Spanish California Research Articles

Zorro Down Under

During the interwar years (1918–39), California’s characteristic verandas, archways, and red tile roofs spread to Australia. Originally, Spanish Colonial Revival architecture was popularized in California alongside what historians have called the “Spanish fantasy past,” a romanticized Spanish California that linked the state’s modern rise to an Anglo-American future and fixed Mexican and Indigenous populations in a bygone era. Looking to the movement of the Spanish fantasy past from California to Australia via “Spanish Mission” style offers new insights for Chicana/o studies. The fantasy past serves as a powerfully fl exible racial script that helps make sense of race relations far beyond its point of origin and connects seemingly mundane choices about home design to ongoing processes of settler colonialism in Pacific communities. As an eager adopter of Spanish Colonial Revival architecture during a period when the government was actively redistributing land, Australia illustrates how the Spanish fantasy past has been translated and how Chicana/o studies frameworks informed by critical Indigenous studies can provide insights into relational forms of race making and colonialism.

Stacking Rocks to Transport Water: Folk Aqueduct Bridges of Mallorca and Spanish Colonial California

The landscape of Mallorca, Spain is characterized by a number of features constructed of rock. Windmills and walls are ubiquitous and visually striking. Equally widespread, but not as conspicuous, are other features associated with canal irrigation. One such feature that is understudied and therefore underappreciated is that of folk aqueduct bridges. This study investigates these features because they were critical in sustaining agriculture on the island for centuries, because they deserve recognition in order to be preserved as part of the island’s cultural and historical heritage, and because of their being antecedents or prototypes of similar structures built in Spanish colonial California. Two field seasons were devoted to locating and studying folk aqueduct bridges. Systematic windshield surveys were undertaken to identify such features. Once located, each folk aqueduct bridge was subjected to detailed description and analysis of size, shape, function, materials, and method of construction. Folk aqueduct bridges of Mallorca were built of shaped and unshaped stone, with channels made of ceramic tiles or ashlar tablets. Many of the rock walls once served as folk aqueduct bridges. Several California missionaries in the 18th century came from Mallorca, and the folk aqueduct bridges they built are based on those of their homeland.

Beyond the colonial curtain: Investigating indigenous use of obsidian in Spanish California through the pXRF analysis of artifacts from Mission Santa Clara

Obsidian artifacts recovered from Mission Santa Clara in central California (1780s–1840s) provide the opportunity to evaluate the persistence of regional economic connections and stone tool technologies in the California missions. Portable x-ray fluorescence (pXRF) analysis was conducted on a sample of 1020 obsidian artifacts, which could be linked to five major geological sources of obsidian found in different regions of California. Obsidian source profiles from features in different areas of the site indicate differential access to or preference for obsidian from particular sources. Despite the small size of many of the obsidian artifacts in the sample, this study found that the use of pXRF was suitable for assigning small artifacts (>0.3cm) to regional obsidian sources. The results illuminate the connections that native people living in mission contexts may have maintained to outside resources and provide the basis for further investigation into indigenous stone tool traditions in colonial contexts.

Ediv, Miroslav Metternich, the Great Powers and the Eastern Question (review)

