Spanish Varieties Research Articles

Phenolic Composition of Grape Stems from Different Spanish Varieties and Vintages.

Grape stems are a by-product from the wine industry that has been underused to date despite having great potential for the agro-food and cosmetic industries. The aim of the present work was to characterize grape stem extracts obtained from different grape varieties from two vintages (2016 and 2018). Both spectrophotometric and chromatographic methods were used for sample characterization. The results showed that there exist significant differences in antioxidant activity, total phenolic content (TPC) and total flavonoid content (TF) among grape stems from different varieties in each vintage and from different vintage for the same variety. Catechin was the most abundant phenolic compound in all extracts from both vintages. In general, Mazuelo presented higher concentration values of the different phenolic compounds than Garnacha and Tempranillo. It was observed than extreme temperatures and accumulated precipitations, which were higher in the 2016 vintage, had an impact on the polyphenol synthesis. Therefore, grape stems from the 2018 vintage presented higher TPC and TF values than their counterparts from the 2016 vintage. In addition, the statistical analysis revealed that the influence of environmental factor such as light, temperature and precipitations have different impact on the synthesis of polyphenols depending on the family of the specific compound.

Target Variation as a Contributing Factor in TAML2 Production

This study aims to clarify whether variation in the target language can influence its acquisition. More specifically, this study describes the acquisition of Spanish as a second language (L2) by examining the learning process based on (a) the first language (L1) of the learner and (b) which Spanish dialect is being learnt (the target). The phenomenon under scrutiny is the use of past tenses in the L2, as it has been proven to adequately measure the competence of the learner. Data from two L2 at-home-classroom student groups in the Netherlands, divided by either a European or Latin American oriented study program, has been collected. The task that they have made is a written narrative that elicits past verb forms in hodiernal and prehodiernal contexts. Our data shows a clear distinction in the preference of the past tense forms that each of the groups has, that can only be explained by looking at the Spanish variety which both program offers

Impact of Olive Harvesting Date on Virgin Olive Oil Volatile Composition in Four Spanish Varieties

AbstractThe unique sensory characteristics of extra virgin olive oil (EVOO) depend upon its volatile composition. This work investigates the impact of olive fruit harvesting time and growing location on the volatile composition of the obtained EVOO, on four typical Spanish olive varieties (Cornicabra, Picual, Castellana, Manzanilla Cacereña). Several growing locations within the Madrid region (Spain) are studied to assess the natural variability attributed to the environmental factors. Aroma compounds are analyzed by solid‐phase microextraction coupled with gas‐chromatography and mass spectrometry, and sensory analysis. A considerable different behavior is observed depending on the olive variety and ripening stage. Statistically significant differences are obtained for volatile compounds biosynthesized from the lipoxygenase pathway and other fatty acid metabolism routes, which results in significant differences in their aroma profiles.Practical applications: These results have practical applicability for the olive oil industry and regulatory bodies. For example, for protected designation of origin EVOOs the aroma profile needs to be consistent over different production lots. The outcome of this research is of interest to the olive oil industry to get a better insight into the expected variability and interactions among cultivars, small pedoclimatic differences within the same broader area, and the harvesting date on the sensory and volatile profile of the resulting EVOO.

RESPONSE OF THREE VARIETIES OF BROAD BEAN (Vicia faba L.) TO NP MINERAL FERTILIZER

To solve the problem of the shortage broad bean crop production in the governorate of Nineveh. The study was carried out between the Horticulture Department, College of Agriculture and forestry, University of Mosul, and the Director of Nineveh Agriculture, to know the effect of two factors: first factor was three varieties of broad beans (local, Spanish and Italian) ,the second factor was three levels of mineral fertilizer NP (0. 300 and 400 kg. ha-1) . The experiment consist of nine treatments. It designed according to Randomized Complete Block Design with Split-plot arrangement with three replicates. Analysis of variance carried out according to Duncan's multiple range test at 0.05. Results showed the Spanish variety gave significant superiority in the number of pods, seeds, and seed yields compared to the other varieties except for the number of pods that did not differ significantly with the local variety. 300 and 400 kg. ha-1 levels of mineral fertilizer caused a significant increase in all studied parametersbut there was no significant effect between 300 kg. ha-1 and control. Most effects of interaction treatments showed similar effects as a single factor for every mentioned characters RESPONSE OF THREE VARIETIES OF BROAD BEAN (Vicia faba L.) TO NP MINERAL FERTILIZER

