Analysis Of Spatial Distribution Research Articles

Analysis of spatial distribution of landslides triggered by the Ms 6.8 Luding earthquake in China on September 5, 2022

BackgroundOn September 5, 2022, an Ms 6.8 earthquake occurred in Luding County, Ganzi Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture, Sichuan, China. The casualties and economic losses caused by the earthquake are huge. Most of the landslides triggered by this earthquake are small and medium-sized rock collapses and destructive debris flows, with a small number of large-scale landslides.ResultsThere are 5007 coseismic landslides in the Luding earthquake VII-degree area and above, with a total area of 17.36 km2. The landslides are generally distributed along the NW-SE direction. The highest landslide area density is 13.8%, and the highest point density of the landslide is 35.73 km2. High-density area is mainly concentrated in the IX-degree area and the northeast side of the seismogenic fault. Coseismic landslides are more likely to develop in the area with the slope more than 40°, the slope direction of 67.5-112.5 degree, and vegetation coverage of 40–50%. More landslides are developed in granite areas and forest areas. The closer distance to active faults, the more the coseismic landslides develop. The correlation between coseismic landslide development and the distance from the active faults is better than that between coseismic landslide development and the distance from the seismogenic faults.ConclusionThe landslide database used in this paper is the most perfect at present, and the research results have also been verified by fieldwork. This is also the first applied study of this landslide inventory, which indirectly confirmed the accuracy of the inventory. The results obtained in the manuscript will provide an important guideline for futuredisaster prevention and mitigation in southwest China.

Appraisal of groundwater quality and human health risk for water security and health safety assurance in southwest coastal zone of Bangladesh

The higher salinity and other physico-chemical elements along with trace metals have become a major risk in the coastal areas of Bangladesh. This study investigated the quality of physico-chemical parameters and some trace elements along with the appraisal of potential human health risk in groundwater. Groundwater samples were collected from 31 pre-selected tube-wells of the study area and analyzed for pH, EC, TDS, major cations, anions and some heavy metals. Almost all the parameters including heavy metals in groundwater were found much higher than the standard permissible limits. Increased major cations and anions in groundwater samples represent the presence of seawater in coastal aquifers and increased heavy metals indicate the presence of anthropogenic actions. Principal component analysis (PCA) and cluster analysis were also performed to establish the pollution source and controlling factors, which indicated the groundwater mainly influenced by geogenic evolutions along with some anthropogenic sources. Chronic health risks of cations and anions exposure via oral route were identified by calculating the hazard quotient (HQ) and hazard index (HI) for both adults and children. Results reveal that non-carcinogenic health risk may occur moderately to adults and highly to children. Spatial distribution analysis reveals that study area possesses a high cancer risk of arsenic (As) for both adult and children due to consumption of contaminated groundwater for long time. Finally, this research clearly represented the groundwater quality challenges by taking into consideration the multi-hazards in the study area that will help taking initiative for the development of sustainable treatment policies to remove the pollution from groundwater in future.

A rare component of the invertebrate fauna of the «Boykivshchyna» NNP

An annotated checklist of 49 species of invertebrates with special protection status registered on the territory of the Boykivshchyna NPP is presented. Among them, 42 species are protected at the regional level and listed in the Red Data Book of Ukrainian Carpathians, 27 species are listed in the Red Data Book of Ukraine and protected at the national level, and 13 species are protected at the international level. Among the latter, 8 species are included in the IUCN Red List with NT status and higher, as globally threatened; 7 species are included in Appendix II, and 9 – in Resolution 6 of the Bern Convention. Based on the analysis of spatial distribution and relative abundance, it was established that 10 protected species of invertebrates are widely distributed and have a stable and relatively high abundance in the territory of the Boykivshchyna NNP. 6 species are local, but more or less numerous in their habitats and 8 species are local and not numerous. Another 25 species known only for few records, and the state of their populations remains unclear. Rare and protected species of invertebrates indicating a high level of biodiversity conservation of this territory, and their monitoring should be one of the priority tasks of ecological and faunal research on the territory of the Boykivshchyna NNP.

Focus in numbers: Characterizing protein oligomerization dynamics at DNA double strand breaks.

