Spanish Period Research Articles

The Devil in Silicon Valley: Northern California, Race, and Mexican Americans. By Stephen J. Pitti. (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2003. xvi, 297 pp. $29.95, isbn 0-691-09287-7.)

In The Devil in Silicon Valley, Stephen J. Pitti examines the history of Mexican Americans in San Jose, Santa Clara, and other northern California cities—beginning with the Spanish period (1777) and continuing to the present. Pitti opens his narrative with a vivid account of everyday life in Mission Santa Clara and uses this context to describe the ambivalent and diverse relationships mission Indians formed with Spanish missionaries. After a brief discussion of Indian-Spanish conflicts over land and resources, Pitti turns to the political changes that occurred in northern California after Mexican independence from Spain (1821). His focus is the immigration policies enacted by Mexico after independence, which allowed U.S. immigrants to settle in California. A well-documented narrative follows, describing the social and racial status hierarchies that developed when the United States annexed California after the Mexican-American War of 1846–1848. At this point in the narrative, Native Americans disappeared as historical actors, and Pitti turns to other populations—focusing on the conflicts between Anglo Americans and Mexican Americans.

Inbreeding coefficients and degree of consanguineous marriages in Spain: a review.

The contribution of consanguineous marriages corresponding to uncle-niece or aunt-nephew (C12), first cousin (C22), first cousin once removed (C23), and second cousin (C33) to the inbreeding coefficient (alpha) was analyzed from a sample of Spanish areas and periods. Multiple regressions were performed taking as independent variables the different degrees of consanguinity previously selected (C12, C22, C23, and C33) and as dependent variable the inbreeding coefficient (alpha). According to the results obtained for any degree and period, rural frequencies always surpass urban. However, the pattern is similar in both areas. In the period where consanguinity was more elevated (1890-1929) the C22/C33 ratio increased. Its variation is not due to C22 and C33 changes in the same way. In rural areas, this ratio surpasses the expected value by a factor of 2-3, but in urban areas it was 7-10 times larger, in some cases due to migration. While in rural Spain the C33 frequency was approximately 1.5 times C22, in cities C22 was 1.5 times C33. The best fit among the various types of consanguineous matings and alpha involves a lineal relationship. Regardless of the number of variables contributing significantly to alpha, C22 matings are always present. Moreover, their standardized (beta) coefficients are the highest. The above indicates that this consanguineous relationship conditions the inbreeding coefficient the most. In the period of greater consanguinity, close relationships, uncle-niece C12, and first cousin once removed (C23) make a significant contribution to alpha. In rural Spain second cousins (C33) always significantly determined alpha; however, in cities the inbreeding variation was mainly due to C12 and C23.

Recovering history, constructing race: the Indian, black, and white roots of Mexican Americans

Acknowledgments Introduction 1. Racial Foundations 2. Racial Formation: Spain's Racial Order 3. The Move North: The Gran Chichimeca and New Mexico 4. The Spanish Settlement of Texas and Arizona 5. The Settlement of California and the Twilight of the Spanish Period 6. Liberal Racial Legislation during the Mexican Period, 1821-1848 7. Land, Race, and War, 1821-1848 8. The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo and the Racialization of the Mexican Population 9. Racial Segregation and Liberal Policies Then and Now Epilogue: Auto/ethnographic Observations of Race and History Notes Bibliography Index

La Polonia del mediodía: un tópico polaco en la historia española

During the Spanish democratic period of1868-1874 it became popular in the press, parliamentary rhetoric, and literature to identify Spain as «the Poland of the South». This rhetorical expression reflected the pessimism provoked in all parties by the political instability, the intervention of foreign powers in Spanish internal affairs, and the menace posed to the territorial integrity of the nation. The idea that Spain was condemned to a destiny similar to Poland's reaches its climax after the proclamation of the Republic in 1873, when the governments of Madrid were fighting on three fronts: the Cuban war, the Carlist war, and the Cantonalist insurrection. An analysis of the Episodios nacionales of Perez Galdos makes it possible to trace the evolution of this topic and its influence over the national image of Spain, and the mark it left four decades later with the beginning of the separatists movements, especially Basque nationalism.