REVIEWS 763 Russian-American Company) and as a site to develop agricultural products for the benefit of Russian colonists in Alaska. The catastrophic collapse of the sea otter population and the wavering fortunes of the agricultural experiments at Ross form important subplots in the documents. The ebbs and flows of Russian relations with local indigenous peoples — some of whom integrated with the Russians — are another important topic. In sum, this promises to be the standard interpretive work and documentary base on Russian California for many years to come. Meticulously edited, the work comes with four nicely drawn maps and numerous attractive illustrations (someincolour).Itwillbeofinteresttoanyoneseekingauthoritativescholarship on Russian colonialism in the Pacific but especially valuable to non-Russian speaking scholars of general colonial history seeking to incorporate Russian California in their work. Finally, it should be added that the translations of a handful of the documents from Rossiia v Kalifornii that are excluded from the present collection — because they deal with Russian views of Spanish California — can be found in California through Russian Eyes (Norman, OK, 2013), also edited by James Gibson. Department of History Ilya Vinkovetsky Simon Fraser University Šedivý, Miroslav. Metternich, the Great Powers and the Eastern Question. University of West Bohemia, Pilsen, 2013. 1033 pp. Figures. Notes. Bibliography. Index. Price unknown. The historian Thomas Babington Macaulay once witheringly observed, of a book he had to review, that he thought it unfair of the author to demand of his reader so large a portion of so short an existence. Similar sentiments must be aroused by Miroslav Šedivý’s enormous study of Metternich’s Near Eastern diplomacy, from the Greek revolts of 1821 to the conclusion of the second Mohammed Ali crisis in 1841. The text alone, divided into thirty-one chapters, comes to 986 pages. The apparatus of notes, some of which take up half a page, referring almost exclusively to unpublished primary sources, represents a species of overkill; one sentence (pp. 52–53) has seven separate references in it, and a typical footnote contains references to twenty or thirty documents. The bibliography is awe-inspiring, and a useful update on the literature, but does not contain several items referred to in the notes. The translation from Czech is in general grammatical, but not always felicitous, in that the author’s long-winded sentences are faithfully preserved, and there is a characteristically Slav uncertainty about the use of definite and indefinite articles as well as prepositions. The narrative is a classic example of what gives diplomatic history a SEER, 93, 4, OCTOBER 2015 764 bad name, being overly detailed and convoluted, despite its good and consistent analytical overview; a typical example (pp. 513–17) is the absurdly detailed account of a spat over diplomatic credentials in Mohammed Ali’s Egypt. Even the most dedicated specialist in the Metternich era, surely, must question the point of so exhaustive a recapitulation of events. All this said, it would be a pity if Šedivý’s work were to be ignored, because it has considerable virtues, not least as a corrective to the hackneyed view of Metternich as a small-minded reactionary, so common among previous generations of British historians like Sir Charles Webster, who specialized in the foreign policy of Palmerston and who, in Šedivý’s opinion, insensibly absorbed their principal’s jaundiced view of Metternich. As a piece of research, Šedivý’s book deserves the epithet ‘monumental’. For what is clearly a revised doctoral thesis, the author has mined to good effect a huge array of primary source material from some fourteen archives across Europe, from Moscow to London to the Vatican. There are important new revelations (pp. 930–32), from hitherto uninspected parts of Metternich’s published papers, on the Tanzimat reforms of Reshid Pasha and Metternich’s support for these. Šedivý makes good use of quotes, especially Metternich’s often lapidary formulations, even if many of the quotations are over-long. To some extent Šedivý is a victim of what might be called Metternich syndrome: he tends to see everything through Metternich’s eyes, but he is still capable of criticizing his subject, particularly with regard to the Greek revolts. Šedivý is also critical of the more absurd, because so...

Brave Old Spaniards and Indolent Mexicans: J. Ross Browne, Harper's New Monthly Magazine, and the Social Construction of Off-Whiteness in the 1860s

The purpose of this article is to examine J. Ross Browne's construction of racial identity in the territories acquired by the United States after its war with Mexico in 1846–1848. The intent is to reveal the interaction between a journalist's social identity and his construction of the social reality of race relations by examining the most widely circulated works, personal trajectory, surrounding cultural influences, and private correspondence by Browne, one of the earliest Anglo journalists to chronicle American development of the Mexican Borderlands based on firsthand experience. The research method was cultural contrapuntal reading, which employs a combination of Marion Marzolf's content assessment and Edward Said's contrapuntal reading. Browne cast Spanish California elites as bringers of European progress and helpers to the Anglo American government and business leaders, Mexican peons as a cheap labor force for mining interests, and Spanish ladies and mixed-race temptresses as objects of desire.

From Ahogado to Zorrillo: external causes of mortality in the California missions

In recent decades, the literature on virgin soil epidemics has dominated scholarly discussions of Indian population decline in colonial America. Illness and disease – and the high mortality and low fertility that accompanied them – go a long way towards explaining the dramatic decline of the Indian population in Alta California after Spanish colonization began in 1769. But, there are myriad other factors that contributed to Indian depopulation in Spanish and Mexican California, and these have largely escaped the study of historians. Death cause information listed in the burial registers of the California missions and now available through the Early California Population Project suggests that Indian population decline in California before 1850 was accelerated by external factors, such as acts of violence, natural disasters, dangers associated with animals and insects, as well as work- and transportation-related mishaps. These external factors do not in themselves explain Indian population decline, but they add considerably to our understanding of life and death in early California and by extension other corners of colonial America, and they give us a richer understanding of how Indians lived, worked, died, and even prayed in Spanish and Mexican California.

