Spanish Period Research Articles

Sixteenth Century European Artifacts from the Confirmed 8MR03538 De Soto Encampment Site with X-Ray Fluorescence Analysis

The 8MR03538 White Ranch/De Soto site is one of the most thoroughly vetted and scientifically dated archaeological sites in recent history. It has been confirmed as a contact site of the 1539 entrada by conquistador Hernando de Soto and his army. This site identified to have multiple occupations was the location of one of Hernando de Soto’s early camps in the sixteenth century and was in later use during the seventeenth century Spanish mission and ranching period. This important First Spanish Cultural Period site is located between Ocala and Gainesville, Florida on the wetlands of Orange Lake. Based on historical documentation, the site would be located east of the Aucilla River within the Timucuan Province. This investigation contains a systemic analysis of the artifacts from site 8MR03538 recovered between 2005 and 2015 with additional X-Ray Fluorescence Analysis (pXFR) of material artifacts compared to current museum databases for date range and confirmed elemental composition consistent with western European artifacts manufactured in the late 15th to early 16th centuries. Bioarchaeological studies of the animal remains reveal the one-sigma calibrated calendrical date range is AD 1529 ± 11 years: the 95% confidence level age range is AD 1518–1540. The date calibrated from the 2 sigma 95.4% confidence interval centered at the year 1540. Detailed field notes, ground truth studies performed with penetrating radar, magnetic detection and geographic information systems were used to record and analyze the excavation site and its geospatial relationships. This analysis reconfirms at the highest threshold the conclusions and documentation confirming that site 8MR03538 is where Hernando de Soto came to the area of Potano on August 12th 1539. His army began camping just to the south of this location from August 11th to August 22nd and then marched north through Potano to join him on the entrada at Aguacaleyquen. The ceramic, coin and material cultural artifact assemblages from 8MR03538 strongly prove the visitation by De Soto and the later location for the sixteenth century mission visita known as Apula. The original mission constructed at the 8MR03538 site was burned by Spanish soldiers in 1584 and in 1601 the Potano chiefdom received permission to relocate the town of Potano closer to Orange Lake. In 1608 a new Franciscan mission San Buenaventura de Potano was built in the relocated town. The 8MR03538 site was reoccupied during the seventeenth century Spanish ranching period.

Immigrants: Asset or Threat? Foreigners, Property, and the Right of Escheat in Enlightenment Milan

This article examines the economic policies limiting foreign ownership (and, consequently, immigration) in the course of the Ancien Régime, through the case study of Milan. This state was placed in a border situation between the Italian peninsula and Europe, and, therefore, it constituted a sensitive balancing point for Spain and Austria, the two nations that ruled Milan in the modern age. This essay suggests that those policies had a marked protectionist approach during the Spanish period (1535–1706), mainly because of the alliance between the Crown and the local elites who sought to protect themselves from foreign competition. Those policies became instead more open (without ever being truly inclusive, mainly because of the strong opposition of the Milan senate) under Austria's rulers, who were more cosmopolitan and ready to accept the new eighteenth-century Enlightenment political doctrines.

HERITAGE MANAGEMENT: THE CASE OF TWO BAROQUE CHURCHES IN ILOCOS REGION, PHILIPPINES

Four Baroque Roman Catholic churches constructed between the 16th and the 18th centuries during the Spanish period of the Philippines are inscribed in the UNESCO World Heritage List. Two of them are assessed in this study. Generally, the paper aimed to assess the management of the two baroque churches in Region I, Philippines, to wit: the Paoay Church and and Sta. Maria Church. Specifically, it sought to 1) identify the reason for their inscription; 2) discuss the laws and ordinances that provide for the protection and conservation of these sites; 3) discuss how the protection and conservation of these sites are administered; and 4) and determine the extent of the compliance by these sites of the requirements of protection and conservation.
 
 There are laws, international and national as well as ordinances passed at the local levels to provide protection and preservation of the heritage sites.
 
 The Paoay Church is managed by the following groups, to wit: 1) Paoay Church Restoration Task Force; 2) Municipal Government; 3) Homeowners Association within the Heritage District; and 4) Other NGOs. The Sta. Maria Church, on the other hand, is managed by the different groups that comprise the Sta. Maria Heritage District Council.
 