Peasant Resistance and Religious Protests in Early Philippine Society: Turning Friars Against the Grain

One of the most important contributions to the study of religious resistance and rural rebellions in the Philippines has come from the works of nationalist scholars. They have shown that peasant revolts that have been widely studied cannot be constructively understood without considering their precolonial origins. This essay examines the role of religion in rural revolts in terms of its broader historical connections. It reviews some of the pre‐Hispanic continuities in the selection of authentic leaders in the Philippines during the early Spanish period. It concludes that Christianity was localized not simply because it was imposed but because it was propagated by a small group of radicalized, educated friars meeting some of the indigenous criteria for effective leadership. These friars were some of the early ancestors of today’s liberation theologians.

Trends in Philippine Library History

This essay divides Philippine library history into three periods, establishing a relationship between historical events and library trends. During the Spanish period, modern library trends were introduced through the establishment of the Sociedad Económica in 1780, but they did not influence Philippine library culture until the later part of the nineteenth century. In the twentieth century, the United States introduced innovations in sciences and practice, but the foundation of Philippine librarianship was largely due to the enthusiasm of a few American librarians and Filipino scholars. After the devastation of World War II, the newly established Philippine Republic helped strengthen academic and cultural institutions in the country. Today's Philippine librarianship is nurtured in library schools and consolidated through association and cooperative effort.

The Strawberry Industry in South America

The strawberry (Fragaria ×ananassa Duch.) was cultivated in South America long before the Spanish arrived on the continent. Native Fragaria chiloensis L. was domesticated over 1000 years ago by the Picunches in central Chile (Hancock et al., 1999). During the Spanish period of exploration and conquest in the mid- to late 1500s, F. chiloensis was spread throughout South America and major industries developed around Cuzco, Peru; Bogota, Colombia; and Ambato, Ecuador. European cultivars of F. ×ananassa were probably introduced into South America in the late 1800s (Folquer, 1986), and California cultivars in the 1960s. These rapidly replaced most of the traditional F. chiloensis plantings, first through introgression, and finally through pure cultivar plantings. Today, cultivars of F. ×ananassa are found in almost all South American countries, flourishing in tropical, subtropical, and southeastern South America, where the climate is strongly conditioned by fresh South Atlantic winds, with average temperatures ranging from 11 °C in July to 24 °C in January. The South American industry accounts for ≈4% of the total world strawberry production, but the strawberry plays important social and economic roles on the continent, since strawberry farms employ ≈50,000 full- or part-time workers. Strawberries are a popular item in local markets and are an exported commodity (Cicare, 1999). This paper describes the strawberry industry in Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay, Uruguay, Chile, Bolivia, and Ecuador. The first four countries are members of the Mercado Comun del Sur (MERCOSUR) or South American Free Trade Agreement, which is similar to the North American Free Trade Agreement. Brazil, Argentina and Chile are responsible for most of the South American strawberry production, while production in Paraguay, Uruguay, Bolivia, and Ecuador is less developed (Table 1).

