Spain Research Articles

The Potential of Drones and Sensors to Enhance Detection of Archaeological Cropmarks: A Comparative Study Between Multi-Spectral and Thermal Imagery

This paper presents experimentation carried out at the Roman Republican city of La Caridad (Teruel, Spain), where different tools have been applied to obtain multispectral and thermal aerial images to enhance detection of archaeological cropmarks. Two different drone systems were used: a Mikrokopter designed by Tecnitop SA (Zaragoza, Spain) and an eBee produced by SenseFly Company (Cheseaux-sur-Lausanne, Switzerland). Thus, in this study, we have combined in-house manufacturing with commercial products. Six drone sensors were tested and compared in terms of their ability to identify buried remains in archaeological settlements by means of visual recognition. The sensors have different spectral ranges and spatial resolutions. This paper compares the images captured with different spectral range sensors to test the potential of this technology for archaeological benefits. The method used for the comparison of the tools has been based on direct visual inspection, as in traditional aerial archaeology. Through interpretation of the resulting data, our aim has been to determine which drones and sensors obtained the best results in the visualization of archaeological cropmarks. The experiment in La Caridad therefore demonstrates the benefit of using drones with different sensors to monitor archaeological cropmarks for a more cost-effective assessment, best spatial resolution and digital recording of buried archaeological remains.

Seeding Life

Introduction Seeding Life is an Erasmus+ project that aimed to improve professional knowledge, skills and attitude in organ donation and transplantation in Bulgaria (BG) and Latvia (LV) through a two-level educational program. The project boosted best practice exchange between Spain (SP), as world leader in organ donation, and two East European countries with different experiences in the field. Methods The three European countries (BG, LV and SP) agreed to take responsibilities in the core and horizontal activities of the project. The first step was to select the Target Areas (TAs) in BG and LV and responsible for each TA. A questionnaire was developed, translated and implemented in each TA to analyse the donation activity in the region, and identify any educational programs in place, educational needs, internet access and digital literacy. Based on its results, a two-level educational initiative was designed. The first level consisted of a Learn to Teach blended training program (online and face to face). The online training included three modules: organ donation, organ transplantation and how to teach, focused on educational strategies and techniques required to efficiently design and organize training events at local level. The face to face session reinforced the knowledge acquired in the online training thorough seminars and workshops. The Learn to Teach beneficiaries became responsible for carrying out the second level of the training program in their TA: National Seminars, with a minimum of 3 seminars per TA and a length of 6-8 hours per seminar. Tailored agendas were drafted according to the needs of the TA. Quality control actions have been taken to ensure that standards and indicators regarding the design of the educational process, the activities undertaken by experts and learners throughout training the learning management system used and the tasks of academic staff were met. Results Five TA were selected: 3 in BG and 2 in LV. A total of 366 questionnaires were completed during the diagnosis study (93% in BG and 7% in LV). Twenty-six medical doctors completed successfully the Learn to Teach training program (19 from BG and 7 from LV) with the following specialties: 23 Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care, 1 Nephrology, 2 Surgery. The Learn to Teach online training was evaluated with 4,73 and the face to face training with 4,8 (on a scale from 1–poor to 5-excellent). Training beneficiaries became the multipliers of 16 national seminars, 10 in BG and 6 in LV that reached out 620 participants (304 in BG and 316 in LV). An informal network with partners and other stakeholders has been established to encourage the continuity of this initiative. Conclusion Seeding Life is a successful initiative that provided specialized training in organ donation and transplantation to improve knowledge, skills and attitude of more than 650 participants and set the base for best practice exchange among BG, LV and SP.

Cognition in multiple sclerosis.

Cognition in multiple sclerosis.

Pediatric multiple sclerosis: epidemiology, clinical aspects, diagnosis and treatment.

