Span Task Research Articles

Effect of self-reported internal memory strategy use on age-related episodic and working memory decline: Contribution of control processes.

We explored whether control processes could account for age-related differences in internal strategy use, which in turn would contribute to episodic and working memory decline in aging. Young and older adults completed the internal strategy subscale of the Metamemory in Adulthood (MIA) questionnaire, a free-recall task (FRT), a reading span task (RST), and 3 executive control tasks (the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test, the Initial Letter Fluency Test, and the Digit Symbol Substitution Test) allowing us to calculate a composite index of control processes. Results indicated that both self-reported internal strategy use and control processes index accounted for a significant proportion of the age-related variance in the FRT and the RST. However, once the control processes index was controlled for, variance in both the FRT and RST explained by internal strategy use were significantly reduced. Additionally, age-related variance in internal strategy use was mediated by the control processes index. These results suggest a cascade model in which individual control level would mediate age-related differences in internal strategy use, which in turn would mediate age-related differences in episodic and working memory performance. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).

Electrophysiological Examination of Executive Functioning in Lean and Obese Younger Adults

AbstractBackgroundObesity rates of adults in the United States have increased from 30.5% in 1999‐2000 to 42.4% in 2017‐2018, with a further projected prevalence to nearly 50% by 2030. Greater adiposity has been consistently associated with exacerbated brain atrophy and central glucose hypometabolism in prefrontal cortices that govern executive functions, including inhibitory control, working memory, emotion regulation, and cognitive flexibility. However, there is a paucity of research elucidating how neural physiology that governs these executive functions is impacted by obesity. Thus, our primary aim of this study was to investigate whether such electrophysiological changes due to obesity could be detected in healthy young adults.MethodIn this cross‐sectional study, we recruited 60 participants (18‐40 years, 55% female) and examined real‐time neural electrophysiology using electroencephalography (EEG) on 34 lean participants (mean body mass index (BMI)=22.1±2) and 26 overweight/obese participants (mean BMI=34.9±6.1) while they completed four cognitive tasks which separately focused on inhibitory control, working memory, emotion regulation, and cognitive flexibility. Serum proteomics were collected, and glycemic control was quantified from glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) serum measures. We directly assessed body composition via dual energy X‐ray absorptiometry (DXA). Structural equation modeling was utilized in to probe direct/indirect associations between body composition, cardiometabolic biomarkers, and EEG waveforms.ResultAfter controlling for age, sex, HbA1c, and DXA android/gynoid ratio, we found that higher body fat percentage was associated with a significantly slower response in order to reach trough amplitudes on the FC1 electrode (196.3±134.4 milliseconds (ms) versus 204.4±311.1ms; β=0.94, p<0.001), as well as a significantly slower response in order to reach peak amplitudes on the FT7 electrode (215.9±129.9ms versus 334.1±327.2ms; β=‐0.537, p=0.019) during a Stroop task. Furthermore, we found that higher body fat associated with significantly slower responses in order to reach trough and peak amplitudes on the FT7 electrode (202.9±95.4ms versus 567.2±434.5ms, β=‐0.87, p=0.032; and 543.4±205.2ms versus 613±333.9ms, β=‐0.79, p=0.049, respectively) during an Operation Span task. No differences were observed between obese and lean subjects for emotion regulation or cognitive flexibility tasks.ConclusionYoung adults with greater adiposity may have impaired cognitive inhibition and decreased working memory capacity compared to lean counterparts.

The Effects of a Novel Non-catechol Dopamine Partial Agonist on Working Memory in the Aged Rhesus Monkey.

Aged-related declines in cognition, especially working memory and executive function, begin in middle-age and these abilities are known to be mediated by the prefrontal cortex (PFC) and more specifically the dopamine (DA) system within the PFC. In both humans and monkeys, there is significant evidence that the PFC is the first cortical region to change with age and the PFC appears to be particularly vulnerable to age-related loss of dopamine (DA). Therefore, the DA system is a strong candidate for therapeutic intervention to slow or reverse age related declines in cognition. In the present study, we administered a novel selective, potent, non-catechol DA D1 R agonist PF-6294 (Pfizer, Inc.) to aged female rhesus monkeys and assessed their performance on two benchmark tasks of working memory – the Delayed Non-match to Sample Task (DNMS) and Delayed Recognition Span Task (DRST). The DNMS task was administered first with the standard 10 s delay and then with 5 min delays, with and without distractors. The DRST was administered each day with four trials with unique sequences and one trial of a repeated sequence to assess evidence learning and retention. Overall, there was no significant effect of drug on performance on any aspect of the DNMS task. In contrast, we demonstrated that a middle range dose of PF-6294 significantly increased memory span on the DRST on the first and last days of testing and by the last day of testing the increased memory span was driven by the performance on the repeated trials.