Mammon and Manon in Early New Orleans: The First Slave Society in the Deep South

and Manon in Early New Orleans: The First Slave Society in Deep South. By Thomas N. Ingersoll. (Knoxville: The University of Tennessee Press, 1999. Pp. xxv, 490. Figures, maps, tables. Cloth, $60.00; paper, $25.00.) Rearing Wolves to Our Own Destruction: Slavery in Richmond; Virginia,1782-1865. By Midori Takagi. (Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1999. Pp. xi, 187. Illustrations, tables. $37.50.) Order, remarked Alexander Pope in An Essay on Man, Heaven's first law. If true, New Orleans (1718-1819) and Richmond, Virginia (17821865) came, it appears, surprisingly near to achieving divine stability. Both Thomas N. Ingersoll and Midori Takagi suggest that urban slavery represented a relatively ordered environment, important tensions between master and enslaved notwithstanding. Cluttered though Thomas Ingersoll's rich study sometimes is, and Manon offers determined readers many rewards. Based on extensive qualitative and quantitative research in French, Spanish, and North American archives, Ingersoll's study aims to retire prevailing stereotype of New Orleans as a hotbed of saturnalia and social dislocation. Instead of Manon, the enduring popular image of New Orleans as a place where women of both colors gave themselves up to illicit sex with men, Ingersoll finds that Mammon ruled (xvii) by 1731. Sensitive to tense, negotiated, and complicated social and political evolution of Deep South's first slave society, Ingersoll shows that coming (and achievement) of order was preeminent characteristic of early New Orleans. The presence of an acquisitive, class-conscious planter elite was key to society's stability while slaves, by dint of their ethnic, cultural, and occupational backgrounds often found themselves divided. Moreover, by early national period, order had been achieved not least because like blacks throughout South, those of New Orleans had made special contributions to forging of American values-ambition, diligence, creative expertise, moral austerity-and had pursued American dream of personal and economic independence with same enthusiasm as their white fellows (352). Part One describes French colonization of New Orleans, formation of city's white and black communities, and concludes with a chapter on creolization of second generation and a comparative analysis situating New Orleans firmly within context of North American slavery. Parts Two and Three repeat analysis for Spanish period and end by stressing orderliness of New Orleans slavery and similarities it shared with other Deep South slave societies. Throughout, Ingersoll talks intelligently and authoritatively on a variety of issues ranging from activities of free blacks, women, comparative manumission rates, and strength of planter class. A brief review can in no way do justice to this study's breadth. Some readers may balk at Ingersoll's rather binary framework. and Manon were not, after all, mutually exclusive. Furthermore, Ingersoll aims to dismantle a stereotype that he fails to explore as fully as he might. From whence did image of an unruly, salacious New Orleans come? And which modern historians, if any, still subscribe to it? Ingersoll neglects to interrogate origins of image and instead bases his argument on dubious assumption that any slave society is by definition disorderly (xvii). Yet it is worthwhile recalling that proslavery ideologues, while often fretting about disorder and vice they discerned in southern cities, nonetheless saw northern urbanism and its embodiment of liberal capitalism as real locus of societal licentiousness and unruliness. Towns per se were not problem for such thinkers; cities anchored by liberal social and economic relations were real worry. …

Characterization of Archaeological Ceramics Using Scanning Electron Microscopy and Electron Microprobe Analysis

Abstract We have used several techniques in the field of scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to examine ceramic pot sherds from a number of archaeological sites in New Mexico in an effort to characterize the ceramic material and determine the origin of some of the vessels. Typical archaeological sites belonging to Pueblo Indian ancestors in New Mexico are littered with numerous fragments of vessels which served different purposes such as cooking, food/water storage, eating, and ceremonial. often different styles of painting and slipping found on these fragments relate to different temporal and cultural influences. An important question that arises during examination of the many types of sherds involves the origin of each of the vessels. Analysis of mineral content and mineral chemistry can help answer these questions. Thin sections of pot sherds from 4 prehistoric Anasazi sites (A.D. 1150-1250) from south and central New Mexico, a prehistoric Anasazi site in northwestern New Mexico (Chaco Canyon, Pueblo Alto A.D. 1000 -1150), and an historic Pueblo site from the Spanish period (A.D. 1540-1700) were examined.

Female Conflict and Its Resolution in Eighteenth-Century St. Augustine

Historian Charles Cutter has analyzed the “non-adversarial nature” of the Spanish legal culture and the manner in which Spanish authorities deployed written law (ley), customary law (derecho), and personal discretion (arbitrio judicial) effectively to achieve justice (equidad), even in peripheral areas of the empire. The primary objective of judicial administration was the resolution of conflict and restoration of harmony within the Spanish community. This paper uses civil and criminal records from second Spanish period Florida (1784-1821) to explore the gendered nature of Spanish legal culture by examining conflict between women and its resolution, as well as the ways in which the community and the court attempted to monitor and correct the “disruptive” behavior of women.

Post-Tribal Epics: The Native American Novel between Tradition and Modernity.

Part One: Overview Thomas Hyde, Steinschneider, Van Der Linde, and Murray. Part Two: Introduction to Talmud, Texts and Commentaries Where and When did Chess start Alexander's Game An Enigmatic Board Game 2 Exegetic Curiosities. Part Three: The Spanish Period of the golden ages of Hebrew and Arabic early chess writings Arab and Jew Moses Cohen, Disciplina Clericalis Judah Halevi, Ha Kuzari Chess in Verse, Abraham Ibn Ezra Bonsenior Ibn Yehia Chess, society and gambling Jewish translators and authors of Alfonso manuscript Abi Zakaria Yahya Ibn Ibrahim Al-Hakim the new Chess, Luis de Lucena Ruy Lopez Shlomo Ben Mazel Tov. Part Four: Anonymous treatise, the King's Delight Views and Judgments Two stories from Mas'aseh Book Moses Mendelssohn & Lessing's Nathan the Wise Sevi Uri Rubinstein Leon Hallandaerski, Delecies Royales Jacob Eichenbaur, The Struggle.