Neurodegenerative Disease ManagementVol. 7, No. 6s SupplementPediatric multiple sclerosis: epidemiology, clinical aspects, diagnosis and treatmentAngelo GhezziAngelo Ghezzi*Author for correspondence: E-mail Address: angelo.ghezzi@asst-valleolona.it Centro Studi Sclerosi Multipla, Ospedale di Gallarate, Via Pastori 4, 21013, Gallarate, ItalySearch for more papers by this authorPublished Online:16 Nov 2017https://doi.org/10.2217/nmt-2017-0037AboutSectionsView ArticleView Full TextPDF/EPUB ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints ShareShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInReddit View articleKeywords: diagnosisMRIpediatric multiple sclerosisReferences1 Ghezzi A, Baroncini D, Zaffaroni M, Comi G. Pediatric versus adult MS: similar or different? Mult. Scler. Demyelinating Disord. 2, 5 (2017).Crossref, Google Scholar2 Ghezzi A. Clinical characteristics of multiple sclerosis with early onset. Neurol. Sci. 25(Suppl. 4), S336–S339 (2004).Crossref, Medline, Google Scholar3 Renoux C, Vukusic S, Mikaeloff Y et al. Natural history of multiple sclerosis with childhood onset. N. Engl. J. Med. 356(25), 2603–2613 (2007).Crossref, Medline, CAS, Google Scholar4 Polman CH, Reingold SC, Banwell B et al. Diagnostic criteria for multiple sclerosis: 2010 revisions to the McDonald criteria. Ann. Neurol. 69(2), 292–302 (2011).Crossref, Medline, Google Scholar5 Krupp LB, Tardieu M, Amato MP et al. International Pediatric Multiple Sclerosis Study Group criteria for pediatric multiple sclerosis and immune-mediated central nervous system demyelinating disorders: revisions to the 2007 definitions. Mult. Scler. 19(10), 1261–1267 (2013).Crossref, Medline, Google Scholar6 Verhey LH, Branson HM, Shroff MM et al. MRI parameters for prediction of multiple sclerosis diagnosis in children with acute CNS demyelination: a prospective national cohort study. Lancet Neurol. 10(12), 1065–1073 (2011).Crossref, Medline, Google Scholar7 Neuteboom RF, Boon M, Catsman Berrevoets CE et al. Prognostic factors after a first attack of inflammatory CNS demyelination in children. Neurology 71(13), 967–973 (2008).Crossref, Medline, CAS, Google Scholar8 Heussinger N, Kontopantelis E, Gburek-Augustat J et al. Oligoclonal bands predict multiple sclerosis in children with optic neuritis. Ann. Neurol. 77(6), 1076–1082 (2015).Crossref, Medline, Google Scholar9 Hacohen Y, Absoud M, Deiva K et al. Myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibodies are associated with a non-MS course in children. Neurol. Neuroimmunol. Neuroinflamm. 2(2), e81 (2015).Crossref, Medline, Google Scholar10 Sadaka Y, Verhey LH, Shroff MM et al. 2010 McDonald criteria for diagnosing pediatric multiple sclerosis. Ann. Neurol. 72(2), 211–223 (2012).Crossref, Medline, Google Scholar11 Ghezzi A. Randomized clinical trials (RCTs) in pediatric multiple sclerosis: are they really necessary? Mult. Scler. 23(7), 1042–1043 (2017).Crossref, Medline, Google Scholar12 Ghezzi A, Banwell B, Boyko A et al. The management of multiple sclerosis in children: a European view. Mult. Scler. 16(10), 1258–1267 (2010).Crossref, Medline, Google Scholar13 Chitnis T, Tenembaum S, Banwell B et al. Consensus statement: evaluation of new and existing therapeutics for pediatric multiple sclerosis. Mult. Scler. 18(1), 116–127 (2012).Crossref, Medline, CAS, Google ScholarFiguresReferencesRelatedDetailsCited ByObesity in Pediatric-Onset Multiple Sclerosis20 July 2021 | Neurology - Neuroimmunology Neuroinflammation, Vol. 8, No. 5Needs and Experiences of Children and Adolescents with Pediatric Multiple Sclerosis and Their Caregivers: A Systematic Review25 May 2021 | Children, Vol. 8, No. 6 Vol. 7, No. 6s Follow us on social media for the latest updates Metrics Downloaded 201 times History Received 8 September 2017 Accepted 19 September 2017 Published online 16 November 2017 Published in print November 2017 Information© 2017 Future Medicine LtdKeywordsdiagnosisMRIpediatric multiple sclerosisFinancial & competing interests disclosureA Ghezzi has received honoraria from Almirall, Biogen, Genzyme, Merck-Serono, Novartis and Teva; and speakers’ bureau from Biogen, Genzyme, Merck-Serono, Novartis and Teva. The author has no other relevant affiliations or financial involvement with any organization or entity with a financial interest in or financial conflict with the subject matter or materials discussed in the manuscript apart from those disclosed.Writing assistance was provided by Content Ed Net (Madrid, Spain), with funding from Almirall SA (Barcelona, Spain).PDF download

Identification for genetic differentiation of scots pine seedlings using hyperspectral imaging

Genetic diversity is an important component of biological diversity and therefore there are attempts to search for effective solutions that increase the effectiveness of genetic diversity assessment methods. The article represents the study that aims for genetic differentiation of Scots pine seedlings based on data, obtained using the hyperspectral imaging in the laboratory. Hyperspectral imaging is the technology that combines image and spectroscopy. Seedlings of 4 distant Scots pine populations from Lithuania (LT), Russia (RU), Spain (SP) and Finland (FIN) were selected for testing. One year old seedlings grown in containers under laboratory conditions were scanned with a hyperspectral camera with an integrated sensitive spectroscope that splits the electromagnetic radiation into 955 spectrum bands in the range of 400 to 1000 nm. The seedlings of different populations had a different reflectance intensity of the near-infrared radiation (750–955 nm). Meanwhile, in the visible spectrum area (400–700 nm) their spectral properties were similar. The Analysis of the Principal Components (PCA) showed that for the differentiating of seedling populations five spectrum bands might be used, which accumulated significant information in the range of 700–720 nm. It was found that the genetic origin classes of the Scots pine can be distinguished reliably (in 85.2% of cases) using the Discriminant Analysis of the seedling’s spectral data. The most geographically distant Spanish and Finnish populations are the most mutually separated populations. The results demonstrate the potential of defining tree genetic properties/origin remotely by using hyperspectral scanners installed in aircrafts.

