Space In Town Research Articles

Review: Building Anglo-Saxon England, by John Blair

John Blair Building Anglo-Saxon England Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 2018, 471 pp., 109 color and 43 b/w illus. $49.95 (cloth), ISBN 9780691162980 “One of the most intractable problems in the whole range of early medieval studies concerns the dwellings of the Anglo-Saxons. It is generally agreed that they were of wood and that no example survives above ground. Beyond this the student must rely on incidental references in the literature and on the scanty data provided by excavation.” C. A. R. Radford's opening remarks on the Anglo-Saxon house in the inaugural issue of Medieval Archaeology (1957) belong to another age.1 In the sixty years since Radford wrote, archaeology has revolutionized our understanding of Anglo-Saxon architecture. This much is clear from John Blair's majestic new book, Building Anglo-Saxon England . The amount of archaeological evidence and scholarship amassed since 1957 is remarkable, and Blair uses it and his subject to advance a new history of Anglo-Saxon England. The result promises myriad new directions for Anglo-Saxon studies. A tacit objective of Blair's book is to revisit W. G. Hoskins's The Making of the English Landscape (1955)—a canonical interpretation of England's topographical history.2 In Blair's view, Anglo-Saxons “behaved within constructed space : the rural space of farms, the ritual space of holy landscapes, the administrative and defensive space of forts and installations, the hierarchical space of great halls and proto-manorial sites, the commercial space of towns” (3). As with Anglo-Saxon England's other art forms, Blair argues, the approach to architecture was distinctive and elegant. This assertion diverges boldly both from Hoskins and from prevailing postmodern and postprocessual approaches that echo art historians such as Erwin Panofsky and Walter Horn, who before and just after World War II outlined programmatic and guiding ideas for understanding and studying the Continental Carolingian Renaissance. The most innovative …

War in the Classroom: The Materiality of Educational Spaces in the French Front-line Towns, 1914–1920

ABSTRACT This article explores the materiality of educational spaces in towns near the Western Front, and examines how military violence shaped representations and experiences of childhood. Educators, local officials and parents conceptualised schools as safe spaces where education could continue normally, and where children could do a national duty by studying under fire. This required material changes, with schools moved underground and gas masks distributed. But despite these changes, war was traumatic for these children, as their post-war writings demonstrate. This article reveals a deep tension between the wartime militarisation of childhood, and the desire to keep young people safe.

Livelihoods with multiple stressors: Gendered youth decision-making under global change in rural Northwest Mexico

Livelihoods in rural communities have become increasingly complex due to rapidly changing socio-economic and environmental forces, with differing impacts on and responses by female and male youth. This study contributes to feminist political ecology through an explicit focus on youth and an examination of the intersections of age and gender in educational choices, livelihood systems, and human–environment interactions. We undertake double exposures analysis to explore female and male youths’ livelihood-related decision-making in Rayón, a semi-arid rural community in Northwest Mexico, undergoing global environmental change and globalization-related shifts in agriculture, climate, water, and socio-economic conditions. Global environmental change exacerbates an already fragile, local ecological context. A focus on gender issues among youth in three age categories (14–15, 16–19, and youth in their 20s) with respect to their decision-making concerning the future is critical to gaining a better understanding of the roles women and men will play in linked agricultural and non-agricultural, rural to urban livelihood systems. Agricultural employment increasingly includes global agribusiness where local youth compete with people from other areas. Access to employment, education, as well as water and land resources varied by gender, age, and social class, and played significant roles in livelihood diversification and migration decisions and outcomes. Mothers’ access to government assistance for their natural resource-based livelihoods positively impacted daughters’ opportunities. Educational curricula failed to link environmental change with local livelihoods and to prepare students for urban careers. This study offers insights related to female and male youths’ needs associated with environmental education, technology access, job training, and child and sibling care in order for them to more successfully confront the future across village, town, and city spaces.

