the traditional geographical units of Tibet. Using geospatial analysis methods, this study explores the spatial quantification characteristics of Tibetan Buddhist monasteries and qualitatively and quantitatively analyzes the factors that influence the spatial distribution of monasteries. The results indicate that: (1) Political activities of human society influence the pattern of political power. Under the unique context of Tibetan theocracy system, the scope of political authority has a significant influence and affects the religious spatial pattern in the U-Tsang region throughout history. The distribution of monasteries in the U-Tsang region shows significant spatial differences at three sub-regional scales. (2) The religious spatial pattern in the U-Tsang is the result of the diverse interaction of human-natural factors. The results indirectly endorse that religious space is an inevitable product of the interaction between humans and the environment. (3) The religious spatial distribution patterns in the three major Tibetan regions have distinct characteristics, closely related to the superior conditions of their respective historical and geographical environments.

Augmented reality as a technology that supports the spatial development process

Motives: The solutions for designing spatial development methods in planning documents are presented as 2D graphics with supplementary descriptions. Due to the lack of specialist knowledge and insufficient spatial imagination, some readers may be unable to understand the graphic and descriptive content of such documents. The above can lead to the construction of objects that disrupt spatial order without violating the law. This problem can be solved by applying augmented reality (AR) in spatial planning. This paper presents the capabilities of a method for visualizing different spatial development variants on the example of buildings. A model of a building plot and the surrounding area, covered by a local spatial development plan, was developed.Aim: The aim of this study was to determine the applicability of the AR technology for identifying low-precision areas in the plan and its potential impact on the method of land development, with a resulting deterioration in spatial order.Results: The use of the AR technology enables analyses and assessments of planned development in the context of spatial order and its integration with the existing elements. Visualizations presented with the AR technology show that different interpretations of the local zoning plan generate spatial chaos. The utility of 3D visualization for an average reader was also presented. The AR technology can be used at the stage of preparing planning documents (community participation, adopting the plan), adopting by-laws (councilors), and enforcing these regulations (investors’ decisions).

Association mining of coastline change and land use patterns to enhance conservation

Coastal zones, as interfaces between marine and terrestrial ecosystems, possess great ecological and economic value but are environmentally fragile. This research provides a new perspective for studying development and change patterns in coastal zones, offering insights for land planning and contributing to the ecological preservation and sustainable development of coastal areas. We utilized Landsat TM and OLI sensor imagery (from the years 1990, 2000, 2010, and 2020) to extract coastline and land use information from the coastal zone of Shandong Province. Through the establishment of association mining models between coastline changes and land use patterns, the relationships between spatial layout changes and development processes in different geographical locations are revealed. In the initial stage, weak expansion and moderate changes in the coastline corresponded to units with lower land development intensity sequences. In the intermediate stage, with increasing coastline expansion and intense changes, the sequence of land development intensity was extremely strong > strong > moderate > weak from the sea to the land. This type of association was mostly distributed in the Laizhou Bay salt field and coastal port areas and was mostly focused on aquaculture and port trade, causing “strong” and “extremely strong” units of regional land development intensity. In the later stage, as coastline expansion slowed, the use of ports and docks caused the development intensity of the surrounding land to fluctuate. Farming, fishing, salt field and port construction in the coastal zone of Shandong Province were the major forms of land expansion and change. The association rules between coastline expansion or erosion and coastal development intensity revealed the impact of coastline changes on the spatial pattern from sea to land, which is important for planning layouts, optimizing industrial structures, and maximizing socioeconomic and environmental benefits in coastal areas.

Geospatial analysis of the territory for solving urban planning problems

The purpose of the study is to conduct a geospatial analysis of the territory, taking into account urban planning characteristics, for the location of a shopping center. The study characterizes the factors that turn cities into diverse and complex forms of settlements that are constantly changing. The process of urban settlement, which is reflected in their space, is analyzed. It is determined that spatial factors lead to differences in the scale and shape of cities, types of development and methods of spatial planning. The necessity of studying the spatial structure of cities, which has the characteristics of a relatively complete theoretical justification and wide coverage, is established. It is determined that the process of spatial development of cities is multidimensional and complex, which is manifested in spatial planning, transformation of many functions and expansion of the territory. The direction of research on the spatial analysis of the selected city territory is determined. Various characteristics of the site are considered, including views, transport links, access and other constraints that may affect the future development of each approach to the shopping center. A spatial analysis of the shopping center location was conducted. This analysis determines the transport accessibility of the shopping center, the accessible distance to residential development, service areas, etc. It also determines which parts of the territory are suitable for a particular type of use. The results are obtained regarding the location of the shopping center in the city. The estimated number of regular visitors to the projected shopping center is determined, provided that the level of its attractiveness is the same as that of its competitors. The increase in the level of attractiveness of the projected shopping center in comparison with competitors is calculated. Based on the results of the geospatial analysis, the stages of design and survey work were developed to draw up a large-scale topographic basis for the development area.

