Spanish Equivalents Research Articles

Nota epidemiológica: razón de ODDS (OR)

Introduction: The odds ratio (OR) is a measure of effect, which has many Spanish equivalents. The term Razón de Odds will be used in this document to designate OR. Throughout history OR has contributed to establish associations in public health. Objective: to conduct an epidemiologic note presenting the main theoretical and practical aspects of odds ratio. Methodology: a search was conducted in the Pubmed, Cochrane Library and LILACS biomedical databases, Google meta-searchers and through the snowball key references strategy. This methodologic note includes an introduction, clinical scenario, concept development, examples, discussion and conclusions. Results: an odds is the quotient between the probability of occurrence of an event (p) over the probability of absence of said event (1-p), OR (odds ratio), is the quotient between two odds. It is a measure of effect which allows researchers to identify how strongly an exposure is associated with an outcome. Conclusions: OR may be determined using different types of study designs and by means of a stratified analysis (Mantel-Haenszel method) and the multivariate method by logistic regression and control for confounding variables.

Readability of online patient education materials for shoulder instability surgery in English and Spanish

Online patient education materials (OPEMs) exist to inform patient medical decisions, yet the average adult in the United States reads at an eighth-grade level and 50% of Medicaid patients read at or below a fifth-grade level. To appropriately meet US health literacy needs, the American Medical Association and National Institutes of Health recommend that patient education materials not exceed a sixth-grade level. The purpose of this study was to assess and compare the readability of English and Spanish online patient education materials pertaining to shoulder instability surgery. Google searches of the terms "shoulder instability surgery" and "cirugía de inestabilidad de hombro'' were conducted to include 25 eligible online patient education materials OPEMs per language. English OPEM readability was calculated using Flesch-Kincaid Grade Level, Flesch Reading Ease, Flesch Reading Ease Grade Level, Gunning-Fog Index, Coleman-Liau Index, and Simple Measure of Gobbledygook. Spanish OPEM readability was assessed using Fernandez-Huerta Index (FHI) (the Spanish equivalent of Flesch Reading Ease), FHI Grade Level, Gutiérrez de Polini's Fórmula de comprensibilidad, and INFLESZ. Readability index analysis revealed that the mean Flesch Reading Ease of English online patient education materials was significantly lower than the mean FHI of Spanish online patient education materials. English materials were also found to be written at a significantly higher grade level than Spanish materials. Shoulder instability surgery online patient education materials in both English and Spanish are written at higher reading levels than recommended by the American Medical Association and National Institutes of Health, though Spanish online patient education materials were more readable on average.

Social vulnerability in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic: a bioethical discussion

To analyze, from a bioethical perspective, social vulnerability in relation to health during the context of the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: The study included peer-reviewed publications from January 1st until December 31st 2020, identified in Pubmed, SciELO and LILACS data basis. Mesh terms were utilized for research in Pubmed as follows: “COVID-19” conjugated with the terms: “vulnerable population”, “population groups”, “social determinants of health”, “health equity”. Portuguese and Spanish equivalents DECS terms were used for searching in the other two databases. Results: a total of 132 articles were found. After applied inclusion and exclusion criteria, were 21 eligible articles. The most recurrent themes were: racial, ethnic and social-economics, gender, age, disability and chronic health conditions. Articles addressing more than one theme were observed, integrating different aspects of vulnerable populations. A bioethical discussion with focus in vulnerability based in the data retrieved took place and connections with discrimination and social determinants of health were made. Conclusion: Results point to the violation of rights explained in the Universal Declaration of Bioethics and Human Rights. By increasing the disparity in morbidity and mortality from COVID-19 of population groups already impacted by the social determination of health, there is a violation of the right to health, indicating that governments and societies fail to respect the vulnerability of social groups in the pandemic context. Submission: 08/01/23| Review: 09/15/23| Approval: 09/18/23

Social vulnerability in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic: a bioethical discussion