The effects of stimulus modality, task complexity, and cuing on working memory and the relationship with speech recognition in older cochlear implant users

IntroductionThe role of working memory (WM) in speech recognition of older cochlear implant (CI) users remains unclear. This study 1) examined the effects of aging and CI on WM performance across different modalities (auditory vs. visual) and cuing conditions, and 2) assessed how specific WM measures relate to sentence and word recognition in noise. MethodFourteen Older CI users, 12 Older acoustic-hearing (AH) listeners with age-appropriate hearing loss, and 15 Young normal-hearing (NH) listeners were tested. Participants completed two simple span tasks (auditory digit and visual letter span), two complex WM tasks (reading span and cued-modality WM with simultaneously presented auditory digits and visual letters), and two speech recognition tasks (sentence and word recognition in speech-babble noise). ResultsThe groups showed similar simple span performance, except that Older CI users had lower auditory digit span than Young NH listeners. Both older groups had similar reading span performance, but scored significantly lower than Young NH listeners, indicating age-related declines in attentional and phonological processing. A similar group effect was observed in the cued-modality WM task. All groups showed higher recall for auditory digits than for visual letters and the advantage was most evident without modality cuing. All groups displayed greater cuing benefits for visual recall than for auditory recall, suggesting that participants consistently allocated more attention to auditory stimuli regardless of cuing. For Older CI users, after controlling for the previously reported spectral resolution, auditory-uncued WM performance was significantly correlated with word recognition but not sentence recognition. ConclusionsComplex WM was significantly affected by aging but not by CI. Neither aging nor CI significantly affected modality cuing benefits in the WM task. For Older CI users, complex auditory WM with attentional control may better reflect the cognitive load of speech recognition in noise than simple span or complex visual WM.

The working memory costs of a central attentional bottleneck in multitasking

When two (or more) tasks, each requiring a rapid response, are performed at the same time then serial processing may occur at certain processing stages, such as the response selection. There is accumulating evidence that such serial processing involves additional control processes, such as inhibition, switching, and scheduling (termed the active scheduling account). The present study tested whether the existence of serial processing in multitasking leads to a requirement for processes that coordinate processing in this way (active scheduling account) and, furthermore, whether such control processes are linked to the executive functions (EF) of working memory (WM). To test this question, we merged the psychological refractory period (PRP) paradigm with a WM task, creating a complex WM span task. Participants were presented with a sequence of letters to remember, followed by a processing block in which they had to perform either a single task or a dual task, and finally were asked to recall the letters. Results showed that WM performance, i.e. the amount of letters recalled in the correct order, decreased when performing a dual task as compared to performing a single task during the retention interval. Two further experiments supported this finding using manipulations of the dual task difficulty. We conclude that the existence of serial processing in multitasking demands additional control processes (active scheduling) and that these processes are strongly linked to the executive functions of working memory.

A Combination of Ice Ingestion and Head Cooling Enhances Cognitive Performance during Endurance Exercise in the Heat.

This study assessed the effectiveness of head cooling during exercise in the heat on cognitive performance, either alone or with ice ingestion. Ten healthy males, non-acclimatized to heat, ran (70% V̇O2peak) for 2×30 min in heat (35 ± 0.9°C, 68.2 ± 6.9% RH). Participants completed 3 trials: 10 min of head cooling during exercise (HC); precooling with crushed ice (7gikg-1) and head cooling during exercise (MIX); or no-cooling/control (CON). Working memory was assessed using the automated operation span task (OSPAN) and serial seven test (S7). Following MIX, S7 scores were improved compared to CON (12 ± 9.5, p = 0.004, d = 1.42, 0.34-2.28) and HC (4 ± 5.5, p = 0.048, d = 0.45, -0.47 to 1.3) during exercise. Moderate to large effect sizes were recorded for S7 and OSPAN following MIX and HC compared to CON, suggesting a tendency for improved cognitive performance during exercise in heat. Following precooling (MIX), core body temperature (Tc) and forehead temperature (Th) were lower compared to baseline (-0.75 ± 0.37°C, p < 0.001; -0.31 ± 0.29°C, p = 0.008, respectively) but not in HC or CON (p > 0.05). Thermal sensation (TS) was lower in MIX and HC compared to CON during exercise (p < 0.05). The reduction in Tc, Th and TS with MIX may have attenuated the effect of heat and subsequently improved working memory during exercise in heat.

