Spanish-speaking Preschool Children Research Articles

Procedural Memory Deficits in Preschool Children with Developmental Language Disorder in a Spanish-Speaking Population.

This study aimed to compare procedural learning skills between Spanish-speaking preschool children (ages 4 years to 4 years, 11 months) with developmental language disorder (DLD) and their chronologically matched typically developing (TD) peers. Using the serial reaction time (SRT) task, participants (30 children with DLD and 30 TD children) responded to visual stimuli in a sequenced manner over four blocks, followed by a random order block. The task assessed reaction time (RT) and accuracy. The results showed a significant interaction between group and block for RT and accuracy, with children with DLD exhibiting longer RTs and accuracy deficits across blocks. In contrast, the TD group showed higher RT efficiency and accuracy in the sequential blocks and, as expected, decreased performance in the random block according to the experimental manipulation. Overall, the results of this investigation suggest that there was no implicit learning in the DLD group, as indicated by the SRT task paradigms of procedural memory. These findings align with some aspects of the procedural deficit hypothesis (PDH), which suggests that linguistic deficits in the DLD population may derive from a deficit in sequential learning from the procedural memory system domain in the Spanish context.

Assessing Preschool Children’s Letter-Name Knowledge: Responsive Practices

In this article, the author offers recommendations for pedagogical practice based on the assessment results of uppercase letter-name knowledge among Spanish-speaking preschool children from low-income backgrounds.

An examination of the heterogenous nature of literacy development in Spanish-speaking preschool children

ABSTRACT This study evaluated the emergent literacy profiles of preschool Spanish-speaking children. Participants included 440 children in dual-language classrooms who were assessed in English and Spanish at the beginning and end of their preschool year. Research Findings: Through latent profile analysis, conducted with fall data, four empirically derived emergent literacy profiles emerged. Further analyses were conducted to determine if there were differential relations between the literacy profiles and spring early reading measures of alphabet knowledge and oral language, measures that are typically used to evaluate kindergarten readiness for literacy instruction. Practice or Policy: Results highlight the heterogeneous nature of emergent literacy development in Spanish-speaking children and demonstrate the need for individualized literacy instruction during the preschool years.

The Social Validity of Content Enriched Shared Book Reading Vocabulary Instruction and Preschool DLLs’ Language Outcomes

ABSTRACT Research Findings: A social validity measure was used to examine 56 bilingual preschool teachers’ perceptions and acceptability of an interactive shared book reading vocabulary intervention implemented in English with Spanish-speaking preschool children (N = 334) in a dual language program model. Social validity outcomes indicated that bilingual teachers believed the shared book reading vocabulary approach was effective and could be feasibly managed to expand preschool dual language learners’ (DLLs) content vocabulary knowledge by building deep knowledge networks around the worlds of science and social studies even as students’ English abilities were still developing. Researchers also found a significant positive association between teachers’ social validity outcomes and DLLs’ English vocabulary outcomes of taught words, warranting further research in this area. Practice or Policy: Teacher perceptions of intervention effectiveness and usability are important and may serve as a barometer for whether teachers may be willing to both adopt and persist with intensive practices when there is a benefit for young children acquiring academic content in a second language. Results suggest, however, that customized and more responsive PD may be especially important to support teachers’ ability to facilitate analytical discussions using academic words when DLLs are in the beginning stage of English language production.

Effects of a Family Literacy Program for Latino Parents: Evidence From a Single-Subject Design.

