Spanish Abbreviation Research Articles

Clustering Analysis of a Colombian Toxicological Database

ABSTRACT The database analysis allows the return of experience needed to support decision-making processes in risk management. A Colombian toxicological database (TED) developed and maintained by the Center of Safety Information and Chemical Products (CISPROQUIM by its Spanish abbreviation in) is analyzed here using a demographic clustering technique. Data-quality processes were performed on the raw data (more than 170 variables) and as a result the database was reduced to 20 meaningful variables. The variables characterized by values with categories were selected for clustering analysis: gender, age, type of emergency, emergency location, means of poisoning, product use, and physical state of the toxic substance. Clustering analysis showed that there are three profiles that are prevalent in the TED database: Young Adult Suicidal Woman, Unsupervised Child, and Man at Work. These profiles could not be identified using traditional statistical analyses performed on the data collected by CISPROQUIM or defined a priori from the categorical variables. The identification of vulnerable populations and the cause of the toxicological events are critical in order to develop national prevention programs and policies. The analysis described provided a methodology for a critical analysis of toxicological databases that can be applied to other databases such as security databases.

Factores alimentarios y dietéticos asociados a la obesidad infantil: recomendaciones para su prevención antes de los dos años de vida

Several factors leading to obesity have been identified, which start at very early stages of life. Although there are genetic contributors and socioeconomic and racial disparities in the prevalence of overweight and obesity, the problem is universal. Children’s weight has been associated to multiple specific diet factors and these, in turn, are associated to specific “parent feeding practices” (PAPP, Spanish abbreviation). Parents or caretakers determine patterns that are set at an early stage in life, and the weight before the first two years of age already predicts future overweight and obesity. Absence of breastfeeding and low food quality, consumption patterns and food preferences in the first two years of life are highly associated to PAPP and can, therefore, be modified. In this article, we will examine the diet factors and the diet-related practices that have been associated to child obesity, and are potentially modifiable, so that they can be used as a potential guide for intervention goals in the prevention of child obesity.

Strengths and Weaknesses of Pharmacogenetic Studies of Antipsychotic Drugs: The Potential Value of the PEPs Study

The successful application of pharmacogenetics in routine clinical practice is still a long way from becoming a reality. In order to favor the transfer of pharmacogenetic results to clinical practice, especially in psychiatry, these studies must be optimized. This article reviews the strengths and weaknesses that characterize pharmacogenetic studies in psychiatry and condition their implementation in clinical practice. We also include recommendations for improving the design of pharmacogenetic studies, which may convert their limitations into strengths and facilitate the implementation of their results into clinical practice. Finally, we discuss the potential value of naturalistic, prospective, multicenter and coordinated projects such as the 'Phenotype-genotype and environmental interaction. Application of a predictive model in first psychotic episodes' (known as the PEPs study, from the Spanish abbreviation) in pharmacogenetic studies.

Síndrome pulmonar por Hantavirus (Virus Río Mamoré) en la Amazonía Peruana

Hantavirus infection is a viral zoonotic infection borne by rodents which most letal form clinical is the Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome (SPH, Spanish abbreviation). The Mamore River variant originates in South America and was found in rodents without any association to human diseases. Two cases of SPH were identified in the Peruvian Amazon region in November 2011. In both cases, a molecular diagnostic testing was conducted by the Instituto Nacional de Salud from Peru. A phylogenetic analysis of a viral genome fragment and a histopathological evaluation were conducted. Both patients developed adult respiratory distress syndrome and refractory shock. A patient died and another one recovered 12 days later.

Factores alimentarios y dietéticos asociados a la obesidad infantil: recomendaciones para su prevención antes de los dos años de vida

Several factors leading to obesity have been identified, which start at very early stages of life. Although there are genetic contributors and socioeconomic and racial disparities in the prevalence of overweight and obesity, the problem is universal. Children's weight has been associated to multiple specific diet factors and these, in turn, are associated to specific "parent feeding practices" (PAPP, Spanish abbreviation). Parents or caretakers determine patterns that are set at an early stage in life, and the weight before the first two years of age already predicts future overweight and obesity. Absence of breastfeeding and low food quality, consumption patterns and food preferences in the first two years of life are highly associated to PAPP and can, therefore, be modified. In this article, we will examine the diet factors and the diet-related practices that have been associated to child obesity, and are potentially modifiable, so that they can be used as a potential guide for intervention goals in the prevention of child obesity.