Understanding the Policy Integration Challenges of Sustainable Urban Mobility in the Context of Rapid Decarbonisation

AbstractGiven the state of the climate emergency, European Union (EU) cities must find innovative ways to achieve a sustainable and decarbonised urban mobility trajectory. This requires integrated and cross-sectoral approaches that enable all sectors influencing such mobility to contribute to this goal. Building on the concept of the climate-connected city and drawing on an extensive empirical investigation of two Dutch cities (Rotterdam and Maastricht), this study reflects on how decarbonisation targets are integrated with other sustainability objectives across all policies and levels involved in reconfiguring mobility towards an environmentally sustainable model. The study finds that spatial development tools and processes, in combination with regulatory instruments imposing strict limits on emissions, can strengthen cross-sectoral support for the behavioural changes needed to decarbonise urban mobility. However, this integrative dynamic may be countered by local economic actors and by national and EU economic and fiscal instruments, whose narrow focus on reducing vehicle emissions and expanding road capacity forces cities to dilute their sustainable mobility policies. This suggests that in order to accelerate the decarbonisation of urban mobility, these instruments should be aligned with a broader set of sustainability goals and solutions and be combined with greater attention being given to the urban dimension into national and European transport policies.

Coupling assessment for the water-economy-ecology nexus in Western China

The coupling development of water, economy, and ecology is an important driver of sustainable development. The assessment of the spatial distribution and development process of the regional water-economy-ecology (WEE) nexus is the basis of regional sustainable development. This study constructs a comprehensive evaluation model to explore the coupling coordination relationship of the WEE nexus in Western China, and then the grey prediction GM (1, 1) model is applied to analyze the development trend of the WEE nexus. In addition, the Tobit regression model is employed to explain the WEE nexus’ influencing factors. The result indicates that the WEE nexus is generally developing in Western China, and the interaction between WEE is also increasing, but there is a lag in the WEE nexus’ coordinated development. Especially, the economic system had the largest increase, with the development level rising from 0.2166 to 0.4966. Further empirical study shows that water resources development, science and technology innovation, economic development, industrial structure, and ecological governance are the major factors affecting the WEE nexus’ coordinated development. The forecast shows a steady upward trend of coupling coordination in Western China in 2023–2025, and the majority of provinces will exceed 0.7 in 2025, reaching the intermediate coordination. This study offers a decision reference for policymakers and practitioners in addition to enriching the knowledge body of water governance and sustainable development on both global and regional scales.

An evaluation of the Russian Far East spatial polarization in the post-Soviet period

The post-Soviet social and economic development of Russia had a multidirectional character. At the same time the importance of smoothed factors of competitiveness, the importance of individual centers and industries increased. Regional measurement of such trends the most frequently discovers the rose sharply gradients of social and economic development, which reflct in the spatial development processes spectrum. Spatial polarization is the cornerstone in this spectrum; it has become an actual trend in the development of the whole country. Whereas its specifis in the west of the country have been researched quite actively, the Russian Far East in this respect has not been actually studied. This article is directed to eliminate this shortcoming. The main problems of socio-economic development of this territory and the process of regionalization specifi to it were preliminarily considered. The regionalization specifi process was discovered through the analysis of sharps in the most socio-economic indicators of the regional centers in the Russian Far East. For evaluating the spatial polarization we used the proprietary technology of four-step evaluation and the fial formula is proposed. The statistical base was the collection “Regions of Russia. Socio-economic Indicators”. The obtained index of spatial polarization was analyzed and conclusions about the specifis of its formation, functioning and sustainability were made. The spatial polarization index was visualized using QGIS cartographical method. As a result, 4 types of regions were identifid by the level of spatial polarization: weakly polarized (2 regions), medium polarized (3 regions), highly polarized (4 regions), maximum polarized (2 regions). Each type was analyzed, the factors and specifi of their creation and functioning were noted. The conclusion about the prevalence of qualitative diffrences between the types and signifiant prospects for further research into spatial polarization was made.