To analyze, from a bioethical perspective, social vulnerability in relation to health during the context of the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: The study included peer-reviewed publications from January 1st until December 31st 2020, identified in Pubmed, SciELO and LILACS data basis. Mesh terms were utilized for research in Pubmed as follows: “COVID-19” conjugated with the terms: “vulnerable population”, “population groups”, “social determinants of health”, “health equity”. Portuguese and Spanish equivalents DECS terms were used for searching in the other two databases. Results: a total of 132 articles were found. After applied inclusion and exclusion criteria, were 21 eligible articles. The most recurrent themes were: racial, ethnic and social-economics, gender, age, disability and chronic health conditions. Articles addressing more than one theme were observed, integrating different aspects of vulnerable populations. A bioethical discussion with focus in vulnerability based in the data retrieved took place and connections with discrimination and social determinants of health were made. Conclusion: Results point to the violation of rights explained in the Universal Declaration of Bioethics and Human Rights. By increasing the disparity in morbidity and mortality from COVID-19 of population groups already impacted by the social determination of health, there is a violation of the right to health, indicating that governments and societies fail to respect the vulnerability of social groups in the pandemic context. Submission: 08/01/23| Review: 09/15/23| Approval: 09/18/23

Analysis of the nurse's relationship with family members of critically ill patients through literature

In intensive care settings, the main focus is on direct medical intervention, while communication and emotional support to families may not be sufficiently addressed in the realm of nursing care. The aim of the study was to analyze the nurse-family relationship with relatives of critical patients through a bibliographic review. This study was carried out through a narrative review of the literature, in which the search period extended from 2016 to 2024. The review was conducted using the PubMed database, and it was decided to include articles in both English and Spanish. The selected search keywords included "Palliative care," "nurse role," "Intensive Care Unit," "critical patient," and "patient relatives," as well as their Spanish equivalents: "palliative care," "nurse role," "Intensive Care Unit," "critical patient," and "patient relatives." This study highlights that effective communication and adequate emotional support from nurses to the relatives of critical patients are fundamental to improving the experience and wellbeing of families in intensive care units, underlining the need for specialized training and further research in these areas. The overarching conclusion of this study is that strengthening the relationship between nurses and the relatives of critical patients, through effective communication and appropriate emotional support, is crucial to improving the quality and humanization of care in intensive care units

Telemedicine in Elderly Hypertensive and Patients with Chronic Diseases during the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

One aspect of the distancing measures imposed in response to the COVID-19 pandemic is that telemedicine consultations have increased exponentially. Among these consultations, the assessment and follow-up of patients with chronic diseases in a non-presential setting has been strengthened considerably. Nevertheless, some controversy remains about the most suitable means of patient follow-up. To analyze the impact of the telemedicine measures implemented during the COVID-19 period on chronic patients. A systematic review was carried out using the following databases: PubMed, Pro-Quest, and Scopus. The systematic review followed the guidelines outlined in the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA). The search equation utilized descriptors sourced from the Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) thesaurus. The search equation was: "hypertension AND older AND primary care AND (COVID-19 OR coronavirus)" and its Spanish equivalent. The following data were obtained: 14 articles provided data on 6,109,628 patients and another 4 articles focused on a study population of 9684 physicians. Telemedicine was less likely to be used by elderly patients (OR 0.85; 95% C.I. 0.83-0.88; p = 0.05), those of Asian race (OR 0.69; 95% C.I. 0.66-0.73; p = 0.05), and those whose native language was not English (OR 0.89; 95% C.I. 0.78-0.9; p = 0.05). In primary care, lower use of telemedicine was associated with residents of rural areas (OR 0.81; p = 0.05), patients of African American race (OR 0.65, p = 0.05), and others (OR 0.64; p = 0.05). A high proportion (40%) of physicians had no prior training in telemedicine techniques. The highest quality in terms of telephone consultation was significantly associated with physicians who did not increase their prescription of antibiotherapy during the pandemic (OR = 0.30, p = 0.05) or prescribe more tests (OR 0.06 p = 0.05), i.e., who maintained their former clinical criteria despite COVID-19. Telemedicine is of proven value and has been especially useful in the COVID-19 pandemic. A mixed remote-presential model is most efficient. Appropriate training in this area for physicians and patients, together with correct provision, is essential to prevent errors in implementation and use.

