Spanish Period Research Articles

"It Has Always Been Customary to Make Slaves of Savages": The Problem of Indian Slavery in Spanish Louisiana Revisited, 1769–1803

Abstract: The enslavement of Indigenous peoples by Europeans was not a small and isolated practice in the lands that now comprise the United States. Contests for land and labor were not mutually exclusive, and enslaved Native people labored in mines, domestic households, and plantations across North America. In the vast Louisiana Colony, French records frequently enumerated enslaved Indigenous people, but their presence is conspicuously absent from Spanish period records. Scholars have previously assumed that the practice of Indian slavery had simply been outlawed and any remaining Indian slaves were emancipated under the Leyes y Ordenanzas Nuevamente de las Indias after Don Alejandro O'Reilly raised the Spanish flag over New Orleans in August 1769. However, the very first case brought before the Louisiana State Supreme Court disproves that assumption. During the period of its supposed illegality, Indigenous enslavement persisted through a discursive practice of Indigenous erasure; changing notions of race and legal personhood hid enslaved Native Americans within a socioracial order that negated their existence. These machinations allowed "Indianness" to be controlled and exploited, and Native people continued to be trafficked and enslaved across the Gulf South into the antebellum period. Their stories must become part of the broader history of American slavery.

Genesis of the Roman Catholic Church in the Fifth District of Camarines Sur: Basis for a Supplemental Material in Local History

Roman Catholic Church involvement can be seen in all aspects of human activity. It shows how visible the Church gets involved in religious, social, political, cultural, and educational development. This qualitative-historical research was focused on determining how the Roman Catholic Churches in the six (6) Municipalities of the district came into existence. The research was backed up by interviews and observation and analysis of existing related documents. Results of the study showed that most of the oldest Roman Catholic Churches in the Fifth District of Camarines Sur were built in 1578; made of nipa and bamboo and that all of these Churches were destroyed by fire which resulted to the construction of concrete Churches which have already been improved in the present time. The Roman Catholic Churches in the Fifth District of Camarines Sur which were built during the Spanish period contributed much to the development of the district in terms of Cultural, Social, and political aspects. As a result, a reference material in teaching local History was made to address the dearth of instructional materials in teaching history from grade school to graduate education.

Descend or Defend: Iligan as a Toponym and its Relevance to Local Historiography

The history of Iligan City in Northern Mindanao, the Philippine Islands, stretches back as far as the beginning of Spanish colonization in the second half of the 17th century. Although its contemporary history ranging from the later American Period during the Second World War to its rise as an industrial city in the following three decades after the war is well- examined, Iligan’s history during the Spanish Period remains a difficult picture to imagine. It is not only because documentary evidence is very limited, its indigenous population relies on oral tradition to tell the story of its past. The difficulty of access to primary sources which are either tucked away in the national archives or that they are written in a language that in contrast to the rest of the then Spanish Empire never became the primary language of the country contributed to local historiography in the Philippines making use of oral accounts by indigenous peoples, and this is similar when it comes to Iligan. Specifically, this paper examines Iligan as a toponym to trace the possible origin and meaning of the term. By looking into both readily available archival sources and the cultural memory of the tribal authorities of one of the city’s indigenous peoples, the Higaunon, this paper shows that they are the first settlers of Iligan and that one of the earliest sites of culture contact was the mouth- river of Iligan, which perhaps one of the reasons why Spaniards chose this area to establish a fort. Most importantly, this paper proves that Iligan as a toponym is not empty in meaning, but rather mirrors past relations and activities, which are relevant in the writing of local history.