 As conclusions, there are adequate laws to protect the heritage sites. But some provisions are not strictly enforced. The LGUs are very supportive. However, their participation, particularly in Sta. Maria is constrained by lack of funds. Parish priests play a very significant role in the preservation of these churches. Their competence or enlightenment on conservation efforts would spell their success or failure.

Editor's Introduction

Editor's Introduction Michael D. Pante Distinguishing between foreign and Filipino has always been a complicated act in Philippine studies, yet one often taken for granted. The line separating natives from non-natives, historically and historiographically, has existed more like erratic fissures than a stable boundary. Such fissures do not make for neat categories; instead, they point to underlying sociohistorical fault lines. The stories of three figures who tower over this journal issue—Horacio de la Costa, Daniel Burnham, and Juan Tamad—reveal these complexities. Horacio de la Costa's career as a Jesuit leader demonstrates the immense pressure that decolonization exerted upon society to delineate between native and non-native. As Filomeno V. Aguilar Jr and Nicholas Sy show, even the Jesuits' fraternal lives could not insulate them from external forces then stirring postcolonial Philippine society. The Jesuit organization in the country attained its status as a full-fledged province of the Society of Jesus in 1957, a time when calls for Filipinization of various facets of Philippine society—from economic nationalism to nationalist education—were raging. The politics of Filipinization affected the Jesuits as to cause a rift between the American and Filipino clergy. De la Costa found himself at the center of the storm when he became the first Filipino superior of the Philippine province of the Society of Jesus (1964–1970). Initially, his notion of Filipinization revolved around the need to train more Filipino priests, thereby allowing the Catholic Church to "take root" and become a native institution. Eventually, De la Costa's preference for Filipino Jesuits clashed with the lingering but dominant presence of American Jesuits, especially those who continued to teach in Jesuit schools. Under his leadership, the number of Filipino Jesuits in leadership positions considerably increased, pushing this group to gain a relative majority over foreign missionaries by 1976. De la Costa tried to strike a balance between the two camps, but ultimately supported the pro-Filipino forces within the order while giving American Jesuits a secondary role, a decision that must be understood in the context of widespread radicalism that had permeated even the Ateneo de Manila. [End Page 265] De la Costa's struggle mirrored that of Pedro Peláez and José Burgos, two priests who championed the cause of Philippine-born, secular priests against Spanish friars in the nineteenth century. The question of the natives' capacity for religious leadership was integral in both situations, despite the hundred-year gap in between. De la Costa, an eminent historian, could not have missed this uncanny parallelism. De la Costa was also editor of this journal, and Aguilar and Sy's article is our belated contribution to the celebration of his birth centenary in 2016. Landscapes usually conjure ideas of home, of unchanging permanence. In this light, the landscapes within a nation's territory can be understood as inherent parts of that nation's ancestral domain, as it were. Daniel Burnham's place in Philippine history, however, shows otherwise. Scott Kirsch's analysis of Burnham's urban plans for American-era Manila and Baguio treats the physical environment and geographical features of the two cities as dynamic and contingent. Kirsch tackles the shift from Hispanic to American in the aesthetic regime in Philippine city landscapes, a transition signaled by Burnham's 1904–1905 visit to the country. Clearly imperial in outlook, the plans turned both cities into spaces for the reproduction of US colonialism. The aesthetics embedded in them were meant to be consumed by American administrators and businessmen, not by Filipinos. Manila and Baguio became derivatives of Washington, DC, and British Simla, respectively. Thus, rather than signify indigeneity, the landscapes of Burnham's Manila and Baguio evoke the foreign. Lastly, multiple layers of cultural appropriation make it difficult to identify whether certain ideological products are foreign or native. Laurence Marvin Castillo illustrates this point through the heteroglossia of fictional character Juan Tamad. The numskull trickster Juan traces his literary lineage to the precolonial pusong genre, but this character enters Philippine literature through the awit, a colonial form of metrical romance popular during the Spanish period. As a signifier of the natives' supposed indolence, his ideological utility for colonialism was apparent. Nonetheless, in...