Orthographic Nativization of Hispanic Content Words in Waray Visayan

This linguistic study investigates the orthographic nativization of Hispanic borrowed words in Waray Visayan written discourse. The textual source is a news article from Isumat News Portal written in Waray Visayan titled COVID Laboratory ha EVRMC magtitikang na an operasyon. Through a descriptive research method, the words are lexically analyzed as to content words, English equivalents, root words, Spanish equivalents, native affixes, and nativization processes. The analysis reveals that the Hispanic nouns, verbs, and adjectives borrowed by the Waray Visayan article are nativized through full lexical adoption, changing or replacement of letters, orthographic mutation, and adding of native prefixes and suffixes. Thus, the Spanish loanwords have been Filipinized in the Waray linguistic community where sociocultural, economic, and religious activities exist. This further shows that the Spanish words have found unique structure and expression in the Waray Visayan written discourse, not only in literary narratives like the study of Quebec (2021), but also in non-fiction, news article in particular. In effect, it is recommended to conduct the same study with a bigger number of corpora in both written and spoken discourses in Waray Visayan and across the Philippine languages to explore the reach of Hispanic word borrowing and nativization and to investigate other linguistic changes as they undergo nativization. 
 
 Keywords: Lexical analysis; word borrowing; nativization; Hispanic words; Waray Visayan language.

Nativized Hispanic Borrowed Words in Cebuano Visayan Editorial “Masanta Nang Badlungon”: A Lexical Analysis

This linguistic study descriptively analyzes the nativized Hispanic borrowed words in Cebuano Visayan. A lexical analysis of the morphemic structures of words is undertaken in order to investigate the language nativization. The textual source of the analysis is the editorial from Superbalita-Cebu with the title: “Masanta nang Badlungon”. The words are examined as to lexical categories, English equivalents, root words, Spanish equivalents, and nativization. After an in-depth lexical analysis of the morphemic structures of words from the textuality as supported by the theory of phylogenetic change through linguistic borrowing, the following are the findings: (1) The Hispanic borrowed words in the Cebuano Visayan editorial are twelve nouns, three verbs, and three adjectives. (2) All twelve nouns borrowed from Spanish exemplify linguistic acculturation through lexical nativization. (3) The three verbs borrowed from Spanish words reveal nativized spellings and all are added with nativized affixes. (4) The three adjectives borrowed from Spanish change their orthography and native Cebuano Visayan affixes are added. Moreover, based on the findings, it concludes that Hispanic words borrowed in Cebuano Visayan are acculturated through lexical nativization. Hence, this study recommends that a historical and exploratory study be made to the nativized Hispanic borrowed words in Cebuano Visayan to trace back on its origin which will give a better insight to why such word is born and continues to be used.

Vaulting the turnstiles: dialoguing and translating childhood and agencies from Chile, Latin America

ABSTRACT When aiming to create spaces for dialogue between social studies of childhood in the Global North and South, there are many aspects to consider. One of them is the complexities of bringing together different histories and languages as they shape differentiated understandings of the field. In this article, we focus on agency, one of the main concepts that has shaped the New Social Studies of Childhood (NSSC). We discuss how childhood studies in the Global South have contributed to the development of agency in NSSC within English-speaking dialogues. We introduce the notion of agencia, the Spanish equivalent of agency, exploring its connotations in childhood studies and advocacy groups in Latin America. Finally, we bring together the different aspects of agency and agencia as they have been discussed throughout the paper, exploring how from these perspectives we can approach one specific event: secondary school students vaulting over the turnstiles at the metro stations in Santiago, Chile. This event initiated what has been known as the Chilean outbreak of October 2019, and the origin of the current constitutional process from which children have been ambiguously included/excluded.