During radiotherapy, ionizing radiation (IR) is used to kill cancer cells by directly inducing high levels of genotoxic DNA double-strand breaks (DSB). These breaks are quickly detected and bound by DNA damage sensor proteins that activate a cascade of events leading to the recruitment and accumulation of repair factors (e.g. 53BP1) at sites of damage in dot-like structures called foci. The balance and interplay between the plethora of proteins recruited at the break site determine the choice of the repairing pathway, which can have paramount consequences on cell fate and ultimately in the response to cancer radiotherapy. Indeed, substantial evidence indicates that enhanced DSB repair (DSBR) capacity in individual patients is a major determinant in tumour radioresistance, while both radiosensitivity and the occurrence of radiotherapy-induced secondary cancers, are presumably associated with reduced DSBR function. Therefore, there is a pressing need to better understand the fundamental mechanisms of DSBR, towards improving the clinical management of patients undergoing radiotherapy. While it is clear that DNA repair relies on the balanced contribution of various repair factors, the oligomerization dynamics governing their organization into foci remain largely unknown. Here we combine Spatial Intensity Distribution Analysis (SpIDA) with an automated high-content foci detection algorithm to quantify the number of 53BP1 molecules at DSBR foci in cells challenged with increasing doses of the radiomimetic drug zeocin. Consistently with published data, 53BP1 foci number increases linearly at lower zeocin doses while plateauing at higher DNA damage load (zeocin concentration above 500 μg/mL). At this plateau, despite the availability of a nucleoplasmic protein pool, the number of 53BP1 molecules per focus decreases, suggesting a further not yet clarified layer of dynamic regulation potentially leverageable as therapeutical target.

Analysis of Location and Spatial Distribution of Elderly Women Victims of Gender Violence

Little is known about abuse and violence against elderly women, as well as prevention and intervention strategies. We present the results of an investigation that has as its objective the elaboration of the Location Map of elderly women victims of gender violence, analyzing their territorial distribution in the specific case of the Autonomous Community of Galicia, Spain, and its relationship with environmental, social, and territorial variables. The results of our research on the location and distribution of the rates of elderly women victims of gender violence show its direct relationship with low demographic density, aging, and dependency, which is associated with disabled people. The mapping resulting can facilitate the territorial planning of social and health services aimed at elderly women in rural areas. The interquartile classification makes it possible to delimit areas of intervention at a spatial level, differentiating those municipalities with the highest and lowest prevalence.

Spatial distribution analysis and application of engineering disturbance disasters in the Himalayan alpine valley

The Himalayan alpine canyon area is characterized by complex engineering geological conditions and abnormal internal and external dynamic geological processes. Severe slope disturbance disasters can be caused by engineering disturbances. In this study, field investigations and theoretical analyses were performed to determine the formation mechanism, spatial distribution law, and controlling factors of engineering disturbance disasters in the Himalayan alpine and canyon areas. A total of 396 engineering disturbance disasters were identified within the scope of the 2,800-km survey line. A geographic information system and mathematical statistical analysis were used to analyze the correlation between engineering disturbance disasters and factors such as the slope, slope aspect, elevation, peak ground acceleration, distance from fault, distance from river, rainfall, lithological changes, and historical earthquake effects. The statistical analysis indicates a good power-law and exponential distribution between the engineering disturbance disaster concentration and the slope and distance from the river, respectively. The slope and distance from the river are the two most important factors in determining the spatial distribution of engineering disturbance disasters; the other factors also influence the distribution to some extent. These factors affect the quality of the slope rock and soil mass, affecting slope stability. The main form of engineering disturbance in the study area is slope cutting. The direct result (increase in slope) and secondary result (decrease in rock mass quality caused by unloading rebound) of slope cutting are the most important factors inducing engineering disturbance disasters. Based on previous research results, factors in engineering disturbance disasters in alpine and canyon areas were evaluated, and the distribution of disturbance disasters along the China–Nepal Railway was predicted. The study area was divided into extremely high-(13.6%), high-(30.4%), medium-(34.1%), and low-susceptibility (22.0%) areas. The research results can provide a theoretical basis for prevention and treatment of engineering disturbance disasters in Himalayan alpine valley areas.