Effectiveness of 2020 Airborne Lidar for Identifying Archaeological Sites and Features on Guåhan (Guam)

Guåhan (Guam), part of the Mariana Islands in the western Pacific, has an archaeological record spanning almost four millennia. In this seminal academic paper on the use of lidar for archaeological investigation on Guåhan, we determined which known sites can be visually detected to explore the effectiveness of lidar in this context. Several archaeological site types and features from the Latte, Spanish, and Modern Periods were examined using high-resolution 2020 airborne lidar. We generated the most commonly used digital elevation models (DEMs), which are digital terrain models (DTMs) and digital surface models (DSMs), and visualised them as a hillshade. Lidar proved effective for identifying all the Modern Period sites and most of the Latte and Spanish Period sites, although some features remained obscure. Major challenges and limitations of using lidar on Guåhan were vegetation, site size, and visual ambiguities. While this study used conventional lidar derivatives, it exposed the potential to find more archaeological sites by applying more complex lidar processing techniques in the future. The benefits of lidar are of great interest to the local community, especially the Indigenous CHamoru, interested in non-destructive ways to assist their cultural heritage management.

Trauma of bone and soft tissues in South American mummies-New cases provide further insight into violence and lethal outcome.

There exist numerous reports on violence in South American populations which shed a particular light on life and living conditions in those historic communities. Most studies have been performed on collections of isolated skulls. Whole-body investigations especially on well-preserved mummified human remains are rare. In the present study we investigated three South American mummies predating the Colonial Spanish period. The “Marburg” man lived between 996 and 1147 CE and was buried in typical burial bundle. The analysis of the textiles, ceramics and fishing tools associated with his naturally mummified body suggests that he most likely originated from the Arica region in Northern Chile and was possibly part of a fishing community. The “Delémont” natural mummies belong to an adult male and an adult female, respectively. The mummies, the textiles and grave goods were investigated. The ceramics suggest a provenance from the Arequipa region, supposing that all the artifacts were originally associated with the two mummies. The Delémont male mummy is 14C dated between 902 and 994 CE and the “Delémont” female mummy 14C dated between 1224 and 1282 CE. All mummies underwent Multidetector Computed Tomography which showed evidence of trauma, some of which were interpreted as evidence of interpersonal violence. An interdisciplinary approach was applied with the particular intention to identify trauma sequels and to evaluate their paleo-forensic potential. Evidence of violence was identified in the two male individuals. Our study provides evidence that the interdisciplinary investigation of well-preserved human remains may detect much more frequent traces of intentional trauma than previously thought. Particularly, trauma against the body may not be identified in studies on skulls alone, and trauma residues of internal organs/soft tissues will only be seen in mummies. We therefore add further evidence of two cases of (lethal) trauma in pre-colonial South-American male individuals.

When humour questions taboo

AbstractThe article examines the ways in which humour twists regular euphemism use. Based on the classical fields of euphemisms anchored in religion, aesthetics, social politics, and amorality, it identifies the characteristics of their twisted variants with a humorous component: playing-with-fire euphemisms that jocosely provoke supernatural forces, innuendo euphemisms that entertain, mocking euphemisms that make fun of others in a teasing or demeaning way, and idealistic euphemisms that uncover obfuscating language and negative realities. Using English, German, French, Italian, Portuguese, and Spanish euphemisms of different periods and genres, the article analyses the intentions, origins, motives, functions, and styles of humour, differentiates between symbiotic and parasitic twists, and thus provides a typology of twisted euphemism use.

Txabi Etxebarrieta i pierwsze zabójstwo ETA we współczesnej prasie internetowej i drukowanej

The article presents the story of the first murder of the ETA organization by Txabi Etxebarrieta in 1968. Also, the issue of portraying the first ETA bomber in contemporary popular Spanish periodicals, which appear not only in the traditional form but also on the Internet, is raised.

What Emerges From a “Ruined World”: The Dueling Philippine Humanisms of Nick Joaquin

For canonical Philippine writer Nick Joaquin, the American occupation has rendered insurrectionary action unfeasible. Thus, Joaquin is often read as lionizing the Spanish period in comparison. However, I challenge such readings to argue that Joaquin’s engagement with the Spanish past reflects a search for the conditions of possibility for revolution. This search, however, remains a fraught enterprise. Though Joaquin is lauded for depicting nonnormative, counter-hegemonic ideas of who qualifies to be a Philippine historical and revolutionary subject, I argue—by examining three of Joaquin’s works—that the tenability of his representations remains delimited by his positionality as a cosmopolitan mestizo.