MPI detach — Towards automatic asynchronous local completion

When aiming for large-scale parallel computing, waiting time due to network latency, synchronization, and load imbalance are the primary opponents of high parallel efficiency. A common approach to hide latency with computation is the use of non-blocking communication. In the presence of a consistent load imbalance, synchronization cost is just the visible symptom of the load imbalance. Tasking approaches as in OpenMP, TBB, OmpSs, or C++20 coroutines promise to expose a higher degree of concurrency, which can be distributed on available execution units and significantly increase load balance. Available MPI non-blocking functionality does not integrate seamlessly into such tasking parallelization. In this work, we present a slim extension of the MPI interface to allow seamless integration of non-blocking communication with available concepts of asynchronous execution in OpenMP and C++. Using our concept allows to span task dependency graphs for asynchronous execution over the full distributed memory application. We furthermore investigate compile-time analysis necessary to transform an application using blocking MPI communication into an application integrating OpenMP tasks with our proposed MPI interface extension.

Crossed effects of audio-visual environment on indoor soundscape perception for pleasant open-plan office environments

An open-plan office (OPO) layout promotes communication and teamwork among workers and provides flexibility in working; however, it also adversely affects work satisfaction, health, and worker privacy, leading to dissatisfaction and poor task performance. In this study, the subjective responses in an audio-visual OPO environment were analyzed to investigate the effects of the environment on indoor soundscape perception for designing pleasant OPOs. The outdoor environments of four OPOs with four different visual layouts were divided based on two conditions with different window views (good and bad views) to model eight visual stimuli. The auditory aspect was evaluated by computer simulation using three sound sources. For subjective assessment, virtual reality technology was employed with 24 audio-visual stimuli, and thirty-four subjects were asked to rate the perceived affective quality and overall quality. Task performance was quantified using auditory digit span tasks. The spatial preference decreased with the Loud, Variable, and Reverberant attributes and increased with the Bright, Orderly, and Wide attributes. For the same OPO soundscape, the window area ratio and floor area showed positive correlations with visual privacy, visual satisfaction, speech privacy, and sound satisfaction. However, work satisfaction and task performance exhibited contradictory relationships with the visual parameters. Furthermore, wide, open workspaces yielded high work satisfaction, whereas narrow, confined work spaces yielded high task performance. These results indicate that the relationship between work satisfaction and task performance must be considered for a balanced OPO design, providing practical guidance for designing pleasant OPO environments.

Differential effects of long-term aerobic versus cognitively-engaging physical activity on children’s visuospatial working memory related brain activation: A cluster RCT

Different types of physical activity are thought to differentially affect children’s brain activation, via physiological mechanisms, or by activating similar brain areas during physical and cognitive tasks. Despite many behavioral studies relying on these mechanisms, they have been rarely studied. This study looks at both mechanisms simultaneously, by examining effects of two physical activity interventions (aerobic vs. cognitively-engaging) on children’s brain activation. Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) data of 62 children (48.4% boys, mean age 9.2 years) was analyzed. Children’s visuospatial working memory related brain activity patterns were tested using a Spatial Span Task before and after the 14-week interventions consisting of four physical education lessons per week. The control group followed their regular program of two lessons per week. Analyses of activation patterns in SPM 12.0 revealed no activation changes between pretest and posttest (p > .05), and no differences between the three conditions in pretest–posttest changes in brain activation (p > .05). Large inter-individual differences were found, suggesting that not every child benefited from the interventions in the same way. To get more insight into the assumed mechanisms, further research is needed to understand whether, when, for whom, and how physical activity results in changed brain activation patterns.

Working Memory Training and Cortical Arousal in Healthy Older Adults: A Resting-State EEG Pilot Study.