Consenso del GEITDAH sobre el trastorno por déficit de atención/hiperactividad

In this article, the GEITDAH -the Spanish abbreviation of the Special Interest Group on Attention Deficit Hyper-activity Disorder (ADHD)- presents a consensus reached by experts in the management of ADHD from all over Spain. The consensus concerns fundamental aspects that should be the starting point for future local or regional consensus guides. Another aim of this consensus is also to reduce the amount of variability that occurs in the health care offered to patients with ADHD in our country, as well as to act as a stimulus in educational matters. That fact that it is not very long will make it more popular among greater numbers of people and this will allow these goals to be reached more effectively. The conclusions in the consensus guide have been constructed around an introduction dealing with basic aspects and recommendations for diagnosis, treatment (both pharmacological and psychotherapeutic), patient flow and organisational aspects.

PYME de software en la frontera norte de México: Desarrollo empresarial y construcción Institucional de un cluster

En Baja California, región fronteriza vecina del estado de California, un grupo de pequeñas y medianas empresas (PYME) de software se asociaron formalmente como cluster en 2004. En este artículo se describen y analizan varias dimensiones de esta sociedad con el objetivo de examinar las características de la acción conjunta de estas compañías y el grado de consolidación de la organización colectiva. Los resultados muestran que la organización y las redes entre esas firmas se orientan más a capacitarlas y certificarlas con base en las ayudas públicas que a fortalecer los proyectos de negocios entre ellas.

Optimal investment portfolio in renewable energy: The Spanish case

This article presents a model for investing in renewable energies in the framework of the Spanish electricity market in a way that risk is minimised for the investor while returns are maximised. The model outlined here is based on an economic model for calculating cash flows intended to obtain the internal rate of return (IRR) of the different energies being studied: wind, photovoltaic, mini hydro and thermo electrical. The IRRs obtained are considered the returns on investments, while their standard deviations are considered associated risks. In order to minimise risk, a comprehensive portfolio of investments is created that includes all of the available energies by means of a system of linear equations. The solution of the linear system is graphically checked using the efficient frontier method for the different financing options. Several case studies within the Renewable Energies Plan (PER is its Spanish abbreviation) that is in force in Spain in the period 2005–2010 are analysed in order to illustrate the method, as are other case studies using different types of financing, helping us to reach the pertinent conclusions.

Martyrdom, Sacrifice, and Political Memory in El Salvador

A mont before his death, Oscar Romero, archbishop of San Salvador, El Salvador told an interviewer, “If they kill me, I will rise again in the Salvadoran people. . . . May my blood be the seed of free dom and the signal that hope will soon be a reality” (Romero, 1987: 461). Romero was shot through the heart as he said Mass, killed on the orders of a Salvadoran military colonel who organized both clan destine death squads and the farright political party that has ruled the country since 1989. The archbishop became a martyr for Catholics and other believers throughout the world. Romero died in the early days of the conflict between the Salvadoran government and the revo lutionary FMLN (the Spanish abbreviation for the Farabundo Marti National Liberation Front), a conflict that eventually consumed about 80,000 lives. The vast majority of the dead were civilian victims of the Salvadoran army, whose brutal counterinsurgency war was heavily supported by the United States

Metodología Basada en Proceso de Jerarquía Analítica (AHP) para Seleccionar Cadenas Productivas que Buscan Soluciones de Automatización a Bajo Costo