"With the God of Battles I can Destroy All Such Villains": War, Religion, and the Impact of Islam on Spanish and Mexican California, 1769-1846

"With the God of Battles I can Destroy All Such Villains": War, Religion, and the Impact of Islam on Spanish and Mexican California, 1769-1846

Pottery-Making in Spanish California: Creating Multi-Scalar Social Identity through Daily Practice

Between 1769 and 1834, the Spanish missions of Alta California were pluralistic communities. Faced with cultural entanglement, residents of particular missions formed communities of practice, out of which a shared social identity may have emerged. This process of colonial identity construction is illustrated by the patterned ways potters at one mission, Mission San Antonio de Padua, constructed Plainwares. Potters within this mission community selected the same local raw materials and fired ceramics in open fires. As potters participated in shared traditions of ceramic production, with regard to these steps in the manufacturing sequence, they may have created a shared social identity. In addition to the creation of a shared community identity, potters may have produced and reproduced other social identities that served to create arenas of division. For example, variability in primary forming techniques may suggest that gender identities were created out of the way some potters, possibly women, hand modeled vessels while others, possibly men, threw vessels on a wheel. Through ceramic production, potters at Mission San Antonio de Padua may have at one scale fostered a sense of belonging to the mission community, but at other scales created arenas for social distinction within the indigenous population.

Alta California: peoples in motion, identities in formation, 1769-1850

Spanish California - with its diverse mix of Indians, soldiers, settlers, and missionaries - provides a fascinating site for the investigation of individual and collective identity in colonial America. Through innovative methodologies and extensive archival research, the nine essays in this volume reshape our understanding of how people in the northernmost Spanish Borderlands viewed themselves and remade their worlds. Essays examine Franciscan identity and missionary tactics in Alta California, Sonora, and the Sierra Gorda; Spanish and Mexican settlers' identity as revealed in mission records, family relationships, political affiliations, and genetic origins; and Indian identity as shown in mission orchestras and choral guilds as well as in the life of Pablo Tac, a Luiseno who penned his own remembrance of the Spanish conquest of Alta California. The concluding essays examine the identity and historiography of the field of the Spanish Borderlands as it has developed over the last century in North America and Spain.

Oregon Shakespeare Festival (review)