Purpose This study investigated the effects of a family literacy program on Latino parents' language practices at home and their children's oral language skills. The study examined the extent to which (a) the program called Family Reading Intervention for Language and Literacy in Spanish was effective at teaching low-income, low-education Latino parents 3 language strategies (i.e., comments, high-level questions, and recasts) for reading aloud and (b) parent implementation of the target strategies influenced children's language skills. Method Five Latino mothers and their Spanish-speaking preschool children participated in a multiple-baseline, single-subject design across participants. Program initiation was staggered across the mothers after obtaining a stable baseline. Data on parent and child outcomes were collected across 3 experimental conditions: baseline, intervention, and follow-up. This study employed visual data analysis (e.g., level, trend, variability) to examine the program effects on parent and child outcomes. Results The program had an important effect on parental use of comments and high-level questions, but less impact on recasts. In addition, the program had a notable effect on the children's use of different words and conversational turns, less effect on inferences, and no effect on the mean length of utterance in words. Conclusion Family Reading Intervention for Language and Literacy in Spanish is an effective program to extend and enrich the reading practices that low-income children from a culturally and linguistically diverse background experience at home. The results have implications for family literacy programs aimed at minority Spanish-speaking families.

Validity of the first two subtests of the preschool language assessment scale as a language screener for Spanish-speaking preschool children

Large-scale early childhood studies use the first two subscales of the Preschool Language Assessment Scale, “Simon Says” and “Art Show” (PreLAS2000; Duncan & De Avila, 1998) to guide decisions about the most appropriate language (or languages) researchers should use when directly assessing the academic skills of dual language learner (DLL) children. Large-scale studies use a cut-score derived from a total score on the two PreLAS subscales in English and/or Spanish in combination with parent or teacher reports of children’s language abilities, to route children into the most appropriate language of assessment. However, limited research exists to support the use of these cut-scores as part of a language routing procedure with Spanish-speaking DLL preschool children from low-income backgrounds. The current study examined the validity of the two English PreLAS subscale scores for a local sample of children enrolled in Head Start (N=872) and Hispanic children from the national FACES 2006 sample (N=935). Rasch and DIF analyses supported the invariance of item difficulty values across the three- and four-year-old age groups in the overall sample. For a subsample of Spanish-speaking DLL children, receiver operator characteristic (ROC) analyses identified the most appropriate cut-scores on the PreLAS screener for both age groups. Findings provided evidence to support the validity of the use of the English PreLAS language screener score as part of a more comprehensive language routing procedure. Implications for policy, practice, and measurement development are discussed.

Lexical characteristics of Spanish and English words and the development of phonological awareness skills in Spanish-speaking language-minority children

The lexical restructuring model (LRM) is a theory that attempts to explain the developmental origins of phonological awareness (PA). According to the LRM, various characteristics of words should be related to the extent to which words are segmentally represented in the lexicon. Segmental representations of words allow children to access the parts of words needed to complete PA tasks. This study examined the relations between various lexical characteristics of Spanish and English words and the PA skills of Spanish-speaking language-minority children. Participants came from two independent samples of Spanish-speaking preschool children (Sample 1 N = 553, Sample 2 N = 600). For children in both samples, only phonotactic probability was related to children’s likelihood to respond correctly to Spanish PA items. Age of acquisition and word frequency were related to children’s likelihood to respond correctly to English PA items for children in both samples. Phonological neighborhood density and phonotactic probability were also related to children’s likelihood to respond correctly to English PA items; however, these effects were sample-specific. Children’s Spanish vocabulary knowledge moderated the effects of Spanish age of acquisition and word frequency on responses to Spanish PA items. Children’s English vocabulary knowledge moderated the effects of English phonological neighborhood density and phonotactic probability on responses to English PA items. These findings have implications for the development of PA assessments to be used with language-minority children.

Assessing the narrative abilities of Spanish-speaking preschool children: A Spanish adaptation of the narrative assessment protocol

Driven by the need for valid progress monitoring tools of language and early literacy for Spanish-speaking preschool children, we investigated the utility of a Spanish-language adaptation of a tool designed to evaluate and monitor preschoolers’ language growth in a narrative context. Participants included sixty Spanish-speaking children between the ages of three and four enrolled in community-based preschool classrooms. Child narrative retells were collected both in the fall and spring. Following coding procedures of the original English protocol, narratives were transcribed and scored according to 27 features within five categories: sentence structure, phrase structure, modifiers, nouns, and verbs. Nine additional features appropriate to Spanish were included in the analysis. Analysis of construct, concurrent, and predictive validity supported the utility of both long and short versions of the Spanish adaptation. Several differences between the original English version and Spanish adaption emerged. In particular, the inclusion of features related to number-gender agreement and regular imperfect verb tense benefited the tool. Spanish-speaking participants produced more tier-two verbs than tier-two nouns. In conclusion, the tool holds promise as an efficient way to monitor Spanish-speaking preschoolers’ progress in language development in a narrative context.