Национальный концепт la patria в испанской периодике

Национальный концепт la patria в испанской периодике

Spanish New Orleans: An Imperial City on the American Periphery, 1766–1803 by John Eugene Rodriguez

Reviewed by: Spanish New Orleans: An Imperial City on the American Periphery, 1766–1803 by John Eugene Rodriguez Dean Sinclair Spanish New Orleans: An Imperial City on the American Periphery, 1766–1803. John Eugene Rodriguez. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 2021. Pp. xiii+247, map, tables, charts, notes, bibliography, index. $55.00, hardcover, ISBN 978-0-8071-7489-0. A common perception of the Bourbon Spanish Empire in the Americas is that it was characterized by neglect, as well as economic and cultural drift, and that the incompetently managed Louisiana Territory was much better off under French rule, rife with corruption and dramatic contrasts between rich and poor. Spanish New Orleans explores the Spanish period in the long history of New Orleans and serves as a corrective to this perception, challenging narratives like DeConde's This Affair of Louisiana (1976) or Pitot's Observations on the Colony of Louisiana from 1796 to 1802 (1980), which portray Louisiana as a corrupt and neglected part of the Spanish Empire, longing for return to France or even attachment to the United States. France founded New Orleans in 1718 and it became the capital of Louisiana in 1723. The French held Louisiana for only forty-nine years before it was ceded to Spain in the Treaty of Paris in 1763. Spain occupied Louisiana for almost as long as the French, forty years, until the retrocession of Louisiana to France in the Treaty of Ildefonso, signed in 1800 but not in effect until 1803. Rodriguez employs a wide range of archival sources to argue that Bourbon Spain was not neglectful of its American possessions but rather employed a variety of means to encourage demographic, [End Page 124] economic, and political development of its empire. That success was mixed is obvious, yet in Spanish Louisiana throughout the years of Bourbon rule, there was little unrest in the cities or the countryside, and no active movement toward independence. In fact, it can be inferred that without Napoleon's retrocession, Bourbon Spanish rule might have lasted several years past 1803. Rodriguez's Spanish New Orleans is an innovative and engaging addition to the literature on Bourbon Spanish America. The author's purpose "is not to merely reinsert New Orleans into Spanish imperial history . . . [but] to consider what Spanish New Orleans reveals about the challenges and opportunities for the large Bourbon empire" (5). To accomplish this, Rodriguez examines demography, trade, and political discourse, framing these issues in a historic context, taking an evolutionary approach to New Orleans as an integral part of the late eighteenth-century Bourbon Spanish Empire. The evolutionary approach suggests that as Spain took control, demographic changes led to economic changes, including the creation of a multiethnic elite, which led to a vibrant political discourse, little of which generally correlate with later-stage Bourbon Spanish America. Rodriguez begins with population. There is a perception of demographic stagnation in the late 1700s Spanish Empire, but the author firmly establishes New Orleans as a place of population growth, using a variety of census data to establish this, as well as a unique use of economic records. As it was important for the Spanish rulers to understand the people in the empire and the expected tax revenues, several censuses were taken during the Spanish period. Census counts, including a 1795 "chimney census," are analyzed, yielding not only counts of people but also data on age and sex, ethnicity, and status as free or slave. Rodriguez also examines the voluminous notarial records for demographic changes. The twenty thousand pages of handwritten documents from the Spanish period track the routine business practices in the city, providing a data set that can be used to follow business transactions. Using this data, Rodriguez confirms that as the Spanish period continued, the city became less French and more Spanish, while revealing a growing population with northern European surnames as well as free people of color. He establishes that during the Spanish period New Orleans grew in population, and though the French presence remained significant, the population became more cosmopolitan with the arrival of immigrants [End Page 125] from Spain and other European countries and an increasing presence of Anglo-Americans. Rodriguez spends chapters...