Reviewed by: Oregon Shakespeare Festival Sonja Arsham Kuftinec Oregon Shakespeare Festival. Ashland, Oregon. 10-14 March and 7-12 August 2012. Several recent studies in dance and performance scholarship have dwelt on the complexities of historical re-performance both on and off the stage. Yet, perhaps because the practice is deemed so normative, at least since the emergence of the auteur-director in late-nineteenth-century Europe, what it means to re-perform dramatic texts in theatre has not been addressed with as much focused attention. The Oregon Shakespeare Festival's (OSF) 2012 season— its seventy-seventh—offered several opportunities to think through re-performance, as well as how the festival stages history in the present. The season reengaged classical Shakespearean and Greek plays and various iterations of a Chinese folktale while also commissioning new productions exploring turning points in US history. Taken together, these retakes on classic plays and past events enabled a reexamination of the limits of the state in legislating civil rights, international conflicts, family structures, and appropriate gender roles. The season offered two aesthetically distinct premieres within the "American Revolutions" commissioning project that variously engaged the 1960s civil rights movement from both federal legislative and grassroots perspectives. Robert Schenkkan's All the Way (directed by Bill Rauch) took up President Johnson's fraught struggle to pass the Civil Rights Act while retaining the nomination of the Democratic Party. Party People, devised by the hip-hop theatre collective Universes (Steven Sapp, Mildred Ruiz-Sapp, and William Ruiz [aka Ninja]) and developed and directed by Liesl Tommy, reexamined the legacy of the Black Panthers and Young Lords via a multimedia spoken-word and movement-infused documentary spectacle. Temporally resituated takes on canonical Shakespeare texts included director Joseph Haj's Henry V, inspired by Vietnam War-era photos, Rob Melrose's Troilus and Cressida, in which he cast Greeks as US soldiers occupying contemporary Iraq, and Laird Williamson's Romeo and Juliet, set in 1840s Spanish California. These reengagements of Shakespeare's histories and tragedies joined Alison Carey's comic adaptation of The Merry Wives of Windsor (directed by Christopher Liam Moore), The Very Merry Wives of Windsor, Iowa, relocated to election season in an imagined contemporary Iowa in which gay marriage is not only tolerated, but also fashionable. Together, these plays reinvestigated the costs of battle set against the struggle to negotiate familial structures. Mary Zimmerman's compelling adaptation of The White Snake (devised with the ensemble) also took Click for larger view View full resolution Medea/Macbeth/Cinderella ensemble. (Photo: Jenny Graham.) [End Page 253] Click for larger view View full resolution Lyndon Johnson (Jack Willis) and Rev. Martin Luther King Jr. (Kenajuan Bentley) argue about voting rights (ensemble at rear: David Kelly, Daniel T. Parker, and Derrick Lee Weeden) in All the Way. (Photo: Jenny Graham.) up the issue of "appropriate" marriage. In a slot devoted to global classics, Zimmerman grounded her reimagining of this well-known Chinese fable in multiple source texts. Like the titular snake, which appeared as stick puppet, bunraku-manipulated object, and in human form, the story frequently paused to shed its skin and note different narrative trajectories, foregrounding the tale's historicity and multiplicity. The production thus made visible the interpretive tensions embedded within various versions of the tale, which follows the desires of a white snake turned to human form who falls in love with, marries, and bears the child of a young man, and which asks whether this interspecies love affair merits our disapprobation or acceptance. Perhaps the most fertile site of inquiry into re-performance, the staging of histories, and various takes on power, family structures, and appropriate gender roles was Bill Rauch's Medea/Macbeth/Cinderella (MMC). Conceived in 1984 when he was a student at Harvard, Rauch had previously revised and remounted the production in 1998 at the Actor's Gang in Los Angeles and in 2002 at Yale Repertory Theatre (with codirector Tracy Young); he had also workshopped the piece for several years at OSF prior to this season's performance on the Bowmer mainstage (choreographed for the fourth time by Sabrina Peck). The 2012 production thus animated retakes on each of the core dramatic...

Caste, Race, and Class in Spanish California

By comparing how three Spanish documents employ terms such as españoles, gente de razón, and various racial designators, Vladimir Guerrero establishes a base from which succeeding scholars can more accurately evaluate political realities, social fluidity, and racial meaning in the Spanish borderland of Alta California.

Converting California: Indians and Franciscans in the Missions (review)

Converting California: Indians and Franciscans in Missions. By James A. Sandos. (New Haven: Yale University Press. 2004. Pp. xix, 251. $35.00.) James A. Sandos set a formidable task for himself in writing this new treatment of a well-furrowed subject, Franciscan missionization in Alta California, 1769-1830's. His stated intent is to reconcile two prevailing but opposing interpretative views of mission era: the pro- and anti-Franciscan schools of thought. The former been dubbed Christophilic Triumphalist by David J. Weber: 'self-sacrificing priests of Christian God selflessly devoted . . . to bringing spiritual truth and uplift to benighted savages.'The latter school, which has emerged over past fifty years, Sandos labels Christophobic (p. xiii). To complete his new synthetic approach, author introduces a new interpretative element, theohistory, a combination of theology and history as a complement to accepted ethnohistory (p. xvi). The net result is a book that fascinates and frustrates, since it literally oscillates between two polarized theses. But it appears that more weight is given to negative aspects of Franciscan missionary activities as seen from Nihilist perspective. To author's credit, however, he repudiates those critics' charges that missionaries enslaved Indians and instituted a policy of genocide. Sandos' primary target throughout is Junipero Serra. The friar is castigated for inscribing on the theological clean slate of California . . . his well ordered understanding of medieval world. In 'these last centuries' before Apocalypse, Serra would build a model of a primitive Christian church, a community of Indians and Franciscans clustered in their mission settlements learning and teaching Christian doctrine, preparing themselves for return of Christ (p. 79). Serra's medieval views, according to author, were derived from his devotion to life of St. Francis Solano (1549-1610), famed Franciscan missionary who died in Peru, philosophy and theology of Scot Franciscan, John Duns Scotus (1263-1308), and mystical writings of Franciscan nun, Maria de Jesus de Agreda (1602-1665), noted for her four-volume The Mystical City of God (1670), which expositated concept of Virgin Mary's Immaculate Conception. Serra is taken to task for adherence to Scholastic theological view of egocentric structure of universe in face of sixteenth-century Copernican heliocentric system. Serra's repudiation of latter proves his medieval outlook in all things. The frustrating elements in Sandos' book are argumentative. However, he an excellent chapter on venereal disease, which is well detailed in respect to syphilis, but slights impact of gonorrhea on birth rate. Nor does chapter detail problem of native lack of sanitation and sanitary habits. One of widespread health problems was skin disease. To credit of government and friars, smallpox never appeared in Spanish California. Quarantine was well understood in respect to some contagious diseases. …