The effects of content-related shared book reading on the language development of preschool dual language learners

This study was designed to experimentally examine the effects of content-based shared book reading instruction on the vocabulary development of Spanish-speaking preschool children who were learning English as a second language. Using shared book reading as the mode of instruction, 42 preschool teachers and 252 children from their classrooms were randomly assigned at the class level to either a highly specified content-related book reading intervention or a practice-as-usual shared book reading condition. Children were screened using the preLAS® and were selected for the study based on their scores at the pre-functional and beginning level of English proficiency. Intervention teachers implemented the curricular intervention in small groups of 5–6 students, five days per week, for 20min per session, for 18 weeks. Based on multilevel models, findings indicated significant effects of this intervention approach on proximal vocabulary outcomes with no significant effects on standardized vocabulary measures. Implications for practice are discussed.

Parental involvement in language and literacy acquisition: A bilingual journaling approach

This pilot study examined the feasibility of a home–school partnership for improving emergent literacy skills in Spanish-speaking pre-school children of migrant farmworkers. Parents were requested to send labeled drawings of family activities to their children’s classroom for supplementing bilingual language and literacy instruction. Participants were 19 children (between 2;6 and 5;2) assigned randomly to experimental ( n = 11) or control ( n = 8) classrooms. Pretest–posttest measures in Spanish and English were obtained using the Early Literacy Skills Assessment (ELSA). Results indicated significant increases in pre- to posttest English and Spanish scores for the experimental group, but not for the control group in alphabetic and print knowledge. Parental participation rates (as measured by weekly drawing submissions) exceeded 90%. These results suggest that integrating parent-generated content into classroom language intervention activities may be feasible both in terms of parental involvement as well as children’s emergent literacy skills development.

Preschool Bilingual Learners’ Receptive Vocabulary Development in School Readiness Programs

This article reports on a two-year study of the receptive language development of forty-five native Spanish speaking preschool children who were placed by parent request in three different program models—English with Spanish support, Transitional Bilingual (TBE) and Dual Language—with varying exposure to English and Spanish instruction. Outcomes on measures of receptive vocabulary skills in both English and Spanish were examined. Professional development for teachers and paraprofessionals is also described. Results indicate that all programs show significant learning effects, providing further support for the value of quality preschool instruction for bilingual learners and validate the practice of providing program choice to families. All programs showed significant gains in English and none suffered significant losses in Spanish. However, analysis at the individual student level reveals a bi-modal distribution of gains in each program. The results suggest the need for further inquiry into: 1) the optimal level of native language support children need based on a language profile taking first and second language competence into consideration; 2) on-going use of data for instructional design; and 3) the value of differentiated, high quality professional development based on scientifically-based reading research.

Medidas de evaluación del lenguaje espontáneo en niños hispanohablantes en edad preescolar

This study investigated spontaneous language measures (SLM) derived from a narrative task among Spanish-speaking (SS) preschool children to provide clinicians with developmental data on SLM and to examine whether SLM show changes in development for SS preschool children. A total of 110 monolingual SS children participated in this study. Children were divided into 3 age groups: 3, 4, and 5 years of age. Two general language measures were collected from the children: a standardized receptive vocabulary measure (Test de Vocabulario en Imágenes, TVIP), and a parental report of speech and language problems (PRSLP). In addition, four developmental language measures were calculated from a language sample collected using a story-retelling task: number of T-units (NU-TU), mean length of T-units (MLTU), subordination index (SUB-I), and grammatical errors per T-unit (GRE-TU). No statistically significant differences were found between the age groups on the standard scores for the TVIP or problem scores for the PRSLP, showing that the age groups were comparable. Increasing developmental patterns were found for NU-TU, MLTU and SUB-I. These data represent an important step in the characterization of typical language development for Spanish-speaking children. The use of the means and standard deviations obtained in this study may assist clinicians and researchers in the identification of potential language disorders in SS children.