Heaven, Hell, and Everything in Between. Murals of the Colonial Andes by Ananda Cohen Suarez

Reviewed by: Heaven, Hell, and Everything in Between. Murals of the Colonial Andes by Ananda Cohen Suarez Fernando Guzmán Heaven, Hell, and Everything in Between. Murals of the Colonial Andes. By Ananda Cohen Suarez. [Recovering Languages and Literacies in the Americas.] (Austin: University of Texas Press. 2016. Pp. xiv, 274. $29.95 paperback. ISBN 978-1-4773-0955-1.) Approximately twenty years ago the latest books regarding the Hispanic colonial mural painting in the Andean context were published: two in Peru in 1993 and a third one in Bolivia in 1998. These books treated the subject matter in general terms, and their contributions were the first writings and considerations on Andean colonial mural painting. In the last two ensuing decades, scholars have written some interesting articles to understand better this important artistic heritage, thus bringing new perspectives as well as unveiling unknown groups of mural paintings. However, no one had undertaken the task of synthesizing the scholarship’s progress on the topic and make it available to a wider audience. Ananda Cohen Suarez’s book has come to fill this lacuna. In addition, it is the first book in English on the subject, which will allow a wider readership and ampler knowledge about this peculiar world of forms and colors produced between the sixteenth and eighteenth centuries in the Andes. Cohen Saurez’s book is not only the first English book on mural paintings from the colonial period in the Andean area; it is also the only one on the subject published in any language in the last twenty years. Besides, the book presents new ways of approaching the study of this unique artistic production. Her analysis focuses on murals conserved in the southern regions of Cuzco, where some of the most striking examples are found, as the author emphasizes. The images painted on the walls of the churches of Andahuaylilas, Huaro, Urcos, Pitumarca, Ocongate, or Canincunca are analyzed in all their complexity, allowing the reader to understand the diversity of factors that came together in their realization. Themes including the strategies of evangelization and catechesis, heterodox theological discourses, the weight of cultural practices of pre-Hispanic origin, the social tensions of the colonial Spanish period, as well as the symbolic value of the material substrate of the paintings are woven in the pages of this book to enrich understanding of the images in the murals. Through the study of specific cases, the chapters of the book introduce the reader to each of the factors that had to intervene in the conception and execution of the paintings, providing suggestive conclusions and posing new questions. The work of Ananda Cohen Suarez will allow an effective dissemination of information on a wall painting tradition of exceptional interest, featuring the sustainable development initiatives that have been implemented in some of the villages mentioned in the book. Moreover, research on Hispanic colonial art will be enriched thanks to the repertoire of images and ideas contained in the publication. [End Page 167] The reader will have in his hands a well-documented book, perfectly updated and with new ideas about these old images. Its content and form should effectively meet the demands of the specialists, as well as those of a wider audience. Finally, the book is capable of easily captivating even a reader who has English as a second language, as is my case. Fernando Guzmán Universidad Adolfo Ibáñez Santiago, Chile Copyright © 2017 The Catholic University of America Press

San Francisco de San Miguel: Fraile, Embajador y Mártir en Japón by Roberto Blanco Andrés