Rehabilitation in multiple sclerosis: the role of tele-rehabilitation/gaming.

Neurodegenerative Disease ManagementVol. 6, No. 6s Symposium PaperRehabilitation in multiple sclerosis: the role of tele-rehabilitation/gamingMathias MäurerMathias Mäurer*Author for correspondence: E-mail Address: m.maeurer@juliusspital.de Department of Neurology, Caritas Krankenhaus Bad Mergentheim, Uhlandstraße 7, 97980 Bad Mergentheim, GermanySearch for more papers by this authorPublished Online:22 Nov 2016https://doi.org/10.2217/nmt-2016-0049AboutSectionsView ArticleView Full TextPDF/EPUB ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints ShareShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInReddit View article"Rehabilitation in multiple sclerosis: the role of tele-rehabilitation/gaming." , 6(6s), pp. 17–18Keywords: multiple sclerosistele-rehabilitationgamingReferences1 Neville LM, O'Hara B, Milat A. Computer-tailored physical activity behavior change interventions targeting adults: a systematic review. Int. J. Behav. Nutr. Phys. Act. 6, 30 (2009).Crossref, Medline, Google Scholar2 Haase R, Schultheiss T, Kempcke R, Thomas K, Ziemssen T. Use and acceptance of electronic communication by patients with multiple sclerosis: a multicenter questionnaire study. J. Med Internet. Res. 14, e135 (2012).Crossref, Medline, Google Scholar3 Marrie RA, Salter AR, Tyry T, Fox RJ, Cutter GR. Preferred sources of health information in persons with multiple sclerosis: degree of trust and information sought. J. Med. Internet Res. 15, e67 (2013).Crossref, Medline, Google Scholar4 Sweet SN, Perrier MJ, Podzyhun C, Latimer-Cheung AE. Identifying physical activity information needs and preferred methods of delivery of people with multiple sclerosis. Disabil. Rehabil. 35, 2056–2063 (2013).Crossref, Medline, Google Scholar5 Motl RW, Dlugonski D, Wójcicki TR, McAuley E, Mohr DC. Internet intervention for increasing physical activity in persons with multiple sclerosis. Mult. Scler. 17, 116–128 (2011).Crossref, Medline, Google Scholar6 Tallner A, Pfeifer K, Mäurer M. Web-based interventions in multiple sclerosis: the potential of tele-rehabilitation. Ther. Adv. Neurol. Disord. 9, 327–335 (2016).Crossref, Medline, Google Scholar7 Frevel D, Mäurer M. Internet-based home training is capable to improve balance in multiple sclerosis: a randomized controlled trial. Eur. J. Phys. Rehabil. Med. 51, 23–30 (2015).Medline, CAS, Google Scholar8 Lyons EJ, Hatkevich C. Prevalence of behavior changing strategies in fitness video games: theory-based content analysis. J. Med Internet. Res. 15, e81 (2013).Crossref, Medline, Google ScholarFiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Vol. 6, No. 6s Follow us on social media for the latest updates Metrics Downloaded 57 times History Published online 22 November 2016 Published in print December 2016 Information© Future Medicine LtdKeywordsmultiple sclerosistele-rehabilitationgamingFinancial & competing interests disclosureM Mäurer has received honoraria for lecturing, travel expenses for attending meetings and financial support for research from: Almirall, Bayer Health Care, Böhringer Ingelheim, Biogen, Genzmye/SanofiAventis, MerckSerono, Novartis, Roche, Talecris and Teva. M Mäurer serves on a steering committee for Biogen and Novartis and is a consultant for Biogen, Genzyme and Roche. The author has no other relevant affiliations or financial involvement with any organization or entity with a financial interest in or financial conflict with the subject matter or materials discussed in the manuscript apart from those disclosed.Writing assistance was utilized in the production of this manuscript. Writing assistance was provided by Content Ed Net (Madrid, Spain), with funding from Almirall SA (Barcelona, Spain).PDF download

Web-based medical and health information in multiple sclerosis: for patients and physicians.