Reassessing Revitalization Movements: Perspectives from North America and the Pacific Islands

Michael E. Harkin (ed.), Reassessing Revitalization Movements: Perspectives from North America and Pacific Islands, Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2004.In 1956, Anthony F.C. Wallace introduced concept of revitatization to draw attention to what he perceived as uniform process underlying such apparently diverse religious and political as Christian revivals, Utopian communities, cargo cults and revolutions (1956: 264). Around same time and into 1960s, other sociologists, anthropologists and psychologists introduced their own schemes and terminologies, although few surpassed Wallace's model in terms of its empirical and theoretical ambitions. While has gained some limited popularity as a general label for religious movements, particularly among North American ethnohistorians, concept remains closely associated with Wallace, whose elegant study of Handsome Lake movement amongst Iroquois provides its primary exemplar (Wallace 1970). The reassessing in Reassessing Revitalization Movements thus carries a double load: it refers to extension of Wallace's model into new terrain of Oceanic where it has rarely been applied and it refers to a critical re-examination of model itself.The book is comprised of a short graciously written Foreword by Wallace, an Introduction by Michael E. Harkin and twelve case studies. The first of descriptive chapters, running to more than 60 pages, is a tour de force by Maria Lepowsky that juxtaposes a detailed analysis of a 1785 mission Indian uprising in Spanish California with reflections on cargo cult activities in eastern Papua New Guinea that first appeared in 1880s. The remaining chapters rotate between Native North America and Pacific Islands, examining that date from late 18th century to present. All but two of contributors are anthropologists, but all make excellent use of documentary and oral evidence to present fine-grained historical perspectives on these varied movements.The case studies are uniformly excellent, written in engaging prose at a high level of theoretical sophistication. Taken on their own, they are worth price of admission. The juxtaposition of studies from two regions is often very revealing, especially as one moves closer to present That said, readers who come to volume expecting to find a sustained engagement with revitalization theory or creation of an updated comparative framework based on it will be disappointed. All of authors use revitalization movement as a general label and all comment upon aspects of Wallace's 1966 model. This provides chapters with a common touchstone. Yet only three of authors actually attempt to update and apply model as an analytic tool and even then only in most general way. Everyone is very polite. Jennifer S.H. Brown's comments on relevance of revitalization theory for an appreciation of an early prophetic movement amongst Hudson Bay Cree, however, reveal what I suspect is consensus opinion: model is useful as a rough starting point but a distraction from deeper issues of documentation and meaning (pp. 121-22).Harkin asks in Introduction, Why Revitalization? (p. xi). It's a good question, although one that he never answers clearly. Harkin states, as a belief, that is most sophisticated theoretical lens through which to view [religious] movements (p. xxv). He does not say why he believes this. Indeed, he does not even provide a synopsis of Wallace's model Instead, Introduction rambles between postmodern critiques of cargo cult studies, colonialist legacy of revitalization theory, dialogic approaches to understanding movements, role of deprivation in Wallace's theory and so forth. His most direct defence of Wallace appeals to the classic virtues of anthropology as a social science-empiricism, holism, comparison of institutions and so forth-rather than details of model (p. …

American Encounters: Natives and Newcomers from European Contact to Indian Removal, 1500-1850