Spontaneous language measures in monolingual preschool Spanish-speaking children

This study investigated spontaneous language measures (SLM) derived from a narrative task among Spanish-speaking (SS) preschool children to provide clinicians with developmental data on SLM and to examine whether SLM show changes in development for SS preschool children. A total of 110 monolingual SS children participated in this study. Children were divided into 3 age groups: 3, 4, and 5 years of age. Two general language measures were collected from the children: a standardized receptive vocabulary measure (Test de Vocabulario en Imágenes, TVIP), and a parental report of speech and language problems (PRSLP). In addition, four developmental language measures were calculated from a language sample collected using a story-retelling task: number of T-units (NU-TU), mean length of T-units (MLTU), subordination index (SUB-I), and grammatical errors per T-unit (GRE-TU). No statistically significant differences were found between the age groups on the standard scores for the TVIP or problem scores for the PRSLP, showing that the age groups were comparable. Increasing developmental patterns were found for NU-TU, MLTU and SUB-I. These data represent an important step in the characterization of typical language development for Spanish-speaking children. The use of the means and standard deviations obtained in this study may assist clinicians and researchers in the identification of potential language disorders in SS children.

Longitudinal Outcomes for Preschool Dual Language Learners Receiving Writing Instruction

This article analyzed data from a randomized, longitudinal study (Matera & Gerber, 2008) to measure the effectiveness of a writing intervention that provided clearly defined opportunities for Spanish-speaking preschool children in a Head Start program to develop their writing abilities in English. Results from this study indicate that children receiving the writing intervention performed statistically significantly better than children in the control group in measures of English and Spanish writing after 2 months of kindergarten instruction. Implications from these findings suggest that consistent and explicit writing opportunities in Head Start preschool classrooms have positive effects on Spanish-speaking children's emergent writing skills.

Effects of Length, Complexity, and Grammatical Correctness on Stuttering in Spanish-Speaking Preschool Children

To explore the effects of utterance length, syntactic complexity, and grammatical correctness on stuttering in the spontaneous speech of young, monolingual Spanish-speaking children. Spontaneous speech samples of 11 monolingual Spanish-speaking children who stuttered, ages 35 to 70 months, were examined. Mean number of syllables, total number of clauses, utterance complexity (i.e., containing no clauses, simple clauses, or subordinate and/or conjoined clauses), and grammatical correctness (i.e., the presence or absence of morphological and syntactical errors) in stuttered and fluent utterances were compared. Findings revealed that stuttered utterances in Spanish tended to be longer and more often grammatically incorrect, and contain more clauses, including more subordinate and/or conjoined clauses. However, when controlling for the interrelatedness of syllable number and clause number and complexity, only utterance length and grammatical incorrectness were significant predictors of stuttering in the spontaneous speech of these Spanish-speaking children. Use of complex utterances did not appear to contribute to the prediction of stuttering when controlling for utterance length. Results from the present study were consistent with many earlier reports of English-speaking children. Both length and grammatical factors appear to affect stuttering in Spanish-speaking children. Grammatical errors, however, served as the greatest predictor of stuttering.

Quantifying phonological representation abilities in Spanish-speaking preschool children

ABSTRACTIndividual differences in abilities to form, access, and hone phonological representations of words are implicated in the development of oral and written language. This study addressed three important gaps in the literature concerning measurement of individual differences in phonological representation. First, we empirically examined the dimensionality of phonological representation abilities. Second, we empirically compared how well typical measures index various representation-related phonological processing abilities. Third, we supply data on Spanish phonological representation abilities of incipient Spanish–English bilingual children to address the need for information on phonological representation across languages. Specifically, nine measures of accessibility to and precision of phonological presentations were administered to 129 preschool children in the United States. Confirmatory factor analyses validated three separate but correlated a priori phonological processing abilities, that is, efficiency of accessing phonological codes, precision of phonological codes as reflected in speech production, and precision of phonological codes as reflected in speech perception. Most prototypic measures were strong indicators of their respective representation-related phonological ability. We discuss how the current data in Spanish compares to limited data in English, and the implications for the organization of phonological representations abilities.