On the origin, foundational designs and first manufacture of the modern catamaran

The complete history of the modern catamaran has not yet been written. On 25 November 1916, Spanish engineer Leonardo Torres Quevedo patented a new kind of ship, which he called the ‘Binave’, the Spanish equivalent of ‘Twin Ship’. For the first time ever, a multihull steel vessel was patented and constructed, driven by two propellers powered by two Hispano-Suiza marine engines. The location of the main engines inside each hull, as well as the propellers, was exactly the same as it is nowadays in modern catamarans. Torres Quevedo’s ‘Twin Ship’ was the first step towards a change of mentality, from the classic monohull vessel to something different. This revolution was required in order to minimize the total resistance of a ship (frictional or wave-making and wave-breaking resistance, for example) and, consequently, to be able to reach the higher speeds that are achieved today. This article traces the history of the catamaran and explains its evolution, taking into special consideration the innovations carried out by Torres Quevedo between 1916 and 1918.

Misinformation About and Interest in Chlorine Dioxide During the COVID-19 Pandemic in Mexico Identified Using Google Trends Data: Infodemiology Study.

BackgroundThe COVID-19 pandemic has prompted the increasing popularity of several emerging therapies or preventives that lack scientific evidence or go against medical directives. One such therapy involves the consumption of chlorine dioxide, which is commonly used in the cleaning industry and is available commercially as a mineral solution. This substance has been promoted as a preventive or treatment agent for several diseases, including SARS-CoV-2 infection. As interest in chlorine dioxide has grown since the start of the pandemic, health agencies, institutions, and organizations worldwide have tried to discourage and restrict the consumption of this substance.ObjectiveThe aim of this study is to analyze search engine trends in Mexico to evaluate changes in public interest in chlorine dioxide since the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic.MethodsWe retrieved public query data for the Spanish equivalent of the term “chlorine dioxide” from the Google Trends platform. The location was set to Mexico, and the time frame was from March 3, 2019, to February 21, 2021. A descriptive analysis was performed. The Kruskal-Wallis and Dunn tests were used to identify significant changes in search volumes for this term between four consecutive time periods, each of 13 weeks, from March 1, 2020, to February 27, 2021.ResultsFrom the start of the pandemic in Mexico (February 2020), an upward trend was observed in the number of searches compared with that in 2019. Maximum volume trends were recorded during the week of July 19-25, 2020. The search volumes declined between September and November 2020, but another peak was registered in December 2020 through February 2021, which reached a maximum value on January 10. Percentage change from the first to the fourth time periods was +312.85, –71.35, and +228.18, respectively. Pairwise comparisons using the Kruskal-Wallis and Dunn tests showed significant differences between the four periods (P<.001).ConclusionsMisinformation is a public health risk because it can lower compliance with the recommended measures and encourage the use of therapies that have not been proven safe. The ingestion of chlorine dioxide presents a danger to the population, and several adverse reactions have been reported. Programs should be implemented to direct those interested in this substance to accurate medical information.

MOTT, BRIAN (UB): Postmodificación de frases preposicionales en inglés y español (con referencia especial a postmodificadores locativos)

Las frases preposicionales constituyen el tipo más frecuente de posmodificación en todos los registros del inglés (Biber et a. 1999: 634). En el español, las expresiones locativas suelen incorporar un pronombre relativo y un verbo (the books [which are] on the table &gt; los libros que están encima de la mesa), o bien expresarse mediante una frase introducida por la preposición de (los libros de encima de la mesa). Wonder (1979) sostiene que el español permite el uso de preposiciones que no sean de en las frases locativas en el caso de “situaciones ‘activas’” (el aterrizaje en pleno campo) frente a “situaciones estáticas” (*el sofá en la sala), y también si la frase puede tener una función adverbial antes que, o además de, una interpretación adjetiva (el ruido en la calle), sobre todo si dicha frase encierra la idea de una posición alternativa para un objeto, o bien un contraste con otro objeto similar (el sofá en la sala contigua). El presente estudio pretende examinar este argumento y, además, explorar la posmodificación preposicional en español de un modo más general, a la par que propone una explicación sobre la elección de estructura en español que se basa en el criterio de la densidad léxica.