Fort Meade, 1849-1850 (review)

book reviews159 Cattle had grazed in Florida since the Spanish period and well-heeled ranchers were in place by the time of the war. As a removed and presumably safe outpost, the state was a natural source of beef. The export of cattle rivaled in importance that of salt. The Army of Tennessee was a major beneficiary. Yet, with beef, as with much else in the "rebel storehouse," expectations were unfulfilled . Some ranchers balked at selling beeves to the Confederate government, and commissary officials were sometines inefficient. In the meantime, as other army of Confederate beef acquisitions were shut off by advancing Federal armies, Florida beeves took on increased importance. Union troops targeted cattle just as surely as they did salt works, and fewer and leaner cattle was the reality by 1864. "As in the past," Taylor writes, "too much was expected from the Florida peninsula when plans were being formulated to provision the faltering South and its gray warriors" (126). Admittedly, the activities ofcommissary and quartermaster officials does not promise inherent drama and riveting reading. Even so, some might hope for a more lively account ofthe subject, and a greaterfocus on individuals as providers would help.The vignette ofJacob Summerlin, a colorful cattleman who furnished beeves to the Confederacy, is fleshed out well. But that is the exception.A more human dimension could only add flavor and readability. A variety of sources have been consulted, but little research has apparently been done at the National Archives, where a close look at the record collections seems appropriate. These objections do not unduly detract from the contribution that has been made. The Southern economy, as with the homefront generally, has received less attention than is warranted. This book may inspire similar treatments in other states or regions. What was particularly indigenous and valuable to the Confederacy elsewhere? Failures regarding logistical supply may add to the multifaceted explanation for the Confederacy's defeat. At least in Florida, production/supply might best be described as an extremely qualified success. Most fundamentally, the author argues that the state could not be the bottomless granary or the limitless provider that some envisioned. Even so, he notes that scholars have neglected "the extent to which Florida contributed the bounty of its lands to the rebel governments" (67). Taylor has righted that neglect. William Warren Rogers, Jr. Gainesville College Fort Meade, 1849-1850. By Canter Brown. (Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press, 1995. Pp. 232. $19.95.) In 199 1, Canter Brown published Florida's Peace River Frontier, a wellreceived study detailing the settlement ofthe southern peninsula during the nineteenth century. Brown's current work focuses specifically on Fort Meade, described by the author as the "oldest town in interior south Florida" (xi). In just over 150 pages of text he outlines the founding of the town, its role during the i6oCIVIL war history Third Seminole and Civil Wars, and its postwar development and eventual decline. The southeastern frontier, Brown contends, has been relatively neglected , as have studies ofcommunities that failed to prosper after the frontier's close. In this regard Fort Meade offers a contrasting view to examples of better-known frontier settlements. Lt. George Gordon Meade established an army post along Florida's Peace River in 1849. Officers later stationed there included A. P. Hill and Thomas J. Jackson. Fort Meade quartered troops and protected settlers during the Third Seminole War and several engagements took place nearby. The war's close brought more white settlement, and by i860 a profitable cattle industry had begun to develop. Fort Meade's inhabitants suffered severe hardships during the CivilWar. The town volunteered its share of men to the Confederacy, but the population included a sizable percentage of Unionists as well. Many Florida cattlemen, Brown argues, hoped to keep their herds intact to take advantage of postwar profits and thus held strong allegiances to neither side. Early in 1864 Federal troops occupied Fort Myers, on the Caloosahatchee River south of Fort Meade. Over the next year southwest Florida was the scene of small-scale, yet bitter fighting, with Union troops attempting to disrupt the supply ofcattle being sent northward from Florida ranges. Significant numbers of Unionists journeyed to Fort Myers...

A note on reference and definite articles in Old Spanish

The purpose of this note is to address some of the key issues involved in the historical analysis of the definite article in Spanish. It discusses what the difference in usage and function between early Old Spanish definite articles, on the one hand, and those in late Old Spanish and later periods, on the other, may tell us about their nature and about the structure and referentiality of the noun phrase in (Old) Spanish.