This paper presents the methodology used in order to identify and select three production chains, based in a set of 20 possible chains (17 of them so called Priority and the rest of them called promissory Chains). The document is framed into the project called By means of Competitive Intelligence methodologies and asociativeness schemas, to develop a supply in assets and services of low cost automation which satisfy the requirements of modernization on three productive chains, potentially clients of the Electro Electronic Industry Cluster of Bogota and Cundinamarca; the project has been financed by Colciencias and developed by CIDEI (Center of Investigation and Technological Development of the Electro Electronic and Informatics Industr y, for his Spanish abbreviation) and the Cundinamarca University. These chains will be boarded in the close future in order to select companies in which will be made a process destined to generate low cost automation solutions whose will generate highest productivity levels. The set of variables that served like as criteria for the selection was defined by the group of researchers and to determine the relative importance of each criterion in the weighted average was used the Analytical Hierarchy Process or AHP, by using the qualifications assigned in several rounds on the part of a group formed by experts, researchers and industrialists of the Electronic sector. Having the relative weight of each criterion, those will be described as qualitative or quantitative form, by their nature and according to researchers' scale, presenting the priority order in which the chains had to be boarded according to the defined criteria to fulfill the project objective. At the end of the investigation, the productive chains of Foods with added value, Textiles and Dressmaking and Flowers were elected.

Barriles de absorción y contención del impacto: reducción de mortalidad por accidentes de tránsito

To determine the effect of the installation of an impact absorption and containment device (Spanish abbreviation, BAFI) on the reduction of traffic accident fatalities at edge crossings in the city of Monterrey, Mexico. Information about accidents was obtained from January 1,2000 to December 31,2005 from intersections with and without BAFI. During the study period, 142 accidents were registered in edge intersections, with 59 deaths in intersections without BAFIs and five in those where the devices were installed. The BAFI devices represent a quick and low-cost step for reducing mortality and serious injury due to accidents in edge crossings.

Development of a Web-based Support System for Both Homogeneous and Heterogeneous Air Quality Control Networks: Process and Product

The Environmental Laboratories Automation Software System or PALMA (Spanish abbreviation) was developed by a multidisciplinary team in order to support the main tasks of heterogeneous air quality control networks. The software process for PALMA development, which can be perfectly applied to similar multidisciplinary projects, was (a) well-defined, (b) arranged between environmental technicians and informatics, (c) based on quality guides, and (d) clearly user-centred. Moreover, it introduces some interesting advantages with regard to the classical step-by-step approaches. PALMA is a web-based system that allows 'off-line' and automated telematic data acquisition from distributed inmission stations belonging not only to homogeneous but also to heterogeneous air quality control networks. It provides graphic and tabular representations for a comprehensive and centralised analysis of acquired data, and considers the daily work that is associated with such networks: validation of the acquired data, alerts with regard to (periodical) tasks (e.g., analysers verification), downloading of files with environmental information (e.g., dust forecasts), etc. The implantation of PALMA has provided qualitative and quantitative improvements in the work performed by the people in charge of the considered control network.

Prevalencia de diferentes tipos de violencia en usuarias del sector salud en México

To identify the prevalence of violence against females among those who are health service beneficiaries in Mexico. The National Survey on Violence against Women (ENVIM, per its Spanish abbreviation) was applied in 2003 to female users of public primary and secondary health care services. The sampling framework was based on a stratified, probabilistic sample in two stages. First the health care units were selected with probability proportional to the number of physicians' offices in the unit, from a list of possible care units. Second, women 15 years and older who sought care at the health care unit were selected for participation in the study through systematic sampling. Univariate analysis and then bivariate analysis were carried out on the data collected with a questionnaire. The sample included 26 042 women between 15 and 92 years of age, with a mean age of 35.8 years. Physical violence during childhood was reported by 42% of the women. Only 7.8% answered yes to a general question about whether they experienced domestic partner violence, but 21.5% reported experiencing violence of any type during the last 12 months as measured by a scale including specific acts of psychological, economic, physical and sexual violence. The most frequently reported type of violence was psychological (19.6%). Of the women who had been pregnant, 14.1% reported having experienced violence during pregnancy, and 4.4% reported being hit in the abdomen. The prevalence of sexual violence was 17.3% and close to half reported being victims of this type of violence before age 15. Higher prevalence of violence was found among women with lower levels of formal education, living in a rented home, in areas with higher overcrowding indices, and users of Ministry of Health care services. Identifying and measuring violence is complex, given the diverse types of violence and how they are perceived and therefore reported by women themselves. This is an important public health problem, in view of the high frequency observed in this study and the immediate implications. These findings indicate the urgent need for interventions to prevent and treat violence.