American Encounters: Natives and Newcomers from European Contact to Indian Removal 1500-1850. Edited by Peter C. Mancall and James H. Merrell. (New York: Routledge, 2000. Pp. xiv, 594. Illustrations. $90.00.) Instructors in seminars or other advanced courses in Indian history, to say nothing of specialists in other fields suddenly faced with the need to become experts on ethnohistory, will find their coursepack conveniently done for them in this collection of twenty-five classic articles. scope actually goes beyond European contact, since Neil Salisbury's essay, The Indians' Old World, brilliantly describes the many oscillations in material culture, economic practice, and socio-political structure that Indians had initiated or undergone before contact with Europeans occurred. James Axtell's effort-in a much-reprinted article on what colonial history might have been like without Indians (Colonial America Without the Indians: Counterfactual Reflections, Journal of American History, 63 [March 1987], 981-86)-to encourage the inclusion of ethnohistory in mainstream media appears to have succeeded. present volume, unlike others, leaves that article out in favor of Axtell's striking analysis of the successful methods of Indian assimilation of white adoptees into their societies. Yet most of the articles in this volume come from mainstream publications: the Journal of American History, Journal of Women's History, Canadian Historical Review, Southern California Quarterly, and, above all, from the publication nearest Axtell's home university, the William and Mary Quarterly. Indian-oriented publications such as Ethnohistory, the American Indian Quarterly, and the American Indian Cultural and Research Journal are respectably but less fully represented. Chapters from books (including a festschrift for Oscar Handlin) come about equally from those devoted to ethnohistory and more general collections. In the colonial era, at least, historians of the American Indian appear to be swimming with the tide in the main stream. articles tend to focus on geographical areas currently inside the United States and British colonies, although other areas are represented as well. One contribution deals with Spanish Florida and two with Spanish California; Cornelis J. Jaenens addresses French Canadian themes, Helen Hornbeck Tanner discusses the multiethnic Ohio country, and Raymond Hansen and Daniel H. Usner examine areas of French influence. Nearly all emphasize native experience more fully than European policy or the adventures of white frontierspeople, and most follow Usner's lead in defining frontier in terms of intercultural exchange rather than linear boundaries. Richard White's masterful analysis of Lakota imperialism constitutes his direct contribution to the collection. Yet his notion of the middle ground where exchange involves relatively egalitarian trade, labor, and marital relations in a context where each group tries-not always successfully-to employ practices congenial to the other, informs several essays (The Middle Ground: Indians, Empires, and Republics in the Great Lakes Region, 1650-1815[1991]). Perhaps the most amusing example of this genre is Timothy J. Shannon's Dressing for Success on the Mohawk Frontier: Hendrik, Sir William Johnson, and Indian Fashion. Both Usner, writing of the lower Mississippi Valley, and Tanner, writing of the Ohio country's Glaize in 1792, stress the varieties of nationality and ethnicity involved in intercultural exchange. …

Discovery of Humboldt Bay, California, in 1806 from the Ship O'Cain, Jonathan Winship, Commander

The small ship sailed out of the New Archangel (Sitka) harbor on May 21, 1806 heavily loaded. The Americans and the Russians had ushered on board nearly 100 native Aleuts and Kodiaks, 12 native women and three Russian supervisors. The American crew of the ship O'Cain (a dozen New Englanders and nine Hawaiians), engaged in the early American China trade, had been preparing for the southbound voyage for a month. The navigation and logistics efforts to sail this three-masted, 93-foot-Iong vessel challenged the crew, according to the journal. Down the coast, fog banks were frequent in the summer. Rocks and headlands were poorly charted. Continual summer northwesters aimed to drive ships toward the shore. Between the two decks of the 280-ton ship, the crew had stowed 70 baidarkas (skin kayaks) and larger leather boats. To aid in the hunt for the sea otters with their prized silky and dense pelts, each Aleut was given a musket, flint and gunpowder. The natives would be paid for the pelts on a piece basis. Provisions for them on the southbound cruise, mainly 15,300 dried fish and 1,000 pounds of raw whale meat, were taken on board. For trade with southern natives and the Spanish missions, manufactured goods had been stowed.2 The O'Cain s multi-national crew and passengers had set sail in order to hunt and collect sea otter skins for the Canton market. Captain Jonathan Winship Jr., a 26 year-old Bostonian, had agreed to a contract with New Archangel, a nearly new binational experiment, having been attempted only once before. The Americans, Russians and Aleuts on board offered a somewhat incongruous but disciplined tripartite relationship. The Russians also had strong leadings for exploration and maritime expansion along the Pacific Northwest coast and to the periphery of Spanish California. This narrative seeks to establish, with an approach to finality, (1) which nation should receive principal acknowledgement, in this contract voyage of 1806, for the discovery of Humboldt Bay, the 14-mile-Iong body of water between Trinidad Bay and Cape Mendocino; and did Winship relinquish authority to the Russians and how this was demonstrated in command and control of that cruise, and (2) whether the Russians ever succeeded in entering the bay in a sailing vessel or with a group of small craft to make (or imply) a territorial claim.