Establishing almond orchards in karstic and water-limited central Taurus Mountain region of southern Turkey

Irrigable farmland is very limited in the Central Taurus Mountain region of Turkey. Most of the rain-fed land has been used for cultivation of wheat and chickpeas. Despite the increase in input costs in recent years, wheat and chickpea prices have not increased in parallel and therefore, large agricultural areas have been left empty. Almond performs well in such karstic areas of water scarcity. The introduction of new high-yield American, Spanish, and French varieties offers an opportunity to the local farmers. However, the terrain is highly fragmented and most of the plots are used for subsistence farming. Therefore, establishing an orchard is a very expensive prospect for low-income villagers. The stages of establishing an almond orchard in the karstic area in the Taurus Mountain region of southern Turkey are explained in this study and the approximate costs are summarized. Establishing a 1-ha almond orchard was estimated to cost about 45,000 Turkish liras, based on 2017–2018 figures. Even though expenses for establishing an almond orchard may vary among sites depending on the terrain, factors such as seedling variety, fencing, and site preparation (involving soil excavation) make up about 45% of the total cost.

Modeling of the soaking and drying stages for Senia‐type precooked rice

AbstractBackground and objectivesThe production of precooked rice has mainly been applied to long rice varieties, while japonica varieties are significantly less represented, especially Spanish varieties. The aim of this paper was to model the water mass flow process in precooked round‐shaped rice (Bahía‐Senia) for the soaking (Peleg model) and drying phases (drying by hot air and by combined hot air and microwaves, Fick, Midili, and Page models). Optical and mechanical properties after drying were recorded. Cooking tests were also performed.FindingsThe results show that optimum soaking process was achieved at 35°C during 20 min. For the drying stage, water loss increases using microwave energy at 2.45 GHz and no variations with air temperature were registered. Thus, the optimal drying conditions were achieved at 40°C combined with microwave during 42 min.ConclusionsPrecooked round rice processing conditions have been established. This treatment would reduce the final cooking time (96 ºC) for the user by 94%, which implies that in only 3 min, the precooked rice would reach the same level of moisture as the control rice after 20 min of cooking.Significance and noveltyThese findings can be used by food industry in selecting the proper soaking and drying conditions that favors the production of precooked round‐shaped rice.

Two subjunctives or three?

Abstract This paper examines the use of the three non-periphrastic subjunctives in Spanish in embedded clauses under obligatory subjunctive predicates in the past tense in three Spanish varieties: Argentinean, Mexican and Peninsular Spanish. By means of random forest and logistic regression analyses, I demonstrate that a grammar where the two “past” subjunctives make up one group, such that the variation can be modeled on a binary opposition between (morphologically) past vs. (morphologically) present, achieves better prediction accuracy and goodness-of-fit parameters than a grammar with a three-way split. The results suggest that, at least in complement clauses of obligatory subjunctive predicates, there appear to be no semantic differences between the two past subjunctives but there are still relatively large differences in how the three subjunctive forms are used across the three Spanish varieties studied.1

Syncretism of plural forms in Spanish Dialects

Abstract One of the main discussions about the interaction between morphology and syntax revolves around the richness or poverty of features and wherever this richness/poverty is found either in the syntactic structure or the lexical items. A phenomenon subject to this debate has been syncretism, especially in theories that assume late insertion such as Distributed Morphology. This paper delves into the syncretism observed between the first person plural and the third person in the clitic domain in some Spanish dialects. Our analysis will lead to a revision of the distribution of person features and their relationship with plural number, while at the same time it will shed light on other morphological alternations displayed in Spanish dialects; that is, subject-verb unagreement and mesoclisis in imperatives. In order to explain the behavior of the data under discussion, I propose that lexical items are specified for all the relevant features at the moment of insertion, although the values of these features can be neutralized. I argue that the distribution proposed allows for some fundamental generalizations about the vocabulary inventories in Spanish varieties, and shows that the variation pattern exhibits an *ABA effect, i.e., only contiguous cells in a paradigm are syncretic.