Refined Assessment of Economic Loss from Pine Wilt Disease at the Subcompartment Scale

Pine wilt disease is a major plant epidemic that has significantly impaired the ecological safety of pine wood, the national economy, and peoples’ livelihood. It is challenging to accurately assess the loss from pine wilt disease through academic research or field work. Based on the 342,000 subcompartments of epidemic data of pine wilt disease in China in 2020, this study builds a refined assessment indicator system and measurement model for economic loss from disasters at the subcompartment scale and assesses direct economic loss and ecological service value loss. The results show that through direct economic loss and ecological service value loss, China lost USD 7.40 billion in 2020, including a direct economic loss of USD 1.11 billion and ecological service value loss of USD 6.29 billion. Of the direct economic loss, the forest material resource loss and protection expense reached USD 0.17 billion and USD 0.94 billion, respectively; of the ecological system service losses, regulation service, supporting service, and cultural service losses reached USD 4.58 billion, USD 1.35 billion, and USD 0.36 billion. Spatial distribution analysis showed that the loss declined from southeast to northwest, with Shandong, Zhejiang, and Jiangxi suffering the greatest losses. Based on the subcompartment scale, this study employs a more refined assessment indicator system and measurement model to provide accurate real-world assessment results.

Juxtaposition or integration: the formation mechanism of architectural form in a cultural transition zone

ABSTRACT This paper explores the formation mechanisms of various architectural forms in a cultural transition region. A field investigation involving 504 ancestral shrines with Guangfu and Hakka styles in Shenzhen was performed. Then, spatial distribution analysis was conducted to reveal the regional structure of aggregation, penetration and juxtaposition of the architectural forms. Case studies were adopted to explain the integration modes of the architectural forms. The results show that, juxtaposition, as a typical mode of coexistence of architectural forms in cultural transition zones, mainly occurs in regions dominated by weak cultures. Through gathering densely in a small region, a weak culture can gain the ability to compete with a strong culture, thus forming a basis for achieving an equilibrium state. The approaches to the integration of architectural forms are diverse. The transformation of the architectural plane involves changes in social organization and cultural essence. The alteration of construction details and decoration involves a compromise regarding noncritical elements adopted by the weak culture to maintain its original characteristics. Finally, their shared human and natural environmental “genes” give the buildings in the cultural transition region an underlying commonality. This study offers a significant addition to the cultural geography and architectural morphology literature.

Spatial and Texture Analysis of Root System distribution with Earth mover’s Distance (STARSEED)

PurposeRoot system architectures are complex and challenging to characterize effectively for agronomic and ecological discovery.MethodsWe propose a new method, Spatial and Texture Analysis of Root SystEm distribution with Earth mover’s Distance (STARSEED), for comparing root system distributions that incorporates spatial information through a novel application of the Earth Mover’s Distance (EMD).ResultsWe illustrate that the approach captures the response of sesame root systems for different genotypes and soil moisture levels. STARSEED provides quantitative and visual insights into changes that occur in root architectures across experimental treatments.ConclusionSTARSEED can be generalized to other plants and provides insight into root system architecture development and response to varying growth conditions not captured by existing root architecture metrics and models. The code and data for our experiments are publicly available: https://github.com/GatorSense/STARSEED.

Smelter-derived soil contamination in Luanshya, Zambia

Extensive mining and smelting contributed to the declining quality of Luanshya soils. The local smelter was the epicenter of contamination as shown by a spatial distribution analysis. Closeby soil profiles smelter exhibit extremely high Cu concentrations (up to 46,000 mg kg−1 Cu) relative to deeper layers where only background levels of trace elements were observed. A remote profile did not exhibit significant contamination.Lead isotopic ratios revealed that Pb contamination in the Luanshya soils was not smelter-derived. It was shown in this way that the historical usage of leaded gasoline was the main source of this metal. Although the Luanshya smelter also produced Co, this metal was not an important contaminant.Copper leaching was a concern in Luanshya. Upwards of 52 % of Cu was extractable in the exchangeable step of a sequential extraction procedure (SEP), but only for samples where Cu concentrations were high, suggesting that Cu was released exclusively from anthropogenic particles. This was supported by the SEP results for similar depths at the remote soil, where only a small fraction of Cu was labile (5.6 %). Lead and Co were strongly bound in the soils throughout.The excess of Cu in the topsoils was mostly bound in smelter-derived particles. These appeared as spherical fast-cooled droplets composed mostly of sulfides, oxides, and glass. X-ray diffraction and electron probe microanalysis of those particles allowed for a phase classification. Compositions were regularly not stoichiometric so most particles were classified as intermediate solid solutions. However, molecular proportions often closely resembled those of bornite, chalcanthite, cuprospinel, covellite, delafossite, diginite, or hydrous ferric oxides. Concentrations of Cu were often 100 % near the center of the particles indicating an inefficient smelting process. Weathering to some degree was common, which in conjunction with the susceptibility of Cu leaching was highly alarming.