Neurodegenerative Disease ManagementVol. 6, No. 6s Symposium PaperWeb-based medical and health information in multiple sclerosis: for patients and physiciansAlessandra SolariAlessandra Solari*Author for correspondence: E-mail Address: Alessandra.Solari@istituto-besta.it Unit of Neuroepidemiology, Foundation IRCCS Neurological Institute C. Besta, Milan, ItalySearch for more papers by this authorPublished Online:22 Nov 2016https://doi.org/10.2217/nmt-2016-0050AboutSectionsView ArticleView Full TextPDF/EPUB ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints ShareShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInReddit View articleKeywords: decision aidsmultiple sclerosispatientsself-managementshared decision makingweb resourcesReferences1 Lejbkowicz I, Paperna T, Stein N, Dishon S, Miller A. Internet usage by patients with multiple sclerosis: implications to participatory medicine and personalized healthcare. Mult. Scler. Int. 2010, 640749 (2010).Medline, Google Scholar2 Solari A, Giordano A, Kasper J et al. Role preferences of people with multiple sclerosis: image-revised, computerized self-administered version of the Control Preference Scale. PLoS ONE 8, e66127 (2013).Crossref, Medline, CAS, Google Scholar3 Pietrolongo E, Giordano A, Kleinefeld M et al. Decision-making in multiple sclerosis consultations in Italy: third observer and patient assessments. PLoS ONE 8, e60721 (2013).Crossref, Medline, CAS, Google Scholar4 Holmes-Rovner M. International Patient Decision Aid Standards (IPDAS): beyond decision aids to usual design of patient education materials. Health Expect. 10, 103–107 (2007).Crossref, Medline, Google Scholar5 International patient decision aid standards (IPDAS). www.ipdas.ohri.ca.Google Scholar6 Stacey D, Bennett CL, Barry MJ et al. Decision aids for people facing health treatment or screening decisions. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. 10, CD001431 (2011).Google Scholar7 Köpke S, Solari A, Khan F, Heesen C, Giordano A. Information provision for people with multiple sclerosis. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. 4, CD008757 (2014).Google Scholar8 Solari A, Martinelli V, Trojano M et al. An information aid for newly diagnosed multiple sclerosis patients improves disease knowledge and satisfaction with care. Mult. Scler. 16, 1393–1405 (2010).Crossref, Medline, CAS, Google Scholar9 Giordano A, Lugaresi A, Confalonieri P et al. Implementation of the ‘Sapere Migliora’ information aid for newly diagnosed people with multiple sclerosis in routine clinical practice: a late-phase controlled trial. Mult. Scler. 20, 1234–1243 (2014).Crossref, Medline, CAS, Google Scholar10 Galea I, Lederer C, Neuhaus A et al. A web-based tool for personalized prediction of long-term disease course in patients with multiple sclerosis. Eur. J. Neurol. 20, 1107–1109 (2013).Crossref, Medline, CAS, Google Scholar11 Colombo C, Filippini G, Synnot A et al. Development and assessment of a website presenting evidence-based information for people with multiple sclerosis: the IN-DEEP project. BMC Neurol. 16, 30 (2016).Crossref, Medline, Google Scholar12 MS Decisions. www.msdecisions.org.uk.Google Scholar13 Healthwise: Health Content and Patient Education Solutions. www.healthwise.org.Google Scholar14 PatientsLikeMe: Live better, together! www.patientslikeme.com.Google Scholar15 Khan F, Amatya B, Kesselring J, Galea M. Telerehabilitation for persons with multiple sclerosis. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. (4), CD010508 (2015).Medline, Google ScholarFiguresReferencesRelatedDetailsCited ByAdvance Care Planning in Neurodegenerative Disorders: A Scoping Review12 January 2022 | International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, Vol. 19, No. 2RebiQoL: A randomized trial of telemedicine patient support program for health-related quality of life and adherence in people with MS treated with Rebif5 July 2019 | PLOS ONE, Vol. 14, No. 7 Vol. 6, No. 6s Follow us on social media for the latest updates Metrics Downloaded 69 times History Published online 22 November 2016 Published in print December 2016 Information© Future Medicine LtdKeywordsdecision aidsmultiple sclerosispatientsself-managementshared decision makingweb resourcesFinancial & competing interests disclosureA Solari is an advisory board member for Genzyme, Merck Serono and Novartis; and has received honoraria for lecturing from Almirall, Biogen, Excemed, Genzyme, Novartis and Teva. The author has no other relevant affiliations or financial involvement with any organization or entity with a financial interest in or financial conflict with the subject matter or materials discussed in the manuscript apart from those disclosed.Writing assistance was utilized in the production of this manuscript. Writing assistance was provided by Content Ed Net (Madrid, Spain), with funding from Almirall SA (Barcelona, Spain).PDF download