The current pilot study aimed to test the gains of working memory (WM) training, both at the short- and long-term, at a behavioral level, and by examining the electrophysiological changes induced by training in resting-state EEG activity among older adults. The study group included 24 older adults (from 64 to 75 years old) who were randomly assigned to a training group (TG) or an active control group (ACG) in a double-blind, repeated-measures experimental design in which open eyes, resting-state EEG recording, followed by a WM task, i.e., the Categorization Working Memory Span (CWMS) task, were collected before and after training, as well as at a 6-month follow-up session. At the behavioral level, medium to large Cohen's d effect sizes was found for the TG in immediate and long-term gains in the WM criterion task, as compared with small gains for the ACG. Regarding intrusion errors committed in the CWMS, an index of inhibitory control representing a transfer effect, results showed that medium to large effect sizes for immediate and long-term gains emerged for the TG, as compared to small effect sizes for the ACG. Spontaneous high-beta/alpha ratio analyses in four regions of interest (ROIs) revealed no pre-training group differences. Significantly greater TG anterior rates, particularly in the left ROI, were found after training, with frontal oscillatory responses being correlated with better post-training CWMS performance in only the TG. The follow-up analysis showed similar results, with greater anterior left high-beta/alpha rates among TG participants. Follow-up frontal high-beta/alpha rates in the right ROI were correlated with lower CWMS follow-up intrusion errors in only the TG. The present findings are further evidence of the efficacy of WM training in enhancing the cognitive functioning of older adults and their frontal oscillatory activity. Overall, these results suggested that WM training also can be a promising approach toward fostering the so-called functional cortical plasticity in aging.

The association of eye movements and performance accuracy in a novel sight-reading task.

The present study investigated how eye movements were associated with performance accuracy during sight-reading. Participants performed a complex span task in which sequences of single quarter note symbols that either enabled chunking or did not enable chunking were presented for subsequent serial recall. In between the presentation of each note, participants sight-read a notated melody on an electric piano in the tempo of 70 bpm. All melodies were unique but contained four types of note pairs: eighth-eighth, eighthquarter, quarter-eighth, quarter-quarter. Analyses revealed that reading with fewer fixations was associated with a more accurate note onset. Fewer fixations might be advantageous for sight-reading as fewer saccades have to be planned and less information has to be integrated. Moreover, the quarter-quarter note pair was read with a larger number of fixations and the eighth-quarter note pair was read with a longer gaze duration. This suggests that when rhythm is processed, additional beats might trigger re-fixations and unconventional rhythmical patterns might trigger longer gazes. Neither recall accuracy nor chunking processes were found to explain additional variance in the eye movement data.

Visual attention and reading: A test of their relation across paradigms

Relations of visual attention to reading have long been hypothesized; however, findings in this literature are quite mixed. These relations have been investigated using several different visual attention paradigms and with variable controls for other competing reading-related processes. We extended current knowledge by evaluating four of the key visual attention paradigms used in this research—visual attention span, attention blink, visual search, and visuospatial attention—in a single study. We tested the relations of these to reading in 90 middle schoolers at high risk for reading difficulties while considering their effect in the context of known language predictors. Performance on visual–spatial, visual search, and attentional blink paradigms showed weak nonsignificant relations to reading. Visual attention span tasks showed robust relations to reading even when controlling for language, but only when stimuli were alphanumeric. Although further exploration of visual attention in relation to reading may be warranted, the robustness of this relationship appears to be questionable, particularly beyond methodological factors associated with the measurement of visual attention. Findings extend and refine our understanding of the contribution of attention to reading skill and raise questions about the mechanism by which visual attention is purported to affect reading.

Does Gender Difference Play a Significant Role in Verbal and Visuospatial Working Memory Performance?

The present study investigates gender differences in working memory performance, both verbal and visuospatial working memory performance. Quasi-experimental research was conducted individually on 32 undergraduates at a public university in Malaysia, using a reading span task and rotation span task. The performance was based on the total number of correct recalled and the total time taken. Results showed a significant gender difference in the verbal and visuospatial working memory performance. The observation was based on the total time taken, in which males performed more rapidly than females in both tasks. In terms of accuracy, female participants recalled better than their male counterparts in the verbal task, which is consistent with numerous past studies. However, no gender difference was identified in the visuospatial task performance, based on the total number of correct recalled. The study also found that male participants did not show an advantage in visuospatial abilities, contradicting findings by past studies.