A feira como lugar de memória: imagem, patrimônio e tradição na produção do espaço geográfico

A feira livre resiste no tempo contribuindo diariamente para o fazer da cidade no que diz respeito a produção do espaço. O presente trabalho nasceu de uma pesquisa, ainda em andamento, sobre a produção do espaço geográfico de Vitória da Conquista, situada no Sudoeste da Bahia, por meio da leitura de fotografias da feira do Ceasa na cidade e das memórias dos sujeitos sociais sobre esse espaço. O estudo tem possibilitado a compreensão de como os espaços da cidade vão se ressignificando à medida que se desenvolvem atividades culturais, econômicas e sociais, e como a feira reforça as tradições e as relações sociais, tornando-se forte como representação de lugar de memória e como patrimônio cultural material e imaterial da cidade.

A Pan-African Space in Cape Town? The Chimurenga Archive of Pan-African Festivals

ABSTRACT Created in 2002 in Cape Town by Ntone Edjabe, Chimurenga is a multidimensional project that combines a print magazine, a workspace, a platform for editorial and curatorial activities, an online library, and a radio station (the Pan-African Space Station). Based on collaborative ethnographic research with the Chimurenga team, this paper discusses the collection, production and creation of an archive about Pan-African festivals that this collective has developed through their cultural activities. After a brief overview of Festival of Black Arts and Culture (FESTAC) which took place in Lagos in 1977, and the history of Pan-African festivals, I describe the materials collected by Chimurenga and the projects in which they have participated. By following the travelling routes which have led to this informal and unstable collection of materials, I highlight how Chimurenga’s work contributes to challenging the idea of the archive, transformed through their practice into a dynamic and generative medium. I consider how the archive and memory of FESTAC is spread by Chimurenga in global and local spheres, and how it is used to produce new cultural and art forms in the present day, scrambling boundaries between past, present and future to perform a Pan-African transtemporal space in South Africa.

Gene-Syntax Approach to Protection and Planning of the Grand Canal Ancient Town: The Case of Dongpu Ancient Town

With the advancement of new urbanization and the success of the Canal heritage application, Canal ancient town as a special type of small town has received increasing attention. This paper looks at Dongpu ancient town's space protection and its organic renewal, and tentatively proposes the Gene-Syntax research approach. First, drawing on Space syntax and its computation software Depthmap, the paper employs axis method to compute the core integration of Dongpu ancient town. This helps to identify the area with the highest degree of core integration in Dongpu ancient town. Second, by reviewing the inheritance principles of the Cultural Genes of Dongpu ancient town, the paper identifies the area with the most 'goodness-of-fit' within Dongpu ancient town. The paper points out the direction of ancient town protection and renewal, and contributes to exploratory research on the cultural rejuvenation of ancient town.

All Manner of Evil Spoken Falsely

Abstract This article uses archival sources and secondary sources to argue that narratives from various pentecostal church presses reflected shifts in the broader understanding of homosexuality when discussing the 1907 arrest of pentecostal founder Charles Fox Parham for “unnatural offenses.” In the early 1900s, gay men were free to pursue other men in separate spaces of towns and were generally left alone as long as they did not attract attention. Although there was growing recognition that homosexuality might be a matter of biology, the more popular literature on the topic through the 1920s proclaimed that homosexuality was a choice, influenced by environmental factors. Pentecostalism was then in its infancy, and two schools of thought became prevalent regarding Parham’s arrest: there were those like his wife, who denied the truth of the matter, and those like his protégé Howard Goss, who believed that the behavior was a temporary failing, not a permanent tendency. During World War II and the Cold War, beliefs about the causes of homosexuality shifted again, and as the gay rights movements flourished and the field of pentecostal history became professionalized, authors tended to examine the details of the incident rather than draw conclusions about the accusations. This examination of pentecostal narratives demonstrates the power that narrators have either to emphasize or to minimize certain details, allowing them to shape the reputations of leaders of the movement.