Agents of the Apocalypse: Epidemic Disease in the Colonial Philippines (review)

Reviewed by: Agents of Apocalypse: Epidemic Disease in the Colonial Philippines Warwick Anderson Ken De Bevoise. Agents of Apocalypse: Epidemic Disease in the Colonial Philippines. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1995. xiv + 274 pp. Tables, map. $35.00; £30.00. At a time when so many historians of medicine seek to understand the construction—or, perhaps more euphemistically, the “framing”—of disease, Agents of Apocalypse reminds us of the value of the painstaking reconstruction of a history in which disease is the central and privileged agent. In the tradition of Zinsser, Crosby, and McNeill, Ken De Bevoise examines the social determinants and [End Page 533] consequences of specific diseases—in this case, the patterns of venereal disease, smallpox, beriberi, malaria, and cholera in Philippine society in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Macfarlane Burnet’s positivist “natural history of infectious disease” thus becomes part of the ecological history of a colonial society. Drawing on impressive archival evidence, De Bevoise has reconstructed the patterns of major epidemic disease in the Philippines and related them to underlying transformations of local society. He demonstrates that the processes of development in the Philippines, under the Spanish and then the American colonial regimes, promoted the spread of many diseases in the archipelago, and that the Philippine-American war further exacerbated these processes of disease transmission. Not surprisingly, this is another example of socioeconomic change shaping disease patterns in a community. The strongest sections of the book examine the Philippines during the last gasps of the Spanish empire: I found particularly helpful the detailed descriptions of improvements in transport, the emergence of a sex trade, the process of crop specialization, extensive changes in land management, and the uneven development of smallpox vaccination during this period. The claim that the disease burden of the population increased toward the end of the century, and became even worse during the war, seems well supported. But conclusions about the causes, the distribution, and the effects of specific diseases often are less secure. It is hard not to get the impression that many of the contemporary diagnoses are frustratingly vague, if not unclassifiable, and the statistical coverage—especially in the Spanish period—is rather sketchy. And yet, even though some explanations of disease prevalence in the Philippines must remain tentative or speculative, De Bevoise manages to tell us more about the epidemiology of a colonial society than we have known before. (Philip Curtin’s work, while far more convincing in its statistical analysis, considers only the colonial military records.) Of course, the use of a historical methodology that relies on modern biomedical expertise can be as treacherous as it is rewarding. At the risk of revealing the rather conventional and limited character of my own medical training, I must confess that I had doubts about two features of De Bevoise’s technical analysis. First, while the case for the influence of socioeconomic change on disease transmission is hard to fault, I was not convinced that poverty, malnutrition, parasitism, and “severe psychological stress” were sufficient to “compromise” the immune systems of Filipinos to an epidemiologically significant degree (p. 51). Much as one wants to condemn the impoverishment of so many Filipinos during this period, the connection here of poverty with susceptibility to disease seems rather tenuous, especially in the absence of case mortality data. De Bevoise’s emphasis on predisposition is admirable in a political sense, but this concern has not figured much in public health doctrine since the time of Chadwick—which is not to say that it is mistaken, just that it is difficult now to support such assertions with medical statistics (as the author concedes on p. 100). And without strong support, comparisons with the acquired immune deficiencies of AIDS will appear overblown (p. 51). I also had doubts about the arguments for the contribution of infantile [End Page 534] beriberi to infant mortality. Clearly this previously has been understated, but in reassigning causes of death, De Bevoise at times seems to suggest that beriberi was at the root of most infantile fitting and diarrhea (p. 137). Again, this is possible, but the evidence is not compelling. A biologically informed approach to historical analysis can lay bare otherwise-obscure...

Análisis bibliométrico de las revistas españolas de Prehistoria y Arqueología en los últimos diez años

The paper explains some issues concerning scientific activity in Prehistory and Archaeology through the citation analysis from Spanish periodicals and other factors. It states the difficulties caused by the journals' systematic non-observance of their periodicity and their noticeable lack of bibliographical citation stardardization. That situation harms the contribution of Spanish journals to the international networks of citation and leads to ostracism of Spanish scientific production. Some data concerning co-authorship, theme and language are offered. The analysis of the importance of territory in the cited journals shows that the number of citations diminishes when the distance to the place of publication increases. The relevance of citation analysis as a methodological criteria for periodicals evaluation is also considered. It is concluded that the localism provoked by the descriptive trend of archaeological research has two serious risks: 1) the division of the scientific community into disconnected groups, and 2) the use of very contemporary demarcation lines as a relevant tool for the study of the past.