Physical fitness, cognitive functioning and academic achievement in healthy adolescents

PurposeExamine the association between health-related physical fitness (cardiorespiratory fitness and muscular fitness) and skill-related physical fitness (speed-agility) and both cognitive functions and academic achievement in adolescents (12–15 years). MethodsData of 423 Dutch adolescents were analyzed (46.8% boys, age = 13.45 ± 0.43 years). Physical fitness was assessed using five subtests of the Eurofit test battery measuring cardiorespiratory fitness (20 m Shuttle Run Test), muscular fitness (Broad Jump and Sit-Ups) and speed-agility (10 × 5 m Shuttle Run Test and Plate Tapping Test). Cognitive functions were assessed by the Digit Span Task, the Grid Task and an adapted version of the Attention Network Test. Finally, academic achievement was assessed by two standardized tests assessing mathematic skills and language skills. Multilevel regression analyses were performed in MlWin to examine the relations of interest adjusting for sex and age. ResultsMultilevel regression analysis showed that speed-agility was significantly related to visuospatial working memory (β = 0.159; p = 0.014), information processing and control (β = 0.238; p < 0.001) and interference control (β = 0.156; p = 0.039), but not to the other cognitive or academic achievement outcomes. Cardiorespiratory fitness and muscular fitness were not related to any of the cognitive or academic achievement outcomes. ConclusionThe results suggest that skill-related physical fitness is related to cognitive functions and health-related physical fitness is not. Therefore it can be argued that improved levels of skill-related physical fitness may lead to improved cognitive functioning.

Emotional, Psychological, and Cognitive Changes Throughout the COVID-19 Pandemic in Italy: Is There an Advantage of Being an Older Adult?

Introduction: The study examined age-related differences between young and older adults’ emotional and psychological experience as well as cognitive functioning throughout different phases of the COVID-19 pandemic in Italy.Materials and Methods: Participants were interviewed by phone when confined at home during the national lockdown (T1-May 2020; N = 138 young adults; N = 119 older adults) and after the first wave of contagions, when restrictions were discarded (T2-September 2020; N = 52 young adults; N = 59 older adults). A sub-sample also participated in a third assessment (T3-December 2020). Participants completed questionnaires assessing their emotional and psychological functioning (i.e., positive and negative affect, perceived social and emotional loneliness, resilience) along with memory tasks (Backward Digit Span task and words list recall).Results: Although individuals reported less positive and more negative emotions during the lockdown than at T2, results showed that older adults displayed overall fewer negative emotions and greater resilience than young adults. The latter were those who reported feeling more emotionally lonely when compared to their older counterpart during the lockdown than afterward. Older adults’ advantage in emotional and psychological functioning was also confirmed 7 months after the national lockdown. Only age-related differences in favor of young adults for the memory tasks were found. The measures of interest were also susceptible to mood and/or concerns of COVID-19 effects.Discussion: These findings further highlight the age-related advantage of older adults managing the emotional and psychological experience even when facing an unexpected, prolonged, and unpredictable, stressful life event such as the COVID-19 pandemic.

A cognitive model of delusion propensity through dysregulated correlation detection

BackgroundWe present a novel account of delusion propensity that integrates the roles of working memory (WM), decision criteria, and information gathering biases. This framework emphasises the role of aberrant correlation detection, which leads to the spurious perception of relationships between one's experiences. The frequency of such outcomes is moderated by the scaling of one's decision criteria which, for reasons discussed, must also account for WM capacity. The proposed dysregulated correlation detection account posits that propensity for delusional ideation is influenced by disturbances in this mechanism. MethodsHypotheses were tested using a novel task that required participants (N = 92) to identify correlation between binary manipulations of simple shapes, presented as sequential pairs. Decision criteria and correlation detection were assessed under a Signal Detection Theory framework, while WM capacity was assessed through the Automated Operation Span Task and delusion propensity was measured using the Peters Delusion Inventory. Structural equation modeling was conducted to evaluate the proposed model. ResultsConsistent with the central hypothesis, an interaction between decision criteria and WM was found to contribute significantly to delusion propensity through its effect on correlation detection accuracy. Greater delusion propensity was observed among participants with more liberal decision criteria, which was also in accordance with hypotheses. At the same time, the total effect of WM on delusion propensity was not found to be significant. ConclusionsThese findings provide preliminary support for the proposed dysregulated correlation detection account of propensity for delusional ideation.

Memory Deficit in Patients With Temporal Lobe Epilepsy: Evidence From Eye Tracking Technology.