Reviewed by: San Francisco de San Miguel: Fraile, Embajador y Mártir en Japón by Roberto Blanco Andrés Grace Liza Y. Concepcion ROBERTO BLANCO ANDRÉS San Francisco de San Miguel: Fraile, Embajador y Mártir en Japón Valladolid: Editorial Galland Books, 2016. 190 pp. Roberto Blanco is one of the few Spanish historians who specialize on the Philippines, his research being part of a new wave of Spanish historiography on the Spanish empire. His works, generally on nineteenth-century church–state relations, include Entre Frailes y Clérigos: Las Claves de la Cuestión Clerical en Filipinas (1776–1872) (CSIC, 2012) and El Estado en Filipinas: Marco Político y Relaciones Internacionales (1986–2010) (Edicions Bellaterra, 2012). He collaborates with the Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC) on various research projects, but he is a full-time secondary school teacher in Valladolid. In San Francisco de San Miguel Blanco ventures into the early Spanish period in the Pacific, focusing on the life story of San Francisco de San Miguel, a simple man from a small Spanish town whose biography exhibits events that determined the course of Spain’s imperial expansion and the Catholic Church’s mission in Asia. Fray Francisco never occupied any high position in the Franciscan order. Never ordained into the priesthood, he served as porter, cook, and nurse. He was not an intellectual. Yet by focusing on an ordinary Franciscan brother whose life unfolded in an extraordinary context, Blanco draws attention to the significance of biography in history. Biography gives the interplay of political, economic, and religious interests a human touch, even as these factors affected the course of an individual’s life. [End Page 97] Francisco was one of the twenty-six Christians (including six Franciscans, three Jesuits, and seventeen Japanese Christians who were associated with the Franciscans) who were executed on 5 February 1597 in Nagasaki upon Toyotomi Hideyoshi’s orders. Despite the enduring significance of this martyrdom, scholarly material on Francisco is scarce, leading Blanco to contribute a “detailed, rigorous and critical study of the character” (14) and help readers understand Francisco’s life in the context of the counterreformation and Spain and the Philippines in the sixteenth century. Blanco’s book thus fills a lacuna in a literature dominated by hagiographies. The complexity of Francisco’s life owes to overlapping dimensions that Blanco discusses throughout the book’s nine chapters: (a) the spirit of reform among religious orders during the counterreformation, (b) the beginning of missionary work in the Philippines, and (c) the responsibility given to Franciscan friars as ambassadors to Japan (15). The stages of Francisco’s life in the Franciscan order (first in the reformed observant branch, subsequently in the recently approved and more rigorous discalced branch), his years as a missionary in the Philippines, and his final mission as a member of the Spanish embassy in Japan all bear witness to these dimensions. The book can be divided into two parts. The first part consists of the first three chapters about Francisco’s youth and early years as a Franciscan. The last six comprise the second part, which is about his missionary life in three territories: Mexico, the Philippines, and Japan. Chapter 1 traces the origin of Francisco de la Parilla, as Francisco de San Miguel was popularly known. Blanco gives details on the missionary’s birthplace and upbringing by examining Franciscan chronicles. Chapter 2 narrates Francisco’s life as a lay brother in Valladolid and Abrojo. He was admitted to the Franciscan order on 9 January 1567 in the convent of Valladolid, which followed the observant branch of the Franciscans (34). Blanco clarifies the series of reforms within the Franciscan order that gave rise to the observant Franciscans, who practiced the spirit of St. Francis rigorously, especially concerning poverty and austerity. Chapter 3 relates Francisco’s move to the Franciscan province of San Jose, whose jurisdiction included Valladolid, Segovia, Madrid, and a part of Castilla-La Mancha in Spain. This province advocated the strictest observance of poverty, represented by the friars going discalced. It also focused on the Christianization of America and Asia. Francisco’s entry into the province [End Page 98] of San...

Drama-in-schools in the Philippines

ABSTRACTDrama in the Philippines has been an integral part of the lives of Filipinos. Drama-in-schools came about with the establishment of the formal school system during the Spanish and American period of colonisation of the Philippines. With the establishment of the public schools system, the American teachers introduced drama in the schools, as part of their English and Literature classes. At present, neither elementary nor high school curriculum designates a specific subject or time exclusively for drama. Instead, drama in schools was integrated in other subjects such as English, Filipino, History or Social Studies or Music, Art, Physical Education and Health (MAPEH). There are many challenges confronting drama/arts education but despite all these, there is a strong and vibrant tradition of drama in the Philippines for many years now, not only in schools but also in many communities. Arts education in the Philippines should be further supported and strengthened as it can contribute to developing a strong and creative citizenry.