ЕВОЛЮЦІЯ ІСПАНСЬКОЇ ВІДНОСНОЇ КОНСТРУКЦІЇ: НАБУТТЯ НАЦІОНАЛЬНИХ РИС

Complex attributive sentences in the Spanish language of the medieval period are characterized by a vague expression of the degree of syntactic subordination. During the XII-XVI centuries there is a process of constant enrichment of meanings and forms of complex attributive sentences. The final formation of the structural organization of a complex attributive sentence ended in the XVII century, in the period of unification and formation of the national Spanish language. Starting from the Old Spanish period, the externally formal homogeneity of models of a complex attributive sentence is disturbed by deep internal complications of semantic connections between the main and subordinate parts. Thus, in the Middle Spanish period, a complex attributive sentence gradually reformatted its structural organization by strengthening the contact position of the nominal center of subordination with the conjunctions and strengthening bilateral links between predicative components, which further contributed to the normalization of the position of the subordinate part. On the other hand, there is an intensive mutual replacement of some conjunctions with others. In the Old Spanish period, the conjunctions bigan to lose their uncoordinated lexical correlation between the correlative word and the supporting noun in the main part. This trend contributed to the consolidation of the structural organization of a complex attributive sentence, which was realized in the early Spanish period.

Tejano Patriot: The Revolutionary Life of José Francisco Ruiz, 1783–1840 by Art Martínez de Vara

Reviewed by: Tejano Patriot: The Revolutionary Life of José Francisco Ruiz, 1783–1840 by Art Martínez de Vara Gerald Poyo Tejano Patriot: The Revolutionary Life of José Francisco Ruiz, 1783–1840. By Art Martínez de Vara. (Austin: Texas State Historical Association, 2020. Pp. 269. Illustrations, notes, bibliography, index.) Art Martínez de Vara's biography of José Francisco Ruiz is another in a growing list of biographies of Tejano leaders of the late eighteenth and early nineteenth century. Well-written and readable, the book skillfully weaves and contextualizes Ruiz's life into a broader historical story, providing more than the title's promise. Martínez de Vara's fourteen chapters include excellent coverage of the late Spanish period, the Mexican independence era, the Mexican period, Native American affairs, relations with the United States, and Texas independence and politics through 1840. As with other books on Tejano political figures of this era, this text explores Ruiz as what historian Raúl Ramos has called a cultural broker among Mexicans, Anglos Americans, and Native Americans. Also, in keeping with prevailing historiography, the study adheres to the now familiar interpretation of Béxar's Tejano elites as mostly provincially minded and pragmatic historical actors primarily interested in defending their town and region from centralized power in Mexico City while pursuing economic interests with those coming from the east. Martínez de Vara tells us that Ruiz prioritized his economic interests, protected local prerogatives, and threw his lot in with Anglo Americans and Texas independence. Besides exploring these themes, Martínez de Vara explores, albeit briefly, a mostly unexplored aspect of Tejano intellectual history. He draws on Raúl Coronado's award-winning book A World Not to Come: A History of Latino Writing and Print Culture (Harvard University Press, 2013), which [End Page 482] treats religious and philosophical currents in northeastern New Spain in the late eighteenth century. Martínez de Vara embraces Coronado's argument that the region's elites shared a worldview framed by Spanish Catholic liberalism and scholasticism. Coronado traced this through the writings of Bernardo Gutiérrez de Lara, an ardent supporter of insurgent leader Miguel de Hidalgo, who invaded Béxar from Louisiana in 1813 and declared Texas an independent Mexican state. Martínez de Vara confidently argues that Gutiérrez de Lara's ideas also influenced Ruíz and his fellow elite Bexareños as they made revolutionary decisions during the Hidalgo era and later. While Martínez de Vara's view that Ruiz and others in this frontier town shared Bernardo de Lara's revolutionary commitment to liberal Catholic principles in 1813, he does not explicitly explore the theme through the rest of the book. Instead he describes Ruiz as a man with a pragmatic understanding that his economic interests and future lay to the east among Anglo-American Protestant immigrants. The need to pursue pragmatic actions driven by circumstance certainly competed with his Catholic values, but how did his thinking evolve over time? Given the thorough research reflected in this book, apparently Ruiz did not leave much testimony on the subject; Martínez de Vara does not return to the question along the way except to reiterate the point in the conclusion. The extent to which Catholicism and scholasticism influenced the political worldview of Ruiz and other Béxar elites remains an open question, but Martínez de Vara did a favor in raising the issue and alerting Tejano biographers to explore the intellectual history of these important figures. In the process, historians may even explore the extent to which Tejano liberals may have shared similar views with fellow travelers in Mexico, Cuba, the Dominican Republic, and Puerto Rico during this period and later who also pragmatically looked to the United States as a model for their own societies even to the point of outright annexation. Gerald Poyo St. Mary's University Copyright © 2021 The Texas State Historical Association