The Diccionario Panhispánico de la Administración Pública (DiPAP): An Example of Terminological Democratization

The Diccionario Panhispánico de la Administración Pública (DiPAP) is a collaborative digital lexicographical project for public administration terminology. This article presents an overview of the dictionary’s construction, as well as the current and future challenges of lexicographic work. The project focuses on the health, education, transportation, and finance public sectors of Argentina, Colombia, Spain, and Mexico. Underlying the project is a panhispanic perspective on the Spanish language, plain language, and public administration terminology. DiPAP provides two types of definitions, institutional and simplified (plain language), along with equivalents in several Spanish varieties. Its database contains a term bank, a document bank, and a government procedures bank, all based on internet sources. These banks make up the Corpus panhispánico de la administración pública (CorpusPAP). CorpusPAP allows users to acquire information from institutional websites and access additional related information, including DiPAP and CorpusPAP. The terminology used in DiPAP’s government procedures bank lies at the intersection between administrative language and the plain language best suited for the general population.

Three molecules found in rosemary or nutmeg essential oils repel ticks (Dermacentor variabilis) more effectively than DEET in a no-human assay.

Development of new personal repellents to prevent tick bites is progressing to keep up with the increasing threat of tick-borne diseases in humans. However, the market share of natural, plant-based repellents is still quite small. We tested all of the major (>1%) components found in the essential oils of rosemary (Spanish variety) and nutmeg. These were tested with Dermacentor variabilis ticks, a robust tick capable of vectoring human diseases, in a no-human horizontal Petri dish assay. For comparison, we also tested the active ingredients currently recommended by the CDC and EPA as personal repellents for use against ticks. Of the 16 oil components tested, three performed significantly better than N,N-diethyl-meta-toluamide (DEET) in our assay. These compounds were myristicin and safrole found in the nutmeg oil, and terpinolene found in nutmeg oil and as a minor (<1%) constituent of rosemary oil. The current market natural product, 2-undecanone, also performed strongly in our assay. Our assay focused on comparing active ingredients as potential repellents and found that many natural products can elicit a strong response from ticks. Terpinolene is the most promising active ingredient identified, owing to human health concerns regarding myristicin and safrole. Our results from examining individual terpenoids from two essential oils suggest that there remain unexploited natural compounds that could be further developed for new personal tick repellents. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry.

Dialectal variation in the expression of &lt;i&gt;que&lt;/i&gt; in &lt;i&gt;sí-que&lt;/i&gt; ‘yes that’ contexts across Spanish: The case of some Latin American Spanish varieties

This paper investigates dialectal microvariation across the Spanish-speaking world in terms of the presence/absence of que in sí-que contexts. The function of this construction is to signal the speaker’s commitment to the truth of the proposition. In this connection, we argue that the syntactic account recently proposed by Villa-García &amp;amp; González Rodríguez (2020) for polarity-encoding sí ‘yes’ on the one hand and for sí-que ‘yes that’ sequences in Iberian Spanish on the other readily extends to a number of Latin American varieties where que in sí que is syntactically present albeit unpronounced (i.e., sí Ø/que), although it can be overt as well. We provide a variety of syntactic arguments together with Phonetic-Form- and Logical-Form-related arguments to this effect, and show that the dialectal split brought to light here is consonant with a view of (micro-)variation whereby Phonetic Form spellout plays a key role (Barbiers 2009; Rizzi 2013; Rizzi &amp;amp; Bocci 2017; inter alia).

Narrative present in the Spanish of Santiago, Chile

Abstract This investigation revises the use of the narrative present in the materials of the PRESEEA corpus. Based on 54 sociolinguistic interviews, the convergence and divergence of this phenomenon’s use is studied in the Spanish varieties from Santiago, Chile, and Mexico City. We attempt to study variation according to the individuals, economic factors and the presence of syntactic-discursive introductors before verbs, following the methodological guidelines of the Guía de estudios del presente narrativo en los corpus PRESEEA (Guerrero and Arriagada, 2017). In this way, we intend to answer two general questions: (a) why are there individuals who use the narrative present more than others and (b) what functions serve such resource within the narratives in sociolinguistic interviews.