La Florida: Five Hundred Years of Hispanic Presence ed. by Viviana Díaz Balsera, Rachel A. May

La Florida: Five Hundred Years of Hispanic Presence. Edited by Viviana Diaz Balsera and Rachel A. May. (Gainesville and other cities: University Press of Florida, 2014. Pp. [xvi], 312. $79.95, ISBN 978-0-8130-6011-8.) Viviana Diaz Balsera and Rachel A. May's book is a timely and valuable addition to the historical and cultural literature of Hispanic influence in Florida. Twelve brief, interdisciplinary chapters organized into two chronological parts--La Florida: First and Second Spanish Periods and Postcolonial and Contemporary Florida--address five hundred years of Florida's Hispanic past from Juan Ponce de Leon's contact with Calusa Indians to Cuban influence in recent presidential elections. Balsera and May provide a comprehensive, chronological study of Florida's Hispanic past but rather a meticulously researched, highly readable collection of essays. Authors include leading scholars of Florida history and culture who participated in conferences sponsored by the Florida Humanities Council to commemorate Florida's quincentennial. Setting the tone for the quality and breadth of the book is Ghosts: Spain and Florida, 1513-2013, Gary R. Mormino's well-written and entertaining overview of five hundred years of Florida history. Jerald T. Milanich's contribution, Charting Juan Ponce de Leon's 1513 Voyage to Florida: The Calusa Indians amid Latitudes of Controversy, demonstrates how certain primary sources (Antonio de Herrera y Tordesillas's Historia general de los hechos de los Castillanos en las islas i tierrafirme del Mar Oceano and a map by Count Otomanno Freducci) have fed the controversy surrounding Ponce's landing site. Milanich suggests that Ponce's 1513 voyage and his skirmishes with the Calusas had little or no lasting effect on native culture (p. 52). Paul E. Hoffman's 'Until the Land was Understood': Spaniards Confront La Florida, 1500-1600 is an overview of the Spanish discovery of the physical and human resources of La Florida. Hoffman shows how 'the secrets of the land,' once revealed, restrained Spanish settlement on the peninsula and limited Spanish recognition in the Anglo version of American history that emerged in the nineteenth century (p. 69). Raquel Chang-Rodriguez's critical analysis of Garcilaso de la Vega's La Florida del Inca (1605) and Luis Jeronimo de Ore's Relacion de los ma'rtires de la Florida (circa 1619) highlights the agency afforded Native Americans in Vega's work and the nuanced view of life painted by the Relacion (p. 99). Amy Turner Bushnell's contribution, A Land Renowned for War: Florida as a Maritime Marchland, explains why soldiers and the situado were the determining factors of early Spanish settlements rather than settlers and exports. As Bushnell explains, the early presidio was designed not to support itself and grow into a colony of settlement, but to monitor a strategic seaway (p. 104). Jane Landers's 'Giving Liberty to AH': Spanish Florida as a Black Sanctuary, 1673-1790 paints Spanish Florida as a land of contact-era miscegenation that evolved into a haven for runaways from Anglo-American colonies to the north. Landers quotes Ira Berlin to explain the uniqueness of Florida as a 'society with slaves' where black militias were commonplace and slave manumission was possible (p. …

A Dominican Pillar in Philippine Historiography: Fidel Villarroel, O.P.

Described as “the holder of the master key to UST’s past,” Fr. Fidel Villarroel, O.P. produced significant research and writing that enriched Philippine historiography. His works spanned Philippine history, Philippine Church history from the early Spanish period to the end of the Second World War. His topics included the early Dominican missionaries, Dominican saints and martyrs, Filipino heroes, and the history of the University of Santo Tomas. Aside from being the university’s foremost historian, Fr. Vilarroel holds the distinction of being the country’s most prolific saint maker. He authored the biographies of Dominican saints and martyrs from St. Lorenzo Ruiz to Blessed Buenaventura Garcia Paredes, O.P. He also authored various histories of the University of Santo Tomas, the latest of which is a two-volume work that was described as a labor of love. In writing his various works, he wrote in the context of national and global history thereby giving a proper perspective in the understanding and appreciation of history.

Masculinity and Queer Desire in Spanish Enlightenment Literature by Penrose MehlAllan