Analysis of seasonal and spatial distribution of particulate matters and gaseous pollutants around an open cast coal mining area of Odisha, India.

Open cast mining-a predominant method of coal production in India (94.46% of total coal production)-has been found to be a major factor which is responsible for the emission of dust particles and gaseous pollutants, leading to the deterioration of air quality in the coal mining area. Considering the health concerns and environmental impacts of these pollutants, the inhabited villages of Ib valley coalfield area of Orisha, India, were selected for this study. In this regard, various researchers have performed the analysis of air quality data and modeling for the dispersion of pollutants. However, a long-term study on spatial and seasonal variations of air pollutants and their relationship with meteorological parameters were missing in the literature. Accordingly, the spatial and seasonal variations of air pollutants in the area were assessed for a period of sixyears (2014-2020), and concentrations of PM2.5, PM10, and SPM were found to be above the annual national ambient air quality standards (NAAQS) for all the three seasons. The overall mean concentrations of NOx, PM10, PM2.5, SPM, and SO2 during this period were found to be 17.2 ± 9.28, 152.5 ± 99.7, 53.27 ± 37.70, 268.5 ± 158.2, and 12.58 ± 7.47μg/m3, respectively. The analysis of meteorological parameters showed a strong and significant negative correlation of relative humidity with PM2.5 (r = - 0.30, p-value = 5.659 × 10-10), PM10 (r = - 0.36, p-value = 1.97 × 10-13), and SPM (r = - 0.45, p-value = 2.2 × 10-16). Furthermore, the spatial distribution of pollutants was performed using the geographic information system (GIS) and inverse distance weighting (IDW) method, wherein the seasonal distribution of pollutants was shown through thebivariate polar plots. Therefore, the analyses and recommendations provided in this study can help thepolicymakers in developing a long-term air quality improvement strategy around a coal mining area, including the spatial and seasonal variations of air pollutants and their relationship with meteorological parameters.

Temporal Change and Spatial Distribution Analysis of b-value and a-value in Sumatra

The study of seismicity is very important to be conducted in the region of interest, such as Sumatra which has high seismicity. The seismicity can be learned by using a statistical approach through the b-value and a-value parameters. The b-value describes the stress accumulation of rock while the a-value describes the seismic activity. The objective of this research is to analyse the temporal change and spatial distribution seismicity based on b-value and a-value parameters in Sumatra by using an updated earthquake catalog from 1964 to 2022. This research found that in 1965 and 1972 have b-values greater than 2 temporally. In the spatial distribution analysis, Sumatra was dominated by b-value less than 1.91. Six clusters were found to have the lowest b-value. It might indicate high seismic stress accumulation spatially in these clusters. The temporal change and spatial distribution analysis were validated by using four destructive earthquakes in Sumatra, such as Sumatra-Andaman, Nias-Simeulue, Mentawai, and Pasaman Barat earthquakes. The b-values were found to be less than 1 either temporally or spatially. The large earthquake was confirmed to have a low b-value. This indicates high seismic stress accumulation. These results can be used for further seismic hazard analysis and decision support for disaster mitigation purposes.

Prevalence of hearing loss and health vulnerability in children aged 25 to 36 months: an analysis of spatial distribution.