Pedro Antonio de Alarcón and the Maelstrom

Pedro Antonio de Alarcón's short story "Los ojos negros" ends with the death of two rivals in the Maelstrom. That Arctic Ocean whirlpool has been the setting of many literary depictions of disaster or survival from almost certain death. Edgar Allan Poe used it as the focal point in his famous tale "A Descent into the Maelstrom." Alarcón's praise of Poe's description of a sailor's escape from the Maelstrom and his essay on the introduction of the American writer into Spain have suggested Poe's short story as a source for "Los ojos negros." Yet, the dates of these writings do not correlate and have perplexed scholars. The present study reveals more likely background and models for Alarcón's tale in two little examined Spanish periodicals, models that have textual similarities with "Los ojos negros" and pose no problems with respect to publication dates.

Txabi Etxebarrieta i pierwsze zabójstwo ETA we współczesnej prasie internetowej i drukowanej

The article presents the story of the first murder of the ETA organization by Txabi Etxebarrieta in 1968. Also, the issue of portraying the first ETA bomber in contemporary popular Spanish periodicals, which appear not only in the traditional form but also on the Internet, is raised.

Pavie, une université au service des rois d’Espagne

The era of Spanish domination over the University of Pavia, which lasted between the magnificent period of the Visconti and the Sforza reigns and the times of the reforms of Maria Teresa and Joseph II the Habsburg, is considered by some researchers as a period of decadence and by others as a phase of purely formal continuity. Over the course of several centuries, there has been a transition from the idea of monolithic medieval university to flexible centers of higher education. From the sixteenth to the eighteenth centuries, the cycle of education at the secondary level was defined, which inevitably imposed its primacy over primary and higher education. In Pavia, the situation was no different from that of other European cities, on the contrary, it adopted certain values within the cultural policy carried out by the Spanish kings. The aim of the article is – using the example of the University of Pavia – to present the changes that took place during this period in secondary education and at universities. The humanistic heritage of the University of Pavia during the Spanish period was confronted with the regional education system, it had to overcome the periods of crisis, then to face changes needed and to create the premises for a deliberate deployment of higher education, which will flourish later under the influence of the Enlightenment. Source research allowed for the formulation of conclusions that the Studium Ticinensis can be considered as an institution that was developing efficiently, was characterized by a coherent educational system, which – like in other regions of Europe – appears to be a fruit of modernity.

Lactancia materna: transición alimentaria durante la guerra y posguerra española (1936-1949)

Durante los años 1900 hasta 1936, la salud infantil comenzaba a ganar importancia en Europa. En España, la mortalidad infantil era elevada. Para contrarrestar esta situación, el estado propuso medidas sanitarias, educativas y alimentarias. Objetivo. Analizar la Guerra Civil Española (1936-1939), que continuó con los “años del hambre” durante la posguerra (1939-1949), conocidos por el racionamiento de alimentos y decadencia de la salud materno-infantil. Método. Estudio histórico descriptivo con fuentes primarias y secundarias. Que trata sobre, el contexto sociosanitario y la transición alimentaria, que vivieron los infantes durante la guerra y posguerra española (1936-1949). Resultados. El gobierno realizó una promoción de la lactancia materna guiada por pediatras de la época, no obstante, la leche de fórmula ganó importancia, debido a la modificación de la estructura familiar básica. La figura clásica de la mujer se fracturó, en favor del trabajo en las fábricas o, en última instancia, como participantes activas en la guerra. Conclusiones. Las instituciones sanitarias se centraron en el cuidado de heridos, cuestión que repercutió en la atención del niño enfermo. Esta situación dio lugar a altas tasas de morbimortalidad infantil, las cuales se mantuvieron hasta el final de la posguerra.