Measurement Properties and Classification Accuracy of Two Spanish Parent Surveys of Language Development for Preschool-Age Children

To describe the concurrent validity and classification accuracy of 2 Spanish parent surveys of language development, the Spanish Ages and Stages Questionnaire (ASQ; Squires, Potter, & Bricker, 1999) and the Pilot Inventario-III (Pilot INV-III; Guiberson, 2008a). Forty-eight Spanish-speaking parents of preschool-age children participated. Twenty-two children had expressive language delays, and 26 had typical language development. The parents completed the Spanish ASQ and the Pilot INV-III at home, and the Preschool Language Scale, Fourth Edition: Spanish Edition (PLS-4 Spanish; Zimmerman, Steiner, & Pond, 2002) was administered to the children at preschool centers. The Spanish ASQ and Pilot INV-III were significantly correlated with the PLS-4 Spanish, establishing concurrent validity. On both surveys, children with expressive language delays scored significantly lower than children with typical development. The Spanish ASQ demonstrated unacceptably low sensitivity (59%) and good specificity (92%), while the Pilot INV-III demonstrated fair sensitivity (82%) and specificity (81%). Likelihood ratios and posttest probability revealed that the Pilot INV-III may assist in detection of expressive language delays, but viewed alone it is insufficient to make an unconditional screening determination. Results suggest that Spanish parent surveys hold promise for screening language delay in Spanish-speaking preschool children; however, further refinement of these tools is needed.

Influences of Teacher–Child Social Interactions on English Language Development in a Head Start Classroom

Increasing numbers of Spanish-speaking preschool children require attention to improve the likelihood of success in school. This study, part of a larger 2-year ethnographic study of a Head Start classroom, elaborates the role of teachers’ interactions with students who were learning English. Using an interactional ethnography approach, the authors focus on the social nature of these interactions. The study illuminates the kinds of teacher interactions with students that support and hinder the students’ language learning. It reinforces the importance of student engagement in social interactions with teachers and with English other than codes of obedience and authority. Finally, it recommends actions teachers can take to provide optimal circumstances for English learning interactions for students.

Spanish Nonword Repetition

Purpose: The current study presents preliminary nonword repetition data from Spanish-speaking preschool children using a new set of stimuli. Method: Twenty nonwords were constructed to be phonotactically possible in Spanish and to conform to published guidelines for nonword repetition stimuli. Fourteen Spanish-speaking typically developing preschool children repeated the nonwords. Results: Both age and word length affected repetition accuracy, and there was an age-by-length interaction. Younger children were less accurate overall and showed steeper decreases in accuracy as length increased. Conclusions: The results provide promising evidence that the stimuli may be developed into a Spanish nonword repetition task for both research and clinical purposes.

Dual language and literacy development of Spanish-speaking preschool children

This article describes oral language and early literacy skills in Spanish and English for a sample of 319 bilingual children in Massachusetts and Maryland (ECS) and a comparison group of 144 monolingual Spanish-speaking children in Puerto Rico (PRC). Children were assessed as they entered and exited pre-kindergarten programs. Data collection included four subtests of the Woodcock Language Proficiency Battery and a researcher-developed phonological awareness task. Results show that, on average, children in the ECS sample performed below average in both English and Spanish when compared to monolingual norms and, despite some early literacy and oral language gains during their pre-kindergarten year, continue to lag behind monolingual children of the same age. Children in the ECS sample performed better in the early literacy tasks than in the oral language tasks in both English and Spanish. On average, the PRC sample scored significantly better than the ECS sample in Spanish oral language skills, but lower in phonological awareness skills. Educational implications and directions for future research are discussed.