To analyze the association between hearing loss and health vulnerability in children aged 25 to 36 months. Analytical observational cross-sectional study conducted through child hearing screening in nine day-care centers. The screening consisted of anamnesis, otoscopy, tympanometry, transient otoacoustic emissions, and pure tone audiometry. For each exam performed, the 'pass' and 'fail' criteria were established. The children's residential addresses were georeferenced and a choropleth map of the spatial distribution was built, considering the Health Vulnerability Index (HVI). The analysis of the association between the HVI and the variables sex, auditory assessment, and region area of the household was performed using Pearson's Chi-square and Fisher's Exact tests. Ninety-five children of both sexes were evaluated, of which 44.7% presented alterations in at least one of the exams performed, being referred for otorhinolaryngological evaluation and subsequent auditory assessment. Of the observed changes, 36.9% occurred in the tympanometry and 7.8% in the transient otoacoustic emissions. Among children referred for reassessment, 9.7% were diagnosed with conductive hearing loss, 13.6% results within normal limits and 21.4% did not attend for assessment. Of the children who presented the final diagnosis of conductive hearing loss (9.7%), 1.9% were classified as low-risk HVI and 6.8% as medium-risk HVI. There was statistical significance between HVI and the child's place of residence. The association between hearing loss and HIV was not statistically significant; however, it was possible to observe that 77.7% of the children with hearing loss resided in sectors with medium- risk HIV.

Analysis of spatial distribution and influencing factors of characteristic towns in Guangxi based on ArcGIS

Analysis of spatial distribution and influencing factors of characteristic towns in Guangxi based on ArcGIS

Slice-Relation-Clustering Framework via Horizontal Angle Information for 3-D Tree Roots Reconstruction

Tree root system 3D reconstruction and spatial distribution analysis are prevalent aspects of tree root investigation using ground penetrating radar (GPR). Precedent 3D reconstruction methods are found to be effective in mapping simple, smooth root structures. However, repetitive and dense B-scans are needed, otherwise, the retrieved roots’ spatial distribution and growth extension trend accuracy would deteriorate with the increase in the root systems’ complexity. To address these issues, this paper, for the first time, explores the possibility of integrating the horizontal angle information of the tree roots and a slice-relation-clustering (SRC) algorithm to reconstruct the complex tree root systems in a 3D manner. The proposed framework, which takes the roots’ horizontal angle as an analyzing condition instead of biological properties that are similar among neighboring branches used in existing methods, clusters pre-processed and focused 2D reflection patterns from the same single root together. The whole roots system is the combination of every single root cluster. Real measurement results show that our proposed method achieves a high efficiency in accurate root system reconstruction.

Malaria and environmental, socioeconomics and public health conditions in the municipality of São Félix do Xingu, Pará, Eastern Amazon, Brazil: An ecological and cross-sectional study.

Malaria is a parasitosis conditioned by several factors. This study sought to analyze the spatial distribution of malaria considering environmental, socioeconomic, and political variables in São Félix do Xingu, Pará, Brazil, from 2014 to 2020. Epidemiological, cartographic, and environmental data were obtained from the Ministry of Health, Brazilian Geographical and Statistical Institute, and National Space Research Institute. Statistical and spatial distribution analyses were performed using chi-squared tests of expected equal proportions and the kernel and bivariate global Moran's techniques with Bioestat 5.0 and ArcGIS 10.5.1. The highest percentage of cases occurred in adult males with brown skin color, mainly placer miners, with a primary education level, living in rural areas, who were infected with Plasmodium vivax and with parasitemia of two or three crosses as diagnosed by the thick drop/smear test. The disease had a non-homogeneous distribution, with distinct annual parasite indices associated with administrative districts and clusters of cases in locations with deforestation, mining, and pastures close to Conservation Units and Indigenous Lands. Thus, a direct relationship between areas with cases and environmental degradation associated with land use was demonstrated, along with the precarious availability of health services. Pressure on protected areas and epidemiological silence in Indigenous Lands were also noted. Environmental and socioeconomic circuits were identified for development of diseases associated with precarious health services in the municipality. These findings highlight the need to intensify malaria surveillance and contribute to the systematic knowledge of malaria's epidemiology by considering the complexity of its conditioning factors.

Upravljanje rizikom od neeksplodiranih ubojnih sredstava u Republici Srbiji u funkciji zaštite životne sredine - studija slučaja Borovac

Introduction/purpose: Decades of dealing with unexploded ordnance (UXO) in some areas of the Republic of Serbia have confirmed that it presents a substantial hazard to the security of people, property, and the environment. Even though the terrain has been cleaned, various threats from difficult-tofind UXO components remain serious. Inadequate systemic solutions for UXO management can have significant harmful consequences. Methods: Based on the spatial distribution analysis and different UXO types and quantities, this article studies the effects of dangerous components of unexploded ordnance on human lives and the environment. Two different geospatial analyses were performed including the guidelines for risk management through risk elimination based on multiple criteria, the GIS, and the Remote Sensing analysis. Results: Two different geospatial analyses resulted in the areas at high risk of remaining UXO. Conclusion: The article significantly contributes to creating an environmental risk management strategy for UXO-contaminated regions. It presents an effective technique for addressing risk assessment challenges in such sites. The analysis considers both risk analysis and environmental protection options. Using the multi-criteria analysis and the GIS, it estimates the exposure of built structures, people, soil types, and plant species to UXO dangers in key locations. This paper serves as a guideline for environmental risk assessment.