Objective: To explore quantitative measurements of the visual attention and neuroelectrophysiological relevance of memory deficits in temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) by eye tracking and electroencephalography (EEG).Methods: Thirty-four TLE patients and twenty-eight healthy controls were invited to complete neurobehavioral assessments, cognitive oculomotor tasks, and 24-h video EEG (VEEG) recordings using an automated computer-based memory assessment platform with an eye tracker. Visit counts, visit time, and time of first fixation on areas of interest (AOIs) were recorded and analyzed in combination with interictal epileptic discharge (IED) characteristics from the bilateral temporal lobes.Results: The TLE patients had significantly worse Wechsler Digit Span scores [F(1, 58) = 7.49, p = 0.008]. In the Short-Term Memory Game with eye tracking, TLE patients took a longer time to find the memorized items [F(1, 57) = 17.30, p < 0.001]. They had longer first fixation [F(1, 57) = 4.06, p = 0.049] and more visit counts [F(1, 57) = 7.58, p = 0.008] on the target during the recall. Furthermore, the performance of the patients in the Digit Span task was negatively correlated with the total number of IEDs [r(28) = −0.463, p = 0.013] and the number of spikes per sleep cycle [r(28) = −0.420, p = 0.026].Conclusion: Eye tracking appears to be a quantitative, objective measure of memory evaluation, demonstrating memory retrieval deficits but preserved visual attention in TLE patients. Nocturnal temporal lobe IEDs are closely associated with memory performance, which might be the electrophysiological mechanism for memory impairment in TLE.

Doubts About the Role of Rehearsal in the Irrelevant Sound Effect.

. The irrelevant sound effect (ISE) describes the disruption of processes involved in maintaining information in working memory (WM) when irrelevant noise is present in the environment. While some posit that the ISE arises due to split obligation of attention to the irrelevant sound and the to-be-remembered information, others have argued that background noise corrupts the order of information within WM. Support for the latter position comes from research showing that the ISE appears to be most robust in tasks that emphasize ordered maintenance by a serial rehearsal strategy, and diminished when rehearsal is discouraged or precluded by task characteristics. This prior work confounds the demand for seriation with rehearsal. Thus, the present study aims to disentangle ordered maintenance from a rehearsal strategy by using a running memory span task that requires ordered output but obviates the utility of rehearsal. Across four experiments, we find a significant ISE that persists under conditions that should discourage the use of rehearsal and among individuals who self-report use of alternative strategies. These findings indicate that rehearsal is not necessary to produce an ISE in a serial recall task and thus fail to corroborate accounts of the ISE that emphasize the involvement of rehearsal.

작업기억, 주의, 영어능력, 그리고 우연적 어휘습득: 시선추적 연구

The present study explores contributions of working memory, attention, and English language proficiency to incidental vocabulary acquisition. Participants were 53 Korean undergraduate students and they were instructed to read a short story containing 21 unknown words. During reading, their eye movements were registered by an eye tracker. They then responded to three types of unannounced vocabulary tests: (a) form recognition, (b) meaning recall, and (c) meaning recognition. Finally, they performed a backward digit span task. Multiple regression analyses showed that the combination of three variables (English language proficiency, working memory, attention) explained 26.1% of the variance in form recognition test scores, with all three variables contributing to the prediction to a significant and similar degree. In contrast, English language proficiency was the only significant predictor of meaning recall test scores and explained 12.9% of the variance, whereas none of the three variables were significant predictors of meaning recognition test scores.

A-191 How Does Teleneuropsychology Digit Span Measure Up?

Abstract Objective To see how strongly performance on a computerized visual digit span task correlates with non-computerized digit span subtests. Method The data were chosen from a de-identified database. Undiagnosed adult volunteers (n = 105) took the WAIS-IV Digit Span and TMB Digit Span subtests. Demographic characteristics were as follows: Age (M = 28.5, SD = 11.2), education (M = 16.2, SD = 1.9), gender (60% Female), race (69.8% White). A Pearson correlation was run on the TMB and WAIS-IV longest digit span forward (ldsf) and longest digit span backward (ldsb) raw scores of the same individuals. Results Results suggest a moderate correlation between WAIS-IV ldsf (M = 7.14, SD = 1.31) and TMB (M = 6.90, SD = 1.29) ldsf raw scores, r = 0.45, p &amp;gt; 0.01. Moreover, results indicated a moderate correlation between WAIS-IV ldsb (M = 7.69, SD = 1.43) and TMB (M = 5.66, SD = 1.81) ldsb raw scores, r = 0.38, p &amp;gt; 0.01. 73.1% of participants had the same or were within one digit on ldsf scores on both assessments, while 93% were within two digits. 63.8% of participants had the same ldsb scores on both assessments, while 81.9% were within two digits. Conclusion Clinicians must note the risk of assuming computerized tests measure the same cognitive functions as standardized paper-and-pencil tests. These results underscore this point. Future studies should continue to assess how well in-person tests align with other computerized tests purporting to measure the same cognitive abilities by examining other variables (i.e., auditory vs. visual, controlled vs. non-controlled environment).