Black Community and Culture in the Southeastern Borderlands

In 1992 David J. Weber published a masterful synthesis called The Spanish Frontier in North America which reminded readers that despite a national historiography that tends toward the Anglocentric, Spanish claims on North America date to 1513 and its governance of communities scattered across the entire southern rim of what is today the United States lasted well over two centuries. Weber's sweeping book chronicles the complex history of Spanish conquests and settlement in North America while also noting the essential and common elements of Spanish culture across time and space.1 The Spanish explorations and initial settlements in what is today the United States had earlier attracted the attention of Herbert Eugene Bolton, who expanded on his mentor Frederick Jackson Turner's vision of frontier. Although Bolton produced three studies of the Southeast, where Spaniards made their first settlements, his primary interest was the institutional and diplomatic history of the Spanish Southwest. Along with Hubert Howe Bancroft who researched Spanish California, Bolton was among the first American scholars to appreciate that much of the history of our modem nation could be uncovered in the rich Spanish archives of Mexico. Using these long-neglected sources, Bolton created a new Borderlands school of American history, which was further developed by

Biography of a Building: New Insights into the Construction of the Fathers' Dwelling, An Archaeological and Historical Resume

BEFORE ing today, it is customary to prepare a large number of drawings to show the client, to instruct the various craftsmen who are to build it, and to obtain a building permit. Then it is usually built as a unit, rather than constructed a bit at a time. This has not always been the case, and it certainly was not the case during the period when missions were built in Spanish and Mexican California. Rarely were any drawings made or even required. The client, who was the missionary, would explain what was wanted directly to whomever was in charge of the construction; the artisans built as they had been trained or knew from experience, and there was no building department to require a permit. Finally, most structures were built in stages, depending on needs and resources. Although a final completed building may have been envisioned, it was more or less based on a traditional design rather than a clearly defined drawn plan.

Medicine in Spanish California

Research Article| April 01 1994 Medicine in Spanish California Doyce B. Nunis,, Jr. Doyce B. Nunis,, Jr. Search for other works by this author on: This Site PubMed Google Scholar Southern California Quarterly (1994) 76 (1): 31–57. https://doi.org/10.2307/41171701 Views Icon Views Article contents Figures & tables Video Audio Supplementary Data Peer Review Share Icon Share Twitter LinkedIn Tools Icon Tools Get Permissions Cite Icon Cite Search Site Citation Doyce B. Nunis,; Medicine in Spanish California. Southern California Quarterly 1 April 1994; 76 (1): 31–57. doi: https://doi.org/10.2307/41171701 Download citation file: Ris (Zotero) Reference Manager EasyBib Bookends Mendeley Papers EndNote RefWorks BibTex toolbar search Search nav search search input Search input auto suggest search filter All ContentSouthern California Quarterly Search This content is only available via PDF. Copyright 1994 Historical Society of Southern California Article PDF first page preview Close Modal You do not currently have access to this content.

The Legal Heritage of Spanish California

The Legal Heritage of Spanish California

Some models for Spanish colonial archaeology in California

Nomothetics—the scientific search for general laws and patterns of behavior—is the ultimate goal of inductive archaeology. Specific data from numerous sites can now be used to confirm or disconfirm hypotheses as more general laws about cultural processes. Several interesting models have been generated by archaeologists and scholars in related disciplines that can help to explain the colonial phenomenon. Some of these models will be briefly summarized and applied to the situation in Spanish California.