Antioxidant Profile of Pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) Fruits Containing Diverse Levels of Capsaicinoids.

Capsicum is the genus where a number of species and varieties have pungent features due to the exclusive content of capsaicinoids such as capsaicin and dihydrocapsaicin. In this work, the main enzymatic and non-enzymatic systems in pepper fruits from four varieties with different pungent capacity have been investigated at two ripening stages. Thus, a sweet pepper variety (Melchor) from California-type fruits and three autochthonous Spanish varieties which have different pungency levels were used, including Piquillo, Padrón and Alegría riojana. The capsaicinoids contents were determined in the pericarp and placenta from fruits, showing that these phenyl-propanoids were mainly localized in placenta. The activity profiles of catalase, total and isoenzymatic superoxide dismutase (SOD), the enzymes of the ascorbate–glutathione cycle (AGC) and four NADP-dehydrogenases indicate that some interaction with capsaicinoid metabolism seems to occur. Among the results obtained on enzymatic antioxidants, the role of Fe-SOD and the glutathione reductase from the AGC is highlighted. Additionally, it was found that ascorbate and glutathione contents were higher in those pepper fruits which displayed the greater contents of capsaicinoids. Taken together, all these data indicate that antioxidants may contribute to preserve capsaicinoids metabolism to maintain their functionality in a framework where NADPH is perhaps playing an essential role.

Configuraciones tonales de frases entonativas en enunciados aseverativos del español de la Ciudad de México

The objective of this paper is to describe the prosodic features of the final intonation contour of minor intonational phrases (ip) and the tonemes of major intonational phrases (IP) in Mexico City’s Spanish variety. The speech data was taken from a spontaneous speech corpus made from speakers from two social networks: neighborhood and labor. Final intonation contours of ip show a predominantly rising movement. These contours are generally produced with greater length in the last syllable of the ip, which represents the most significant difference between both networks in the case of oxitone endings. On the other hand, tonemes are predominantly descendant, although the circumflex accent has an important number of cases within the data set. Tonemes produced by the neighborhood network are produced with larger length than those from the labor network.

A descrição linguística e sua abordagem no ensino da língua espanhola

The aim of this paper is to present reflections on linguistic description approach in Spanish language teaching, regarding generative (CHOMKY, 1981; 1986) and sociolinguistic (LABOV, 2008; WEINREICH; LABOV; HERZOG, 2009) theoretical perspectives. For this, we will present the initial results of the research that we are developing about the 3rd person accusative pronominal object in the Spanish variety of Madrid and Brazilian Portuguese and reflections on Spanish language teaching. The idea is that the advances in linguistic description and its approach in teaching considering those theoretical perspectives can conduct the student to reflect on Spanish operation and to understand the linguistic and social contexts that were involved in linguistic variation.

Molecular, Physico-Chemical, and Sensory Characterization of the Traditional Spanish Apple Variety “Pero de Cehegín”

The “Pero de Cehegín” is an ancient local variety of apple grown in Murcia (Spain). In this study, microsatellites markers showed evidence of a unique profile that has never been reported before in other Spanish apple germplasm collections. Five “Pero de Cehegín” clones were evaluated and compared with two commercial apple varieties, “Fuji” and “Golden Delicious”, to assess its marketing potential. For this, the physical (weight, height, and width of the fruit, moisture content, firmness, and color of the fruit, among others), and chemical (total soluble solids, total acidity, and maturity index) properties of the fruits were evaluated. In addition, the content of bioactive compounds such as total polyphenol content, total antioxidant activity using the ABTS+, DPPH•, and FRAP methods, and the sugar profile were analyzed, and their sensory profile was also evaluated. Physico-chemical differences were found within the “Pero de Cehegín” clones and between the commercial varieties. “Pero de Cehegín” had a high firmness, high total soluble solids, very low total acidity, high FRAP antioxidant capacity, and more sucrose content in comparison with “Fuji” and “Golden Delicious”. These distinctive characteristics and the good appearance of the fruit make this variety a marketable product that will increase the offering of traditional, local, but underutilized fruit varieties.