A Vocabulary of the Language Spoken in the Region Formerly Known as Leán y Mulia in Honduras

During the years 1787 and 1788, officials of the Spanish crown began to circulate an order from the king to recompile vocabularies of Spanish colonies in the Philippines and the Americas. In some cases, this meant the copying of old books from the early part of the eighteenth century. However, this royal order also included the translation and recording of vocabularies from as many new languages of the Spanish colonies as possible. In Central America, the translation of a predetermined list of a few hundred Spanish words into local languages of the colony was put into the hands of the University of San Carlos in Guatemala City and the provincial fathers of the Dominican and Franciscan orders. Language instructors were responsible for writing the words of the indigenous languages and their Spanish equivalents, while priests, who were well versed in the languages spoken natively throughout the colony, were to be consulted and responsible for the prompt and precise recording of the translated Spanish terms. Those who recorded the documents were instructed to place the Spanish terms in a column to the left. The respective terms in the indigenous languages were placed in columns to the right. Special instructions were given to the recorders and their consultants to explain the orthography that they used to express these words. It seems that the purpose of this exercise was to satisfy the curiosity of the “empress of Russia” on the matter.1Since the late seventeenth century, Spanish officials began to implement colonial policies aimed at subduing an unconquered region of Honduras they referred to as Leán y Mulia. Today this region comprises the modern departments of Yoro and Atlántida. The Spanish named the inhabitants of Leán y Mulia “Xicaque.” The origins of the term are unknown, but previous scholars have linked Xicaque to the Nahuatl word chicáctic, signifying “rude” or “strong.” Despite its questionable origins, previous scholars who have studied the indigenous peoples of Honduras have consistently remarked that the term Xicaque referred to any “uncivilized” indigenous person of Honduras. It is not certain what the people of Leán y Mulia called themselves; their language is barely documented in any other colonial source. The people of Leán y Mulia were called Xicaque in Spanish sources until 1821 and even after that (Rivera 2015: 5).When the people of Leán y Mulia became subjected to Spanish policies in the seventeenth century, they increasingly demonstrated an increased antagonism to the threat imposed by the Spanish. The foundation of a few settlements by the Spanish in the first half of the eighteenth century was the first attempt to bring together the people of Leán y Mulia under Spanish control. By the mid-part of the eighteenth century, Franciscan missionaries, aided by soldiers of the colony, founded mission settlements where the people of Leán y Mulia were sometimes forced to move. Flight from the missions was common, as were defenses meant to keep the Spanish out. The regular antagonism demonstrated by the people of Leán y Mulia slowly became an act of avoidance after a smallpox pandemic decimated the remaining mission populations (Rivera 2015:110–28).The next section presents an excerpt from the source, closely following the original material with the exception of the added column in English. The original document also included columns for languages called Cabecara and Viceyta; these are not included in the following translation.

The use of context in multiword-term translation

ABSTRACT The quality of a specialized translation depends to a great extent on the treatment of multiword terms (MWTs). Since MWTs are not always adequately described or even included in most terminological resources, translators and terminologists must find other ways to deal with them. One method involves the analysis of parallel texts. Traditionally, parallel texts have been a valuable resource for terminology extraction and knowledge acquisition. They can be compiled as comparable corpora (i.e. collections of texts originally written in the source and target languages). Nevertheless, even though comparable corpora can facilitate translation, many translators are often unfamiliar with corpus query techniques. This paper describes a method that identifies Spanish equivalents of English MWTs in corpora, and also provides translators and terminologists with a set of manual corpus query techniques that help to effectively translate MWTs. The comparable corpus compiled was composed of original English and Spanish texts on wind energy generation. The method proposed is based on distributional semantics and was used to identify and compare contextual elements of the concepts in both languages. The results of our study showed that this procedure simplifies and contributes to the accurate identification of MWT translation equivalents in corpora.