2016 Multiple Sclerosis Experts Summit: Foreword

Neurodegenerative Disease ManagementVol. 6, No. 6s Foreword2016 Multiple Sclerosis Experts Summit: ForewordAngelo GhezziAngelo Ghezzi*Author for correspondence: E-mail Address: angelo.ghezzi@asst-valleolona.it Neurologia 2, Centro Studi Sclerosi Multipla, Gallarate Hospital, Gallarate, ItalySearch for more papers by this authorPublished Online:22 Nov 2016https://doi.org/10.2217/nmt-2016-0045AboutSectionsView ArticleView Full TextPDF/EPUB ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints ShareShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInReddit View article"2016 Multiple Sclerosis Experts Summit: Foreword." , 6(6s), pp. 1–2Keywords: managementMS nursemultiple sclerosisspasticitytechnologyFiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Vol. 6, No. 6s Follow us on social media for the latest updates Metrics Downloaded 37 times History Published online 22 November 2016 Published in print December 2016 Information© Future Medicine LtdKeywordsmanagementMS nursemultiple sclerosisspasticitytechnologyFinancial & competing interests disclosureA Ghezzi has received honoraria for consulting from Biogen Idec, Genzyme, Merck Serono, Novartis and Teva Pharmaceutical Industries Ltd.; has received honoraria for speaking from Almirall, Biogen Idec, Genzyme, Merck Serono, Novartis and Teva. The author has no other relevant affiliations or financial involvement with any organization or entity with a financial interest in or financial conflict with the subject matter or materials discussed in the manuscript apart from those disclosed.Writing assistance was utilized in the production of this manuscript. Writing assistance was provided by Content Ed Net (Madrid, Spain), with funding from Almirall SA (Barcelona, Spain).PDF download

Explosivos Alaveses SA (Spain) v. United Management Chile Limited, Court of Cassation of Abu Dhabi, Cassation No. 679/2010 Commercial, 16 June 2011 (Arabic Original)

"The United Arab Emirates (UAE) has become bound - after its accession to the New York Convention of 1958 - to recognize foreign arbitral awards as binding awards and to enforce such awards according to the rules of procedure adopted in the State and in accordance with the conditions set forth in Article V of the Convention, and not to impose more stringent conditions on the enforcement of foreign arbitral awards than those imposed on the enforcement of arbitral awards rendered within the State." "The provisions of treaties or ratified international conventions concluded between the UAE and foreign countries shall be applicable regarding the enforcement of foreign judgments and arbitral awards, even if the conditions mentioned in Article 235 of the Code of Civil Procedure are not met."

Explosivos Alaveses SA (Spain) v. United Management Chile Limited, Court of Cassation of Abu Dhabi, Cassation No. 679/2010 Commercial, 16 June 2011 (English Translation)

"The United Arab Emirates (UAE) has become bound - after its accession to the New York Convention of 1958 - to recognize foreign arbitral awards as binding awards and to enforce such awards according to the rules of procedure adopted in the State and in accordance with the conditions set forth in Article V of the Convention, and not to impose more stringent conditions on the enforcement of foreign arbitral awards than those imposed on the enforcement of arbitral awards rendered within the State." "The provisions of treaties or ratified international conventions concluded between the UAE and foreign countries shall be applicable regarding the enforcement of foreign judgments and arbitral awards, even if the conditions mentioned in Article 235 of the Code of Civil Procedure are not met."

Time Savings With Rituximab Subcutaneous (SC) Injection Vs Rituximab Intravenous (IV) Infusion: Final Analysis From a Time-and-Motion Study In 8 Countries

BackgroundRituximab (MabThera®; Rituxan®) is the standard treatment for indolent non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (iNHL). Results from the phase 3 SABRINA study (NCT01200758) showed that a fixed-dose subcutaneous (SC) formulation of rituximab shortened administration time without compromising efficacy or safety compared with intravenous (IV) infusion of rituximab. A switch to the SC formulation is expected to offer healthcare professionals (HCP) time and cost savings. AimsThis study aims to quantify resource utilization in terms of active HCP time (ie, time actively dedicated to a patient) and chair time related to rituximab SC vs rituximab IV in the treatment of patients with iNHL and to estimate potential time and cost savings for the conversion from IV to SC (per administration session and for the first year of treatment). MethodsThis is a multinational, multicenter, prospective, observational time and motion study. Data for rituximab SC injections were collected alongside the MABCUTE (MO25455; NCT01461928) trial, while data for rituximab IV infusions were collected in a real-world setting in the same data collection period and in 23 centers in Italy (IT), Russia (RU), Slovenia (SL), United Kingdom (UK), Spain (SP), France (FR), Austria (AU), and Brazil (BR). Following interviews with a nurse and pharmacy member in each center, generic case report forms for IV, SC, and drug preparation area (including pharmacy) processes were tailored to reflect local site practices. Trained observers recorded both the time that HCPs were actively completing prespecified tasks (using a stopwatch), and patient chair time (based on length of time between patients entering and exiting chairs). This is a descriptive study with convenience-based sample sizes. A random effects regression model was run for each task (pooled sample by country) to generate task mean and 95% confidence interval (CI) using appropriate distributions. IV vs SC process time per patient was calculated as the sum of the mean task times. ResultsThe difference in mean active HCP time saved by switching from rituximab IV to rituximab SC ranged from 6.8 min in AU to 38.4 min in the UK (Table 1). The proportionate reduction in mean HCP time ranged from 27% in SP to 57% in RU. The mean time saved (% reduction) in the treatment room ranged from 0.3 min (2%) in SP to 25.4 min (63%) in the UK. Over the course of the first-year of treatment (6 induction and 3 maintenance sessions), the estimated reduction in total HCP time associated with the switch ranged from 0.9 hr in AU to 5.1 hr in the UK. The differences in mean chair time saved with SC over IV administration ranged from 126.1 min in SL (64%) to 280.1 min (86%) in IT. Simulating these findings for a hypothetical center treating 50 patients for 9 sessions annually indicated that the amount of chair time freed would range from 105.1 (SL) to 233.4 (IT) 8-hour days. Staff opportunity cost estimates will be presented at the conference. ConclusionsThe current analysis indicates that a switch from rituximab IV to rituximab SC leads to a substantial reduction in administration chair time and in active HCP time. These time savings could allow more time to be used for other patient care activities, increasing the number of patients who could be treated and thus increasing the overall efficiency of treatment centers. Disclosures:De Cock:F. Hoffman-La Roche Ltd: Consultancy, Research Funding. Kritikou:F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd: Consultancy, Research Funding. Tao:F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd: Consultancy, Research Funding. Wiesner:Genentech: Employment. Off Label Use: Rituximab, administered as an IV infusion, is approved for use in a number of hematologic indications. The data presented here assess a subcutaneous approach to rituximab administration in patients with indolent Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma.