The Ecological Origins and Consequences of Cattle Ranching in Sixteenth-Century New Spain

two most important things to know about Mexico still are patterns of life that existed before coming of white men and changes that were introduced during first generation or two of Spanish period. - Carl O. Sauer, The Personality of 1941 Livestock have occupied Mexican scene since sixteenth-century birth of New Spain, early and pervasively contributing to ecological upheaval of the Columbian exchange (Crosby 1972; Butzer 1992; Turner and others 1995). Spaniards brought livestock both large and small. Along with those cattle, horses, mules, donkeys, sheep, goats, and pigs arrived a suite of ecological institutions that have left decisive imprints on landscape. landscape, reciprocally, has left its imprint on institutions. An association of herders organized transhumant routes by which sheep moved between seasonal pastures along hundreds of kilometers of stonewalled trails, or canadas. estancias, or land grants, gridded landscape league by league, accumulating space for Spaniards and marginalizing natives. pastures burned each long, dry winter, incrementally altering vegetation. Yet despite a deep and broad imprint on Mexican landscape, cattle ranching's sixteenth-century ecological origins have remained obscure. An orthodox literature long emphasized Spain's semiarid plateau - often, specifically, Estremadura - as Old World hearth of New Spain's ranching ecology (Bishko 1952; Brand 1961; Rouse 1977). Supposedly, a fully developed ecology and economy involving mounted herders and transhumance diffused southward with Reconquista into Andalusia and, ultimately, through Seville and across Atlantic to New Spain. More recently, revisionists have combined archival and field research to hypothesize that cattle ranching involving mounted herders reached its Old World apogee along lower Rio Guadalquivir of Andalusia, in seasonally inundated marshes known as Las Marismas, and from there diffused to New Spain (Doolittle 1987; Butzer 1988; Jordan 1993). To date, contrasts between sixteenth-century livestock ecologies of Estremadura and Andalusia provide main support for revisionist hypothesis. Sheep predominated on semiarid plateau, and image of mounted Estremadurans herding cattle across sparse, semiarid grasslands is as much myth as icon. In contrast, cattle predominated in Andalusia, and as floodwaters of Rio Guadalquivir receded each spring, herders drove their stock into Las Marismas [ILLUSTRATION FOR FIGURE 1 OMITTED]. Largely untended during long dry season, isolated among a labyrinth of sloughs, animals became semiferal. Solanos blowing out of Africa parched oak-pine savannas of surrounding hills, which ranchers set ablaze in late summer (Fernandez Ales, Martin, and Merino 1995, 366). As rains returned each October, herders required horses to round up semiferal stock before Guadalquivir flooded and drive them up to fresh regrowth of hill pastures. Andalusian provenance of original conquistadores, four hundred or so who sailed with Cortes, further supports revisionist hypothesis. Nearly a third of conquistadores hailed from provinces bordering Las Marismas - Seville, Huelva, Cadiz - and knew its transhumant pulse (Boyd-Bowman 1964, xli). Having witnessed fecundity of cattle Columbus had introduced into Hispaniola in 1493, those Andalusians extended diffusion to New Spain during sixteenth century (Sauer 1966; Watts 1987). In a few decades, lowland plains along Gulf of Mexico, an environmental homologue to coastal Andalusia, had become domain of vast cattle herds (Simpson 1952; Butzer and Butzer 1995). By 1580 viceroys had granted sixty-two cattle estancias in lowland environs of port of Veracruz alone, and report of alcalde claims 150,000 cows and mares (JGI, XXV-8, f. …

Ties That Bind: A Century of U.S.-Philippine Relations

H. W. Brands reminds us that during the last hundred years the United States has had a greater impact on the world than has any other country and that Filipinos have felt that impact more directly than probably any other people (p. x). It is thus no surprise that there has been a vast literature examining the U.S.-Philippine relationship.1 The latest scholarly contribution to this field is Brands's Bound to Empire: The United States and the Philippines. Few of the many books on U.S.-Philippine relations match Brands's accomplishment of covering the full history from the turn of the century to the administration of Corazon Aquino. Stanley Karnow's Pulitzer Prize-winning In Our Image had the same range (treating the Spanish period as well), but it frustrated scholars with its bibliographic essay in place of more precise documentation and was flawed by a certain mushiness of analysis.2 That McKinley could not find the Philippines on a map3—if true—does not show that the American acquisition of the islands was "inadvertent"4 any more than the fact that National Security Adviser William P. Clark's inability to name the capitals of various countries meant that he could not authorize worldwide covert operations. Yes, Roosevelt's orders to Dewey to proceed to Manila were "secret,"5 as are all military directives, but, as Karnow acknowledged, the orders were approved by McKinley and the secretary of the navy.6 American policy in the Philippines, Karnow wrote, was driven by "benign intentions" and "high moral purpose," bringing U.S. "benison" (a favorite Karnow word) to Filipinos,7 yet he admits that U.S. foreign policy was "predicated on self-interest rather than sentimentality," that U.S. motives in granting Filipinos latitude to govern themselves were "less than idealistic," that the alleged selflessness of American teachers was "largely mythical," and that Congress barred large U.S. plantations in the Philippines "more out of self-interest than rectitude."8