Reviewed by: Masculinity and Queer Desire in Spanish Enlightenment Literature by Penrose MehlAllan Carlos López Penrose, MehlAllan, Masculinity and Queer Desire in Spanish Enlightenment Literature (New Hispanisms: Cultural and Literary Studies), Farnham, Ashgate, 2014; hardback; pp. 210; 2 b/w illustrations; R.R.P. £60.00; ISBN 9781472422262. In this compelling monograph, Mehl Allan Penrose 'examines the construction of "queerness"' (p. 1), and the changing ideas of masculinity and sexuality in Spanish Enlightenment cultural discourse. Penrose focuses his study on three non-normative male figures: the petimetre (or afeminado), an effeminate Francophile; the bujarrón, the active male in same-sex sexual relations; and the Arcadian shepherd who expresses his desire for other males. He argues that these figures were characterised in a 'queer' manner to reinforce rigid ideas of gender. In doing so, however, they actually engendered non-normative men and helped to create 'an alternative version of "man"' (p. 2). The book is divided into two parts. The first examines the 'cultural and historical context of the afeminado … and the perceived crisis of masculinity in Spain' (p. 26). Chapter 1 analyses how language and concepts such as hermaphrodita and jembra vestía de hombre (women dressed as men) were used in Spanish periodicals to establish the petimetre as a gendered other. In Chapter 2, Penrose applies a camp reading to the comedic sainetes of Ramón de la Cruz, arguing that Cruz's petimetres, exaggerated in their behaviour and appearance, represent a 'proto-camp figuron' (p. 107). The second part explores homoerotic images in Spanish poetry and the messages they delivered, both homophobic and homophile. Chapter 3 analyses the negative and often violent depictions of same-sex sexual relations in the poetry of Félix María de Samaniego and the poem known as 'The Dandy of Seville'. While negative, these poems created a new discourse on male sexuality, and empowered men who engaged in same-sex sexual relations. In the fourth and final chapter, Penrose examines the classically inspired poems of Manuel María del Mármol and the figure of the Arcadian shepherd. Mármol's shepherds express romantic feelings for other men in a positive manner and are given agency through their own voice, in stark contrast to the petimetre and bujarrón. Penrose concludes that the works examined in his study reveal that 'the idea of queerness in gender and sexuality started long before the invention of the word "homosexual" around 1870' (p. 171). Moreover, Penrose calls for continued research into queerness and non-normative expressions of gender and sexuality to better understand how these ideas were constructed in the past and continue to be constructed today. [End Page 241] Carlos López The University of Notre Dame Australia Copyright © 2017 Carlos lópeZ

Domenico Greco y la <em>piccola pittura</em>

On the occasion of the four hundredth anniversary of the death of Dominico Greco, 2014 has been prodigal in exhibitions, courses and conferences focused on the figure and work of the Cretan artist, addressing different aspects of the artist’s versatile creativity. One key area has been the dedication of the master to miniatures, or rather, to the piccola pittura, a term which includes paintings of varying techniques, supports and even dimensions. This article explores El Greco’s works of this kind, which were connected with his early artistic training and the Byzantine icons that he produced on his native island, and which he continued producing once in Italy, when immersed in Venetian and Roman Renaissance painting. Also discussed are some works from his Spanish period, which may be considered piccola pittura on the basis of their dimensions and painting technique.

Antonio Bonet. Espacios de transición entre vivienda y ciudad

Access by corridor, is an architectural principle that has been used in modern resi­dential projects, whose possibilities have been developed by european criticism of the twentieth century. The corridor is a linear element that runs sequentially and fa­cilitates transitions between housing and city. The hypothesis of the article is to re­veal new possibilities explored by Bonet, by placing the corridor on the ground floor of buildings, and linking to higher order urban structures, through the analysis of four proposals of Bonet’s Spanish period: apartments “Madrid”, Salou (Tarragona) 1961; hexagonal Set, La Manga del Mar Menor (Murcia) 1963; “Babilonia” build­ing, La Manga del Mar Menor (Murcia) 1965; worker’s dwellings at Hifrensa settle­ment, L’Hospitalet de l’Infant (Tarragona) 1967. The Works studied, are part of an urban plan. The scope of the corridor beyond the limits of the buildings. In Bonet’s work no clear distinction can be seen separating architecture and urbanism

Historic and Holocene environmental change in the San Antonio Creek Basin, mid-coastal California