Determination of the impacts of urban-planning of the urban land area using GIS hotspot analysis

Public investments are commonly linked with urban growth and change in points of interest (POI). This study aims to detect the changes in 5 POI categories within 250, 500, and 1000 m catchment areas around major public investments and transportation lines between 2008 and 2019 in Eskisehir city, Turkey. Due to the high number of POI data in the area, hot spot maps were produced for the target years with Kernel Density Estimation (KDE) method and subtracted with raster operation to create the POI differencing maps. The results revealed that establishing the tram line (ESTRAM) affected the emergence of POIs from 2008 to 2019, while no significant influence of other public investments on the POIs was detected in the city. Still, some investments, including Atatürk Culture and Convention Center, Şelalepark, the Zoo, and the City Hospital, had limited impacts on POIs. This research is expected to contribute to the prediction of the effects of public investments on the spatial and functional development processes and provide an analytical framework.

Urban growth, changing relationship between biophysical factors and surface thermal characteristics: A geospatial analysis of Agra city, India

The kind of urbanization occurred in the last few decades has caused a massive reduction of urban green space raising the land surface temperature, drastic land use and land cover changes, and hampering environmental sustainability in Agra city. Examining urban growth trends and its significant impacts on surface and vegetation cover of Agra helps in assessing nature of spatial development process. The present study examines urban growth, bio-physical factors and surface thermal characteristics in the city. Study uses multiple geospatial techniques to analyse changes. To obtain spatio-temporal landscape dynamics multi-temporal Landsat TM/OLI satellite images were used for years 1991, 2001, 2011 and 2021 to classify LULC classes using maximum likelihood supervised classification algorithm. Based on the spatial drivers and LULC of 2001 and 2011; multi perception based artificial neural network model is applied to predict the urban areas in 2031. Study reports that the greatest loss was found for vegetation cover (VC); a total of 17.89 sq. km. (13.06%) green space lost during the study periods (1991–2021). A remarkable increased in urban area was noticed at a rate of 11.20% during 1991–2001 and 7.97% during 2001–2011. The study has much to offer to urban and environmental planning and sustainable urbanization.

Struktura przestrzenna Oviedo w średniowieczu ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem placów miejskich. Zarys problematyki

The aim of the article is to examine the process of spatial development in Oviedo in the Middle Ages, with a particular focus on the formation of urban squares. Oviedo is - in terms of Spanish urbanism - a special example, as it belongs to one of the first cities built on raw roots. During the Middle Ages it was an important administrative, religious and political center. Until 910 it served as the capital of the Kingdom of Asturias, and although it later lost this status to León, by the end of the thirteenth century, it was indeed a fully developed and important city. Like Santiago de Compostela, Oviedo had a strong sacred character, which in turn determined its spatial organization. As far as the spatial development is concerned, a well-thought-out spatial concept developed in the Middle Ages, which, although partially modified, has been preserved until today, deserves special attention. It is particularly interesting to look at open spaces and the process of their formation and transformation. These squares still function today in the same places.

Северо-арктические геостратегические территории Дальнего Востока: пространственно-хозяйственные и институциональные преобразования

The article deals with the processes of spatial and economic development and ensuring the geostrategic stability of the North Arctic territories of the Far East at the present stage of cardinal transformations in this area. The author reveals significant dependencies of solution of these problems on the role of the main elements of critical infrastructure of the region under the study, both nationally and geopolitically, taking into account its cross-border position in the Pacific sector of the world Arctic. The necessity of developing a special scientific and applied program as an institutional structure for strengthening the mechanisms for managing these processes in the newly formed North-Eastern mesoregion both in the current and strategic periods of spatial transformations in the region is substantiated.