Nuevas evidencias incas entre Collahuasi y Río Frío (I y II Regiones del norte de Chile)

El llamado “gran despoblado”, se situa en un inmenso desierto de altura, con escasa agua y casi totalmente desocupado, pero rico en vestigios bien conservados tanto de los periodos prehistoricos tempranos como tardios. Desafortunadamente, la explotacion de sus recursos en la actualidad, especialmente la exploracion y desarrollo de su riqueza minera, amenaza sus delicados caracteres superficiales y por lo tanto requiere de un rapido registro. Por eso, hemos trabajado en torno a la ocupacion inca, en proyectos originalmente vinculados con el uso arcaico de las cuencas de Atacama y Punta Negra. La presencia inca hacia el sur, especialmente en el Norte Chico, es conocida por los estudios pioneros de Iribarren y Bergholz (1971), Niemeyer y Silva (1977), Rivera e Hyslop (1984) y, mas recientemente, a traves del trabajo de Stehberg y Carvajal (1988). En esta oportunidad se presentan nuevas evidencias correspondientes al sector Collahuasi-Rio Negro, en las tierras altas de la I y II regiones de Chile, como un avance preliminar del Proyecto Inca patrocinado por The National Geographic Society.ABSTRACTThe northern part of Chile, called “gran despoblado”, is located in a immense and high desert with scarse water and totally unpopulated, but it has wellkept remains belonging both early and late prehistoric periods. Unfortunately, the present working and development of its mineral wealth threaten its fine superficial features and it has to be recorded as soon as possible. For that reason we have worked around the inca occupation, we have worked in projects originally related to the arcaic use of the Atacama and Punta Negra basins. The inca presence towards the south lands, specially in the Norte Chico, is known through the pioneer investigation carried out by Iribarren and Bergholz (1971), Niemeyer and Silva (1977), Rivera and Hyslop (1984) and recently through the study made by Stehberg and Carvajal (1988). In this opportunity new evidences belonging to the Collahuasi area-Rio Negro, in the highlands of the first and second regions are shown, and also the preliminary advance of the Inca Project by The National Geographic Society. This essay constitutes a synthesis of the preliminary results of an investigation of the Inca Road, its exact route, structures, and purpose, as supported by The National Geographic Society (4654-91, Mapping inca installations in the Atacama: Relations with local peoples). Attention has focussed on Catarpe Tambo, which appears to have been an administrative center for the road complex between at least 22° and 25° S Lat. Large parts of the system between Turi and Chiu Chiu in the north, and Rio Frio in the south, were located and recorded by the authors, specially from 1991 through 1993. Abandoned after the Inca Period, Catarpe evidences storage, metallurgy, protective fortifications, ritual, concentration of precious goods, and even administrative functions (quipu) that are often absent at the smaller tambos. Much of the road system was rerouted during the Spanish Period, so that it could be traversed by groups with horses and mules, leaving other, subsequently unused parts of the original Inca Road inperfect condition. Untrodden portions of the original roadway often feature distinctive intact hitos, curbing stones, stairs, and associated artifacts such as pottery and sandals.

Moro Piracy during the Spanish Period and Its Impact

Moro Piracy during the Spanish Period and Its Impact

Material culture and colonial Indian society in Southern Mesoamerica: The view from Coastal Chiapas, Mexico

The native population of the colonial Province of Soconusco, New Spain, cultivated cacao throughout the Spanish colonial period, which provided the means for acquiring relatively large quantities of Spanish-introduced goods. This paper examines the extent to which other aspects of the archaeological record—the settlement pattern, house construction, and indigenous—tradition artifacts—exhibited change and continuity from the Late Postclassic to Spanish colonial periods.