A Spatial Network Analysis of Water Distribution from Public Fountains in Pompeii

The transport of water from street fountains into living spaces was tedious but essential labor that impacted the health and social integration of subelite populations, yet it remains understudied in work on Pompeii’s public water system. This article uses spatial network analysis to demographically model public fountain use at a unit-level scale. Dynamic neighborhoods are identified using least-cost routes between every external door and fountain in the city. Maximum and minimum ranges of labor and water accessibility are quantified by total daily time and energy fetching water per household, aggregate pedestrian traffic to fountains, and fountain crowding or underuse. Data are contextualized within disruptions to the water system from seismic events in the city’s final decades, the contributions of cistern and private water lines to daily needs, and comparative and primary textual evidence for the socioeconomic status and well-being of water fetchers. The results expose disproportionate inequality at the system’s peripheries, although most residents enjoyed good water access. Moreover, they reconstruct the scale of labor of marginalized sectors of Roman society that is underrepresented in textual and artistic sources, offering quantifiable comparanda for further studies on water accessibility in antiquity.1

Multivariate Statistical Analysis of Spatial and Vertical Distribution of Radiological, Mineralogical and Magnetic Parameters of Beach Sediments from North East Coast of Tamilnadu State, India

The γ-ray spectroscopic technique has been effectively utilized to know the activity concentrations of 238U, 232Th and 40K in different depths of north-east coast beaches of Tamilnadu state of India. The measured activity concentrations were different while compare from surface to second feet depth. FTIR exhibits the presence of eleven minerals such as quartz, feldspar in different phases, kaolinite, gibbsite, calcite, organic carbon, aragonite, palygorskite and hematite in all feet sediments. Extinction coefficient calculation shows that the amount major minerals is in the order of kaolinite < microcline feldspar < quartz. Different minerals were identified through XRD analysis. Multivariate statistical was also adopted well and the results confirm that the magnetic susceptibility play a major role in controlling the present radioactivity values. The activity concentration of 238U, 232Th and 40K for >125 μm grain sized samples are significantly lowered when compared with the respective values of the bulk samples.

ОЦЕНКА СОСТОЯНИЯ РАСТИТЕЛЬНОСТИ НА ОСНОВЕ МНОГОЛЕТНИХ ДАННЫХ СПУТНИКОВОГО МОНИТОРИНГА

In this study, MODIS satellite imagery data was processed for 2016 to identify areas with high fire danger, taking into account vegetation characteristics in 2016–2017. To assess the biodiversity of the territory and damage from vegetation fires, it is proposed an algorithm for the spatial and temporal analysis of vegetation fires distribution, taking into account their influence on vegetation transformation in the Russian Far East. The processing algorithm includes: the network imposition on the study area; obtaining satellite image fragments for the territory and converting the satellite image into operational-territorial units of a given size, with the transfer of attribute data over a multi-year period; forming vector layers of individual vegetation fires on the base of point placement or fires area, determining the nesting of individual fires in operational-territorial units and adding data on the condition of vegetation they arose on. The materials of the study contained both annual and daily vegetation data on the location of vegetation fires, based on MODIS satellite images, Terra spectroradiometer and Aqua Land Cover Modeling Grid Version 6. In the course of data analysis, 88 variants of vegetation condition transformation were found in the presence of from 1 to 11 fires. In 8604 cases, changes in the flora structure and quality were caused by an anthropogenic factor. In 40 variants, the transformation did not depend on fires. The maximum transformation is recorded in the following vegetation cover classes: small-leaved and broad-leaved forests, forest-steppes, steppes, meadows and arable land. Most cases of vegetation transformation in operational-territorial units (from 30 to 70%) are recorded when forest- steppe is turning to steppe.