Representing Spanishes: Language Diversity in Children’s Literature

ABSTRACT Spanish language diversity has been a reality in the United States. The Spanish language has been featured in children’s books since the late 1960s and early 1970s, with much of it carelessly represented, with translation mistakes and stereotypical portrayals of English language learners. With the increase of Latinos/as authors, representations of Spanish became more varied and nuanced in fictional texts. The representation of Spanish varieties, or Spanishes, in children’s literature can offer panoramic views of English language learners as main characters using their cultural and linguistic resources as they participate in families, classrooms, and neighborhoods. Nevertheless, how children are guided to read these texts largely shapes how they interpret authors’ and characters’ language use. Besides complete translations Spanishes are represented through the genres of dual-language texts, books with bilingual text, and translanguage texts, books laced with Spanish words. This article documents our critical collaborative inquiry of our teaching experiences and insights with these two genres. Critical questions for analysis of language diversity in children’s literature are proposed.

Cortadora relative clauses: A comparative analysis between Spanish, Portuguese and French

This paper focuses on cortadora relative clauses – or non-pronominal relative clauses –, a special type of relativization registered in Rio de la Plata Spanish varieties, in which the preposition is deleted or ‘chopped’ (‘cortada’). This phenomenon is an example of preposition optionality and has been previously studied in Brazilian and European Portuguese, and French within the framework of generative grammar. The main goal of this paper is to show that this syntactic-discursive phenomenon is basically the same in all these three closely related Romance languages, following the works of Kato (2010), Valer (2008), and Tarallo (1983) for Portuguese, Bouchard (1981) for French, and Caviglia & Malcuori (2007) for Spanish. Only inherent prepositions (a, de, con, en, and por) can be deleted, and the position of the topic in Topic Phrases is the one relativised in cortadora relative clauses. The data used for Spanish examples come from the COLEM-Argentina and Uruguay corpora (COLEM: Corpus oral de la lengua espanola en Montreal).

A variação linguística no espanhol comparada ao português brasileiro no âmbito do objeto pronominal acusativo de 3ª pessoa

Neste trabalho, apresentamos os resultados de nossa pesquisa (Simões, 2015) a respeito da realização do objeto pronominal acusativo de 3ª pessoa nas variedades de espanhol de Madri e Montevidéu e comparamos as tendências encontradas com o português brasileiro. Tendo em vista estudos sobre o espanhol (Campos, 1986; Fernández Soriano, 1999; Groppi; 1997), nossa hipótese era de que nas variedades de espanhol que investigamos a omissão do objeto se restringiria a antecedentes [-determinados; -específicos]. Contudo, verificamos a ocorrência de objetos nulos em outros contextos, contrariando parcialmente a nossa hipótese.

Las relaciones anafóricas de los sujetos nulos y explícitos del español y del portugués brasileño: la proximidad tipológica... funciona

Según The Position of Antecedent Hypothesis – PAH, propuesta por Carminati (2002), en las lenguas de sujeto nulo, la selección de antecedente por parte del sujeto nulo o del sujeto explícito de una subordinada difiere en función de la posición estructural que dicho antecedente ocupe en la oración principal. A partir de esta hipótesis, hicimos un estudio empírico dirigido a constatar si se cumple de forma similar en el español y en el portugués brasileño (PB). La comparación de estas dos lenguas es de especial interés porque los cambios que sufrió el sistema pronominal del PB en las últimas décadas llevaron a la propuesta de que el PB actual no es una lengua de sujeto nulo clásica. Los resultados de una prueba de comprensión y una prueba de producción que les fueron administradas a un grupo de hablantes de español y a otro de hablantes de PB muestran patrones similares con respecto a la PAH, lo cual nos lleva a concluir que las diferencias del sistema pronominal no parece que tengan consecuencias para la resolución anafórica de la ambigüedad.