Spatial development of historical-archaeological foundations in Nineveh Governorate "Nimrud Sub-district a case study"

The study and development of the historical-archaeological foundations have a significant impact on showing the depth of the history and civilization of Nimrud sub-district, in addition to its effective contribution to raising the level of per capita income and attracting national and foreign investment for these cultural foundations. The study of the historical-archaeological foundations and their development in the Nimrud district aims to reveal the cultural potential represented by the historical and archaeological sites enjoyed by the Nimrud sub-district in particular, and the methods of their development and sustainability. Therefore, the research focused on the question about the historical-archaeological foundations that represent one of the pillars of development in the region and how to plan and invest it as an economic and tourist resource for the region, and then reveal the most important obstacles and problems facing its development process in the study area, which represents the research problem. The research is based on the hypothesis that the historical-archaeological foundations that the study area enjoys, along with other foundations, are basic inputs and pillars in the spatial development process, and then the outputs appear as work functions and socio-economic returns for the population of the studied area. The focus was on the geographical distribution of historical and archaeological sites within the Nimrud sub-district in the Nineveh Governorate, which has an area of ​​(474 ​​km2), to study it in a comprehensive and in-depth study and shed light on it, given that what this area has been subjected to in terms of vandalism and destruction is a crime against human heritage.

Spatial analysis of the reality of infrastructure services and their planning standards in Al-Muthanna Governorate

The indicators of services in general, and infrastructure services in particular, are the basis for starting the process of spatial development, as it is the starting point for investing the natural and human potentials in the development process. The levels of progress for any society are measured by a number of comparative measures, and one of those measures is the level of the services provided to members of the community. Thus, development indicators are among the basic structures that support economic and social development in the governorate due to its great importance in the development process as it is one of the main pillars on which the rules of integrated development are based. And it was found through the research that the level of indicators of infrastructure services is low, as the governorate suffers from a deficit in drinking water service amounting to (139,684 m3/day) to meet its needs, and the governorate suffers from its lack of sanitation services. (132 megawatt-hours), and transport road services suffer from low levels in terms of efficiency and efficiency, especially rural roads and Roads related to various agricultural, industrial and tourism economic activities.

Chlorophyll maxima layer in a large subtropical reservoir (Xinanjiang Reservoir): Spatial development process and limitation by CO2 and phosphorus

In marine investigations, the maximum chlorophyll-a (Chla) concentration is often reported to occur at a specific depth below the ocean surface, a phenomenon known as subsurface Chla maxima (SCM). However, SCM has long been overlooked in artificial reservoirs, which may lead to a serious underestimation of the primary productivity level and trophic status of reservoirs. To better understand the temporal and spatial variability of SCM and the mechanisms leading to SCM development, this study conducted a detailed survey in a large subtropical reservoir (Xinanjiang Reservoir, XAJR) from September 2020 to August 2021. The seasonal thermal stratification, in situ variables (WT, pH, DO and Chla), nutrient concentrations (DSi, NO3−, DIP and DCO2), Chla maxima depth and magnitude of the riverine region (S1), transition region (S2) and the central part of the XAJR (S3 and S4) were all thoroughly investigated. Thermal stratification and SCM in XAJR exhibited significant seasonal and spatial heterogeneity. Phytoplankton biomass in the epilimnion was limited by dissolved CO2 from June to October in the warm seasons, while it was primarily limited by phosphorus in the other seasons, according to the nutrient limitation analysis. Along the water column, dissolved CO2 limitation occurred mainly above the SCM layer, and the water column below the SCM layer gradually transitioned from dissolved CO2 limitation to phosphorus limitation. Furthermore, as the thermal stratification developed, the upstream water mass moves along the middle of the water column as density flow toward the reservoir, providing nutrients for the development of the SCM. This research contributes to a better understanding of the temporal and spatial variation of SCM and nutrient supply in deep and large stratified reservoirs.

General Patterns and Regional Features of the Work of Russian Enterprises in the Context of the COVID-19 Pandemic

The article examines the impact of the crisis caused by the COVID‑19 pandemic on Russian enterprises and regions. As the analysis of world experience and theoretical approaches formulated by the foreign and Russian researchers shows: the difference in development levels and structural features of regional economies are predetermined by natural and climatic conditions, demographic trends, the degree of development of all types of infrastructure, institutional features, etc. National spatial policy also directly affects regional features. However, the use of even the most meaningful theoretical constructions for the practical analysis of the spatial development processes faces an acute shortage of statistical information. In this regard, it was decided to use the results of sociological surveys, including questionnaire surveys of enterprises. Comparison of information from questionnaire surveys conducted at the national level with data from surveys conducted in individual regions makes it possible to identify local features of various economic events and processes. For this purpose, two surveys were conducted using the same questionnaire. One of the surveys was conducted within the framework of the all-Russian sample, the other – ​within the framework of a sample of enterprises representing the Vologda Oblast. An analysis and comparison of the results of the two surveys shows that the differences in the proportions of responses are greater in cases where the situation is strongly influenced by the structural features of the regional economy. When it comes to processes and trends that are typical for the whole of Russia, the magnitude of deviations is less significant or even minimal. The data of two surveys conducted confirm that the unevenness of territorial development is very clearly reflected in the assessments of enterprises. It is obvious that the uneven territorial development and regional characteristics can quite strongly influence the activities of specific enterprises, creating both additional advantages and additional problems.