The discourse markers indeed, in fact, really and actually and their Spanish equivalents in economy

&lt;span lang="EN-GB"&gt;This article explores the translation procedures followed in the rendering of the adverbials &lt;em&gt;indeed&lt;/em&gt;, &lt;em&gt;in fact&lt;/em&gt;, &lt;em&gt;really&lt;/em&gt; and &lt;em&gt;actually&lt;/em&gt; in a parallel corpus of English texts and their Spanish counterparts in the field of economy. While the adverbials mentioned are all categorized as boosters according to Hyland’s classification of metadiscourse markers (2005) in the source corpus, their Spanish correspondents may fall within other such metadiscourse categories as attitude and hedging markers, for example. The study of these variants contributes to our understanding of the processes involved in the translation of these markers, which seem to correspond to an intention of the translators to provide adequate translated versions so that these texts read as naturally in the target language as possible. Our methodology of inquiry involves corpus linguistics tools in order to interrogate a parallel corpus and retrieve cases of the adverbials &lt;em&gt;indeed, in fact, really &lt;/em&gt;and &lt;em&gt;actually&lt;/em&gt;. Our approach to discourse markers includes Schiffrin (1987), Fraser (1996), Jucker &amp;amp; Ziv (1998), Aijmer (2002), and especially Buysse (2012), Ghezzi (2014), Carrió-Pastor (2016a, 2016b), and Furkó (2020). Our notion of metadiscourse follows Hyland (2005) from where we have also taken the taxonomy of metadiscourse markers used in the analysis of data to classify findings. The identification and the classification of the translation procedures rely on Cruz-García (2014). Conclusions report on the most frequent translations procedures and the commonest Spanish forms used to translate the adverbial analysed, including their metadiscourse functions.&lt;/span&gt;

The discourse markers indeed, in fact, really and actually and their Spanish equivalents in economy

This article explores the translation procedures followed in the rendering of the adverbials indeed, in fact, really and actually in a parallel corpus of English texts and their Spanish counterparts in the field of economy. While the adverbials mentioned are all categorized as boosters according to Hyland’s classification of metadiscourse markers (2005) in the source corpus, their Spanish correspondents may fall within other such metadiscourse categories as attitude and hedging markers, for example. The study of these variants contributes to our understanding of the processes involved in the translation of these markers, which seem to correspond to an intention of the translators to provide adequate translated versions so that these texts read as naturally in the target language as possible. Our methodology of inquiry involves corpus linguistics tools in order to interrogate a parallel corpus and retrieve cases of the adverbials indeed, in fact, really and actually. Our approach to discourse markers includes Schiffrin (1987), Fraser (1996), Jucker &amp; Ziv (1998), Aijmer (2002), and especially Buysse (2012), Ghezzi (2014), Carrió-Pastor (2016a, 2016b), and Furkó (2020). Our notion of metadiscourse follows Hyland (2005) from where we have also taken the taxonomy of metadiscourse markers used in the analysis of data to classify findings. The identification and the classification of the translation procedures rely on Cruz-García (2014). Conclusions report on the most frequent translations procedures and the commonest Spanish forms used to translate the adverbial analysed, including their metadiscourse functions.

Translating English WOMAN IS AN ANIMAL metaphors: Spanish native speakers’ associations with novel metaphors

Animal metaphors are prevalent across languages and convey a variety of, oftentimes negative, meanings – more so for women than men. In English, for example, both lion and lioness refer to a sexually active, dominant man or woman respectively, but while the former is endowed with positive connotations (courage, strength), the latter evokes negative associations (danger, voracity). There are some animal terms, however, that do not feature in animal metaphors in a certain language, posing the question as to which associations are evoked by those animal terms that are not part of conventional animal metaphors. This paper explores Spanish speakers’ interpretations of mappings of the woman is an animal metaphor that are documented to exist in English but not in Spanish. This was tested with two online questionnaires, one employing open questions and the other one Likert scales presenting possible traits (e. g. quarrelsome, kind, promiscuous), in which Spanish speakers had to judge the animal metaphors which were translated from English. The results show that the novel animal metaphors are mainly associated by Spanish native speakers with negative features, first and foremost with ugliness. Additionally, most of the animal terms convey different meanings in English and Spanish. For example, musaraña, the Spanish equivalent of shrew, is not associated with bad temper and quarrelling, but instead with ugliness and muddleheadedness. Furthermore, the findings reveal significant insecurities in the interpretation of the translated metaphors by the Spanish speakers. These results might be an indication for both the arbitrariness and the stableness of associations with different animal species, depending on the speakers’ culture. It also seems that novel animal metaphors mainly provide mental access to unattractiveness as it is a concrete physical feature and might therefore be more accessible than abstract personality traits such as kindness or quarrelsomeness.