Using a combination of pollen, non-pollen palynomorphs (NPPs) and charcoal particle stratigraphies from sediment cores from two sites, along with historical records, we reconstructed paleoenvironmental change in mid-coastal California. The San Antonio Creek section contains a discontinuous, Holocene-length record, while Mod Pond includes a continuous late Holocene record. Together the records allow for interpretation of most of the present interglacial. The longer record documents coastal sage scrub and chaparral dominated by woodland elements early in the Holocene to about 9000yr ago, a potential decline in woodland communities with drying conditions during the middle Holocene to about 4800yr ago, and an expansion of coastal sage scrub with grassland during the late Holocene. Evidence for climatic fluctuations during the last 1000yr at Mod Pond is equivocal, suggesting that the Medieval Climate Anomaly–Little Ice Age had modest impact on the Mod Pond environment. However, evidence of significant environmental change associated with cultural transitions in the 18th–19th centuries is stark. Introduction of non-native plants, establishment of cattle and sheep grazing, missionization of the native population, changes in burning practices during the Spanish period and enhanced cropping activities during North American settlement worked together to substantially modify the mid-California coastal landscape in about a century's time.

History of the University of Chile Faculty of Medicine and clinical hospital location

The history of the location of the University of Chile Faculty of Medicine North Campus is derived from a farm of Pedro de Valdivia founder of the city of Santiago de la Nueva Extremadura and governor of the “Reyno de Chile”. This work narrates succinctly the history of this particular location from the Spanish Conquest period to present days.

Law in East Florida 1783–1821

Using primary sources from the East Florida Papers, this article explores colonial legality in St. Augustine and the Province of East Florida during the second Spanish period from 1783 to 1821. In addition to discussing the promulgation of the Constitution of Cadiz and its effects, the article reaches into legal records dealing with civil and testamentary cases to explore and to describe aspects of private law in this North American Spanish colony. Economic and social relations are revealed in the sources that are rich in legal information concerning slavery, family, religion, trade, and landholding. The article concludes that the sources are worthy of more detailed study that may shed light on these topics and may establish new paths in the historiography of law in North American Spanish colonies.

Sampaloc’s Sacred Ground: The Franciscan Backstory (1613–1918) by Martin R. Gaerlan

Reviewed by: Sampaloc’s Sacred Ground: The Franciscan Backstory (1613–1918) by Martin R. Gaerlan Jose Victor Z. Torres Martin R. Gaerlan Sampaloc’s Sacred Ground: The Franciscan Backstory (1613–1918) Manila: Martin R. Gaerlan and Gaerlan Management Consulting, 2014. 176pages. A popular study in the field of historical writing is that of local history. For decades this branch of history has become popular among scholars and residents alike, with the latter becoming more interested in the stories of people and events in their localities while the former viewing it in the context of national history. Local history, of course, provides us with information on an otherwise unknown segment of people and on places, milieus, and events that general histories have placed in the background. Such interest has led to the publishing, by both commercial and private publishers, of a number of books and monographs on various provinces, towns, districts, and even barrios. These publications can be categorized into those with a scholarly undertaking for academic circles; those written with the lay reader in mind with, more or less, a sprinkling of scholarship; and those that have both academic and lay readers in mind. Sampaloc’s Sacred Ground: The Franciscan Backstory (1613–1918) falls under the third category. It is not written as an academic work but the scholarship in the research for this book shows the author’s deep knowledge of the place under study and his appreciation of its importance. It is privately published and thus of limited circulation—a regrettable circumstance considering its interesting topic. [End Page 575] The author, Martin Gaerlan, is both a business management professor and a corporate professional who dabbles in history, believing as he says that “a community without a sense of history loses their soul” (176). His research interests include the history of the Trinitarian devotion in the Philippines, coffee production in Lepanto province during the Spanish and American colonial periods, as well as human resources management. Sampaloc’s Sacred Ground is his first book. In 1994 he realized that fellow parishioners of the Most Holy Trinity Parish of Balic-Balic in Sampaloc, which was under the Franciscan Order, had no knowledge about their place prior to 1925, leading him to undertake the initial research on the church’s cemetery, the Cementerio de Balic-Balic. In 2011 he took a “sabbatical” from his corporate job to focus on his research, which led to a bigger project on the parish. This project included a history of Balic-Balic in the context of the development of the Sampaloc district during the Spanish period and, later, during the first two decades of the American colonial era. The result was this book, a well-documented work on a section of the City of Manila. The book does not follow or expound on any theory or idea. It simply follows a general narrative of the beginnings and development of three unknown places in the City of Manila: the area of Balic-Balic, its parish and church, and the Franciscan mission in Sampaloc. There are also side stories of the various establishments and places linked to the Franciscan mission: the printing press and the Cementerio de Balic-Balic. All narratives are based on available primary sources, mainly archival documents and rare books found in the Philippine National Archives, the National Library of the Philippines, the Archives of the Archdiocese of Manila, the Franciscan Archives in the Philippines, the Filipinas Heritage Library, the Lopez Memorial Museum and Library, the Ortigas Foundation Library, and the American Historical Collection in the Rizal Library, Ateneo de Manila University. Gaerlan’s work fills several gaps in the historiography of Manila to the benefit of a variety of historians and other professionals: the history and culture of a city district for local history and cultural scholars, the growth and development of an urban area and its related structures for heritage consultants and architects, social and economic life for social and economic historians, and the development of the Franciscan mission in Sampaloc for church historians. What is interesting is that Gaerlan does not merely [End Page 576] confine the historical narrative to the place itself (as some local historians do), but also discusses Sampaloc...