Teaching Representations of Resistance and Repression in Popular Spanish Film

This essay presents a brief analysis of three popular Spanish films released between 2001 and 2012 that are set in the immediate post Civil War period and first decades of the Franco dictatorship. Specifically, it considers three films which aim to reconstruct and represent the experience of the men, women, and children who fought Francoism or who endured repression after the end of the Spanish Civil War: Silencio roto (Armendáriz 2001), El laberinto del fauno (Del Toro 2004), and 30 años de oscuridad (Martín 2012). This essay explores the way in which tropes of politics, history, resistance, and repression are represented in each film, and how filmmakers using popular cinematic forms have appropriated the Spanish Civil War and Franco period settings to comment on contemporary political and social issues in Spain. Most of the recent Spanish cinematic productions (fictional and documentary) that depict the Spanish Civil War and Franco period have focused on the moral vindication of the vanquished. The three films considered here aim to reconstruct the particular experience or memories of the Spanish maquis and topos, and the civilians who supported them in their struggles. Each of the films discussed has sought to play a role in the recasting of collective identity in Spain, and affords important insights into the social processes and experiences of the time in which they were created. In a world where the visual immediacy of cinematic images increasingly works to displace traditional historiography, these representations have become ever more important and merit discussion. This essay takes into account that these cinematic representations are subjective and mediated depictions of events, participants, and circumstances of the Civil War and Franco period, and suggests pedagogical approaches to discussing each film in order to enable students (and other viewers) to grasp how to distinguish between history and the historicizing effect of its representations.

1세대 필리핀 전통주거 Bahay Kubo에서 스페인 식민시대 Bahay na Bato로의 건축적 변형

1세대 필리핀 전통주거 Bahay Kubo에서 스페인 식민시대 Bahay na Bato로의 건축적 변형

Spanish quepo: the untold story

Abstract The pres. ind. paradigm of Sp. caber ‘to fit’ exhibits a synchronically irregular form in the 1st pers. sg., i.e., quepo, instead of a synchronically regular form derived from the infinitive, i.e., caber → *cabo. However, quepo is not considered at all historically irregular. Since the first historical grammar of Spanish, quepo has been understood to be a direct continuation of Lat. capiō, which apparently evolved through regular phonetic development, like pres. subj. capiam > quepa, sapiam > sepa. Nonetheless, one may question why quepo has not been replaced by *cabo in Modern Spanish given its extremely low frequency of occurrence, as forms of a language that occur infrequently are often regularized. A historical look at quepo reveals the following surprising facts: (1) Although pres. subj. quepa is attested from the earliest Old Spanish texts onward, quepo is absent from the written record throughout the Old and Medieval Spanish periods and does not appear until the end of the sixteenth century; (2) Regularized cabo served as the first person singular of the present indicative until then. The present study attempts to explain through well-established processes of historical morphology the late appearance of quepo and its continued existence in Modern Spanish.

Estrategias indígenas de captura y manejo del ganado cimarrón en las Sierras Septentrionales bonaerenses: las construcciones de piedra Cerro Guacho I y Cerro Guacho II

This paper contributes to the analysis of capture, handling and care practices of introduced livestock carried out by the indigenous groups that inhabited the Tandilia mountain range during the post Spanish period, while they still kept their territorial autonomy. This period of the regional history begins with the arrival of the Spaniards to the Rio de la Plata basin in the 16th century and ends with the Creole’s society occupation of that area, that consolidated towards the middle of the next century. From a review of anthropological and historical production about the transformations in the indigenous economy linked to the incorporation of domestic livestock, some proposals concerning the functioning of poles of specialized activities are considered. In particular, the results of our archaeological investigations developed in the central portion of Tandilia are presented, focusing on two drystone wall constructions called Cerro Guacho I and Cerro Guacho II. It is discussed the use of both sites as places of capture and safeguard of wild horses, sheep enclosures, human rooms and monitoring points, on the basis of the information collected from several documentary sources, along with cartography and the material evidence.