Construcción de un diccionario combinatorio de inglés biomédico

El objetivo de este artículo es presentar el proceso de gestación de SciE-Lex, un diccionario combinatorio de términos generales frecuentemente utilizados en inglés biomédico, que nació con el propósito de ayudar a los científicos españoles a redactar artículos científicos en inglés. Como proyecto lexicográfico se integra plenamente en la corriente léxico-gramatical que subraya la estrecha relación entre el léxico y la gramática. Su desarrollo ha venido marcado por tres etapas. En la primera, SciE-Lex proporciona, además del equivalente en español de cada entrada, información morfosintáctica y combinatoria, ilustrada con ejemplos y con notas de uso. En una segunda fase añadimos expresiones prefabricadas e información explícita acerca de su variabilidad, composición, funcionamiento y distribución en el artículo biomédico. Finalmente, en una tercera etapa, aun en desarrollo, nos proponemos introducir la semántica de marcos para establecer relaciones sintáctico-semánticas entre los distintos términos que pertenecen al mismo marco.

More Doctors Program: a critical review of the implementation from the perspective of access and the universalization of health care

The scope of this critical narrative review is the analysis of the national literature on the implementation of the More Doctors Program (PMM), from January 2016 to May 2019, distributed according to its three programmatic aspects: 1. Improvement of Infrastructure of the Primary Health Care Networks; 2. Expansion of Vacancies and Courses in Medicine and the Reform of Medical Education; and 3. Emergency Medical Supplies. After consulting the Scielo and Lilacs databases through the key words Programa Mais Médicos, and the English and Spanish equivalents, 37 articles were located, of which 31 were selected because they focused specifically on the implementation of one or more aspects. Aspect 1 had the lowest number of publications, while the highest concentration of articles occurred in aspects 2 and 3, in 2016 and 2019, respectively, depending on the timely implementation of the PMM. The literature analyzed points to successes and weaknesses in the formulation and implementation of the Program. This should be taken into consideration in the elaboration and execution of future projects, based on the expansion of access and the universalization of medical care to vulnerable populations.

СРАВНИТЕЛЬНО-СОПОСТАВИТЕЛЬНЫЙ АНАЛИЗ ФРАНЦУЗСКИХ СОЮЗНЫХ ВЫРАЖЕНИЙ «AUTANT QUE», «D'AUTANT QUE И D'AUTANT PLUS QUE» И ИХ ИСПАНСКИХ АНАЛОГОВ

The article is an attempt of a semantic and syntactic analysis of French complex conjunctions autant que, d'autant que and d'autant plus que. The author undertakes to find out which means of conjunction can be regarded as their equivalents in Spanish. The research is based on the data provided by dictionaries and translations of French fiction and press into Spanish. The article defines the grammatical status and lexical meaning of the conjunctions autant que, d'autant que and d'autant plus que and their Spanish equivalents, analyzes the conditions of their functioning in speech, reveals common features and differences in the fields of syntagmatics and paradigmatics. The conjunction autant que can denote a variety of meanings and their shades: comparison, limitation, equivalence, condition, concession. In Spanish it corresponds to tanto como, como, cuanto, hasta donde, según lo que, en lo que, todo lo que and the combination a más po + infinitive, cuando, por mucho que. French verbless constructions containing autant que can be translated by Spanish constructions containing lo que, lo mismo que, el mismo + noun + que, al mismo tiempo. French conjunctions d'autant plus que and d'autant que correspond in Spanish to tanto más cuanto que, tanto más cuanto, tanto más que. These conjunctions serve to indicate additional motivation for the action described in the mainsentence. They introduce subordinate clauses expressing additional reason and operate within constructions consisting of three components: the motivated message, the main reason, and the additional reason.