A randomized, double-blind, multiple-dose, placebo-controlled, dose escalation study with a 3-cohort parallel group design to investigate the tolerability and pharmacokinetics of albaconazole in healthy subjects.

Albaconazole is a triazole antifungal agent discovered at Palau Pharma SA (Barcelona, Spain) and currently being developed for the treatment of fungal infections of the nails. This randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 1 study evaluated the safety, tolerability, pharmacokinetics, and effects on electrocardiogram parameters of albaconazole administered orally at escalating supratherapeutic doses. Healthy subjects received 400 mg albaconazole every 24, 12, or 8 hours for 5 days. Albaconazole was absorbed rapidly (2.5-22.5 hours) after oral administration, reaching a maximal mean peak plasma concentration of 11,993.3 ng/mL (standard deviation [SD], 2,413.85 ng/mL) after 5 days of dosing every 8 hours. Systemic exposure of albaconazole increased proportionally with dose frequency. Albaconazole was safe and well tolerated at all doses administered. No significant changes in ECG intervals or morphology were observed. In none of the three dosing groups was the slope of a study-specific correction for QT interval (QTcSS) on log plasma concentration statistically different from 0. The results of this study were to be used to inform the design of a thorough QT study using supratherapeutic doses. A dose regimen of 400 mg, every 8 hours for 5 days appears suitable for this purpose.

SAT0542 European Chart Review Study on Early Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA): Patient Profile and Biologic Treatment Patterns

BackgroundThe availability of new biologic treatments that directly target components of the RA inflammatory cascade had transformed management of this disease over the last 10 years. While these agents have...

AB0790 Clinical characteristics, treatment patterns and disease control among patients with systemic lupus erythematosus receiving steroid-containing standard care regimens in germany, france and spain.

BackgroundCorticosteroids (CCS) are a cornerstone of current treatment regimens in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE). However, increasing evidence points to their significant contribution to medium-to-long term organ damage.ObjectivesTo assess the clinical...

Determination of heavy metal content and lipid profiles in mussel extracts from two sites on the moroccan atlantic coast and evaluation of their biological activities on MIN6 pancreatic cells

Mussels may concentrate pollutants, with possibly significant side effects on human health. Therefore, mussels (Mytilus galloprovincialis) from two sites of the Moroccan Atlantic coast (Jorf Lasfar [JL], an industrial site, and Oualidia [OL], a vegetable-growing area), were subjected to biochemical analyses to quantify the presence of heavy metals (Cd, Cr, and Pb) and to establish the lipid profile: fatty acid, cholesterol, oxysterol, phytosterol and phospholipid content. In addition, mussel lipid extracts known to accumulate numerous toxic components were tested on murine pancreatic β-cells (MIN6), and their biological activities were measured with various flow cytometric and biochemical methods to determine their impacts on cell death induction, organelle dysfunctions (mitochondria, lysosomes, and peroxisomes), oxidative stress and insulin secretion. The characteristics of JL and OL lipid extracts were compared with those of commercially available mussels from Spain (SP) used for human consumption. OL and JL contained heavy metals, high amounts of phospholipids, and high levels of oxysterols; the [(unsaturated fatty acids)/(saturated fatty acids)] ratio, which can be considered a sign of environmental stress leading to lipid peroxidation, was low. On MIN6 cells, JL and OL lipid extracts were able to trigger cell death. This event was associated with overproduction of H2 O2 , increased catalase activity, a decreased GSH level, lipid peroxidation and stimulation of insulin secretion. These effects were not observed with SP lipid extracts. These data suggest that some components from OL and JL lipid extracts might predispose to pancreatic dysfunctions. Epidemiological studies would be needed to assess the global risk on human health and the metabolic disease incidence in a context of regular seafood consumption from the OL and JL areas.