Assessing the Spatio-Temporal Pattern and Development Characteristics of Regional Ecological Resources for Sustainable Development: A Case Study on Guizhou Province, China

Sustainable development is a common challenge for all global economies, and the assessment of the spatial distribution and development process of ecological resources is the basis of sustainable development. Considering the heterogeneity of regional ecological resource endowment, it is necessary to conduct a targeted assessment for different regions. In this study, we selected Guizhou Province, which is rich in ecological resources, but has a fragile environment, as our study area, and cultivated land, woodland, grassland, and water resources were selected as critical evaluation indicators. Notably, we applied Kernel density analysis methods, based on the remote sensing data of 2000, 2005, 2010, 2015, and 2020, to explore the spatiotemporal distribution characteristics and evolution pattern of regional ecological resources. The results indicated that the evolution of ecological resource development in Guizhou could be divided into three phases: degenerative (2000–2005), recovery (2005–2015), and development (2015–2020). The spatial distribution of Guizhou’s ecological resource was shown to be heterogeneous in the north and south and more homogeneous in the middle regions. Guizhou has diverse land-use types, with obvious regional differences in land-use structure. Notably, even though the development of ecological resources in Guizhou has improved, the development and utilization degree of ecological resources is still low, and the ecological damage is serious. This study can be used as a scientific reference by policymakers and decisionmakers to develop new regulations for ecological resources protection and sustainable development in China. We suggest that different regions should adopt more detailed measures; particularly, it is important to establish a spatial governance system to promote ecological resources development in the context of local conditions.

The “Five-Year Plan” of Spatial Development and Regional Policy of Russia: Running in Place or Readiness for a Sprint?

This article considers trends in the field of spatial development and regional policy of the Russian Federation in the last five years against the backdrop of global trends, external challenges, and threats. The features of the so-called “eastern vector” of the spatial development of Russia as a new element of the country’s spatial policy and as an important direction of its cross-border interactions have been revealed. It has been shown that, so far, its implementation is dominated by state support for Far Eastern investment projects and priority development areas, while Siberia and its regions are practically excluded from this strategic initiative. Trends in the field of national, interregional, and regional strategizing have been analyzed (based on the example of the Strategy for the Spatial Development of the Russian Federation, the Strategy for the Socioeconomic Development of the Angara-Yenisey Macroregion, strategies and models of development and management implemented in the Novosibirsk and Kemerovo oblasts). Based on the analysis of the statements of the highest officials of the state, a synopsis of the latest strategic initiatives in the field of state management of spatial development processes has been formulated. The conclusion has been substantiated that even in the extremely difficult conditions of Russia’s development observed in the last five years, new strategic initiatives gradually began to appear, and new trends were formed. On the one hand, they provided grounds for cautious optimism regarding the modernization of regional policy and the spatial development of the country. On the other hand, under geopolitical and economic conditions that have taken shape since the spring of 2022, these trends should be reassessed in the light of new realities.

ANALYSIS OF URBAN EXPANSION CHARACTERISTICS OF YANGTZE RIVER DELTA URBAN AGGLOMERATION BASED ON DMSP/OLS NIGHTTIME LIGHT DATA

Abstract. Urban agglomeration is the strongest driving force of national economic development. The formation and development of urban agglomeration is an important feature of modern urbanization process, and it is of great significance to study its spatial expansion and development process for regional sustainable development. Based on the DMSP/OLS nighttime light remote sensing data from 2000 to 2010, this paper uses threshold method to extract the urban built-up area of the Yangtze River Delta urban agglomeration. The expansion characteristics of urban built-up area in Yangtze River Delta urban agglomeration are analysed from three aspects: expansion area, expansion intensity and expansion type. The results show that the urban agglomeration in The Yangtze River Delta is experienced a rapid urban built-up area expansion process during the decade. The proportion of urban built-up area increased from 9.95% to 15.46%, the average nighttime light intensity increased from 10.18 to 23.43, and the type of urban built-up area expansion was filling type.