Frank Marotti. Heaven's Soldiers: Free People of Color and the Spanish Legacy in Antebellum Florida.

Frank Marotti's Heaven's Soldiers: Free People of Color and the Spanish Legacy in Antebellum Florida is a multifaceted study of free blacks in a slave society undergoing the transition from Spanish governance to the rule of the United States. During the Spanish period free people of African descent enjoyed legal protections and a modicum of public engagement, especially if they descended from white planter parentage. As Marotti and others have pointed out, when the United States gained control of the Florida colonies and organized them as a territory, many of the formal and informal practices toward free blacks were renegotiated. What Marotti adds to this story is the active role free blacks played in these negotiations; and this contribution is an important one. Few scholars have examined the ways in which notions of rights or even citizenship move out of the confines of legal history to explore the ways people on the street participated in shaping the laws and policies that guided their daily lives.

Guerra Civil i narrativa juvenil catalana: testimoni i literatura

The historical novel has been a highly cultivated genre in Catalan Young Adult Literature, but until the end of the 20th century, the topic of the Spanish Civil War was little dealt with. However, during the last twenty years many authors have chosen the Spanish Civil War and postwar period as a central topic of their literary works. The article analyzes this production taking as a starting point the revision of the interaction between reality and fiction ( the war years, the postwar repression, the exile, the concentration camps , the reprisals, the maquis etc. ). It also considers the narrative typologies, the ideology that they convey, the authorship and the paratexts of the books. Finally, the conclusions which are drawn highlight the significant role of these works in the consolidation of the novel for young adults and the vision of the conflict that they transmit, always from the point of view of the defeated and on behalf of peace, freedom, democracy and respect for the Catalan culture.

Wikipedia and Historiography: The Case of Singapore and the Philippines Compared

This paper explores the intellectual space of Wikipedia history-writing and raises questions about the nature of the relationship between this new virtual territory and the world of older print media history-writing using as examples the pages devoted to the national histories of the Philippines and Singapore.Cet article explore l’espace intellectuel que constitue Wikipédia dans la rédaction de l’histoire et questionne la nature du lien entre ce nouveau territoire virtuel et le monde traditionnel de l’imprimé. Seront examinées en exemple les pages consacrées à l’histoire nationale des Philippines et de Singapour.

Presentation and Representation – An Outline for a Critical Interpretation of the “New Generation” of Spanish Architecture

The continuous development of the Spanish economy, the large investments, the transformation of the society and the increase in international connections, had drawn public attention to contemporary Spanish architecture by the millennium. Through the medium of the press, the transformation of Spanish architecture is observable, with Spanish periodicals and monographs gaining ground among the international professional issues, headed by the Spanish-English magazine El Croquis. Moreover, we are eyewitnesses to the emergence of the new Spanish architect generation, whose young associates have attracted considerable international interest; their works being built all over the world, enriching their reputation. This paper searches for the answer to the question: how did Spanish architecture reach public awareness from the complete isolation, and what kind of social, cultural and economic factors played a part in this process.