Teaching how to Look at and View Bodies within Literature

This paper focuses on how to initiate discussions of the regulatory gaze in primary school classrooms through the study of characters in literature. It specifically focuses on two renowned characters in Spanish literature: Xo la (Bernardo At xaga) and Iholdi (Mariasun Landa). These characters are co mposed of a chorus of looks which in turn also look. We shall carefully reflect upon these looks and discuss how we see others, how others see us, and how we would like others to see us. 1. Conceptualisation and Introduction This paper agrees with the theoretical basis of feminist anthropology's claims concerning inequality. The theory holds that the hierarchy between the sexes is the cornerstone of a social order initially dictated by nature, subsequently ratified by customs, and finally leg islated in law. In this regard, the law takes on board the thesis that an attack on a wo man is structural vio lence based on standards and values, on the grounds of unequal hierarchised relations between the sexes. In connect ion with th is structural vio lence, in recent decades the Basque Country (Sp ain) has been heav ily med iatised due to political violence, whereas sexist violence has been silenced even though it has been generated in the same proportion as in the rest of the Spanish State. These two types of violence in the Basque Country match what researcher Johan Galtung defined as instances of structural vio lence. Whe n there is an intent io nal perp et rato r of violence, Galtung defines this as direct violence; when there is no such perpetrator, he defines it as structural or ind irect violence, a type of vio lence arising fro m the structure of society itself. Beh ind these types of v io lence lies the symbolic cultural vio lence present in religion, language, ideology, art, science, law, the media and also in education. The funct ion is qu ite simp le - leg it imis ing d irect and structural v iolence. Thus the patriarchy institutionalises male do minance in vert ical structu res, with ext remely strong correlations between gender and position, legit imised

The Mitochondria Free Iron Content to Limit an Isotope Effect of 25Mg2+ in ATP Synthesis: A caution

Sir: The Mg-promoted magnetic isotope effect (MIE), that is a nuclear spin selective over-activation of mitochondrial ATP synthesis by Mg nuclei, has been first discovered and originally described in a pioneer work by Buchachenko et al. [1] published in Cell Biochem. Biophys. back in 2005. Since then, a number of subsequent studies were uncovering some details of its ion–radical mechanism [2–5] with emphasize on potential medicinal applications due to both in vitro and in vivo experiments [6–9]. Obviously, a nuclear–magnetic control over the metal dependent enzymatic catalysis might be affected by traces of any other than Mg magnetic (paramagnetic, ferromagnetic) bivalent cations. In general, a possibility of the nucleotide phosphorylation dysfunctions caused by changes in intra-mitochondrial free metal cations pool was in fact ‘‘stated for alert’’ long ago [10]. As per the role of iron as a powerful suppressor for Mg-MIE in the nucleotidyl kinases directed ATP formation, this became clear just recently [5, 11]. Being attractive to pharmacologists [4, 6–8] and biotechnologists [12], Mg-MIE deserves to be specifically tested for its dependence on iron traces in situ. So we have investigated a correlation between the contents of free Fe in mitochondria isolated from several rat tissues (iron– lacking media employed), and the ATP synthesis rates estimated using these mitochondria in vitro respiration systems [13] in the presence of optimal (20 mM MgCl2) concentrations of either magnetic (Mg) or non-magnetic (Mg) ions [1, 3]. Both A grade isotopes with the enrichment level of not less than 96.4 % were purchased from Gamma Lab SA (Alicante, Spain). ATP synthesis rates were estimated by [p] orthophosphate (6.78–8.45 Ci/mmol, Amersham Radiochemical Centre, UK) incorporation in to de novo synthesized ATP [1] in the in vitro ‘‘breathing’’ mitochondria [13]. Mitochondria were isolated from the following rat tissues: spleen [14], liver [15], skeletal muscles [16], heart muscle [17], kidneys [18], and brain [19]. To get the intra– mitochondrial free iron pool samples, the pre-washed mitochondria pellets were first subjected to Triton X-100/ acetone treatment and then to a triple acetone–extraction of the total low molecular weight compounds fraction [1]. The resulting samples were used to measure the Fe content values by the energy–dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometry with a Fe–Zr performance element range employing the XEPOS–HE analytical system (SPECTRO Analytical Instruments, GmbH, Kleve, Germany). As seen from the data obtained (Table. 1), the endogenous mitochondrial-free iron pool level is no doubt critical for ‘‘turning on–off’’ the Mg-magnetic isotope effect expressing in a whole integrative (unbroken) mitochondria, i.e., within their ATP–synthesizing machinery. A. A. Svistunov Y. K. Napolov A. A. Bukhvostov (&) Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, I. M. Sechenov Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia e-mail: tanzbukh@gmail.com

Webliografía sobre salud para adolescentes y jóvenes

Aims To identify health Websites in Spanish on adolescence and youth and to assess the adequacy of their codes of conduct. Methods Cross sectional study of the adequacy of codes of conduct, identified in the same way as young people tend to look on the Internet (search engines). Websites have been independently assessed using a questionnaire by 3 evaluators. Dimensions: 1) accountability, 2) transparency and honesty, 3) author, 4) editorial policy, 5) protection of personal data, 6) updating of information and accessibility. A descriptive analysis was performed and the kappa coefficient was estimated to assess the correlation between evaluators. Results A total of 66.7% of Websites had Spanish suppliers. There were 13 Websites (30.9%) with high compliance: Information for adolescents from the Spanish Association of Pediatrics (Spain), Health Center Manuel Merino Alcala de Henares (Spain), State Family Planning Federation (Spain), Webteens of the Generalitat Catalonia (Spain), Young Information Institutes Health (USA), Information on Female teenagers (USA), Information doctors and educators on type I diabetes (Spain), occupational asthma Portal (10 countries), teenage Information Puleva Group (Spain), Information bulimia and anorexia of the Community of Madrid (Spain), Health of adolescence PulsoMed, SA (Spain), American Association of Family Physicians (USA) and Information for young people from the Mapfre Health Fund (Spain). The worst dimension was updating of information (57.1% with low fullfilment) and protection of personal data, 21% with low fullfilment. The level of concordance between observers was considerable. Conclusions A list was obtained of websites with health information on adolescence and youth, with variability in adequacy in codes of conduct.

Synthesis of high ion exchange zeolites from coal fly ash

This study focuses on the synthesis at a pilot plant scale of zeolitic material obtained from the coal fly ashes of the Teruel and Narcea power plants in Spain. After the optimisation of the synthesis parameters at laboratory scale, the Teruel and Narcea fly ashes were selected as low and high glass fly ashes. The pilot plant scale experiments were carried out in a 10 m3 reactor of Clariant SA (Barcelona, Spain). The results allowed obtaining 1.1 and 2.2 tonnes of zeolitic material with 40 and 55% of NaP1 content, in two single batch experiments of 24 and 8 hours, for Teruel and Narcea fly ashes, respectively. The cation exchange capacities (CEC) of the final product reached 2.0 and 2.7 meq g-1 for Teruel and Narcea zeolitic material, respectively, which are very close to the usual values reached by the high quality natural zeolitic products. Finally, with the aim of testing possible applications of the commercial NaP1-IQE and pilot plant NaP1-Narcea zeolitic products in water decontamination, efficiency for metal uptake from waste waters from electroplating baths was investigated

Separating the chance effect from other diversity effects in the functioning of plant communities

The effect of plant species diversity on productivity and competitive ability was studied in an experiment carried out simultaneously in five European countries: Czech Republic (CZ), the Netherlands (NL), Sweden (SE), Spain (SP), and United Kingdom (UK). The aim was to separate the ‘chance’ or ‘sampling effect’ (increasing the number of sown species increases the probability that a species able ‘to do a job’ will be included) from the complementarity effect (species‐rich communities are better able to exploit resources and to take care of ecosystem functions than species‐poor communities). In the experiment, low diversity (LD) and high diversity (HD) mixtures of grassland species were sown into fields taken out of arable cultivation. The HD mixture consisted of five grass species, five legumes and five other forbs. The LD mixtures consisted of two grasses, one legume and one other forb, with different plant species combinations in each replicate block. The design of the experiment was constructed in such a way that the total number of seeds of each species over all the replications was exactly the same in HD and LD treatments, and the total number of grass seeds, leguminous seeds and other forb seeds were the same in both LD and HD. The responses measured were the total above‐ground biomass (as a measure of productivity) and the average number of naturally establishing species in a plot (as a measure of the competitive ability of the mixture), both measured in the third year of the experiment. The results show that, on average, the HD plots performed better (i.e., attained higher biomass, had better weed suppression), but that the best LD mixture was as good as the best HD mixture. On the contrary, the worst LD mixture was always less successful than the worst HD replicate. The performance of particular species in the HD mixtures was a good predictor of the success of a certain species combination in a LD mixture (explaining 61% of variability between particular LD mixtures). In all sites, the LD mixture composed of species which were the most abundant in HD mixtures was as efficient in suppressing weeds as the HD mixture itself. It is argued that the performance of a species assemblage is influenced mostly by the identity of species and the diversity effect is mainly due to the ‘chance’ or ‘sampling’ effect: with increasing number of species the probability that an important species will be included in the mixture increases. Caution is urged in interpreting experiments with manipulated diversity and the possible limitations of such experiments are discussed.