SUSTAINABILITY IN ARCHITECTURE AND PLANNING: CONSUMPTION AND BEHAVIOR

In an era of population growth, increasing economic competition and environmental challenges, planning is essential for the well-being of our communities. This notion of sustainable development has been emerging over the past few decades as a new requirement for urban sectors, that involves conceptual fundamentals and implementations as applied to land-use, transport, infrastructure and planning .It is the process of shaping the three-dimensional spaces in cities, towns and villages which concerns the environmental, social and economic factors. An expansive sustainability planning process tends to drive various opportunities to amplify the living quality of the communities around and provides an access to clean air and water, thus promoting citizen engagement and a healthier community. The purpose is to evaluate the relationship between the neighborhoods, the built environment and the community, dealing with issues in the process of developing important strategies, policies and development plans at urban/municipal levels to pave the way for sustainable cities. In significantly represented portion of developing countries, City Development Strategies (CDS) is an emerging strategic urban planning approach to maintain sustainability.

Сучасні проблеми створення та утримання зелених насаджень у населених пунктах України

Проаналізовано сучасні проблеми створення і утримання багаторічних зелених насаджень у населених пунктах України. Показано, що в умовах глобального потепління кліматорегулювальна роль та містотвірне і декоративне значення деревних насаджень, розташованих у містах, зростають. Встановлено, що основними чинниками, що впливають на стан багаторічних насаджень, є: старіння дерев та кущів, масове заселення багатьох видів Viscum album, самосійне поширення адвентивних видів рослин, масове порушення "Правил утримання зелених насаджень", інвазії шкідливих організмів, погіршення кліматичних умов. Існуючі проблеми зумовлені нормативно-правовими, фінансовими, організаційними, екологічними, біологічними, науковими, кадровими, культурно-історичними, ментальними причинами. Проведений аналіз причинно-наслідкових зв'язків причин і наслідків дав змогу запропонувати комплекс заходів, реалізація яких сприятиме вирішенню існуючих проблем. Зокрема запропоновано на законодавчому рівні закріпити охоронний статус міських зелених насаджень, визначити їхні площі, провести інвентаризацію та закріпити за балансокористувачами. Внесено пропозиції щодо покращення перспективного та поточного планування, поліпшення кадрового забезпечення та рівня наукових досліджень. Необхідно організувати постійний науковий моніторинг стану довкілля і насаджень як основи ефективних заходів, спрямованих на поліпшення стану насаджень. Наголошено на необхідності врахування культурно-історичних особливостей та ментальності населення різних регіонів України під час озеленення міського середовища.

Reinstanation the Significance of City Main Public Space - Revitalization of the Main Square in Polaniec

The aim of the conducted research is to analyse the changes taking place in the public spaces of small towns of South-Eastern Poland and their impact on the residents’ awareness and the sense of local identity. The analysis included the actual state “before” and “after” the revitalization carried out, as well as the study of planning and strategic documents. Połaniec was the subject of the research, among others. In its history, the town has been repeatedly destroyed, among others as a result of war and natural disasters. Thanks to the residents who have always been strongly connected with the town, Połaniec was rebuilt every time. The locality alternately gained and lost municipal rights, and finally, in 1980, become recognized as a town. The granting of city rights was closely related to the rapid development of Połaniec, caused by the construction of a power plant in nearby Zawada. In the seventies, eighties and nineties of the XX century, new large housing estates and service facilities were built in Połaniec. During this period, the most intense development of the city took place. Public spaces, like, “Promenade” at the shopping pavilion along Kościuszki Street and a “traffic town” have arisen. The main square - the heart of the medieval Połaniec - in the 60s of the twentieth century was transformed into a communication node, thanks to which the town lost its main representative space. In addition, the service functions that so far have been focused within the market have been taken over by the pavilions built at Kosciuszko Street. Cultural events, since 1994 have been transferred to the concert shell. In 2008, the Połaniecka Gallery was opened, creating a potential representative space of the city. It was only within the framework of the Local Program for the Revitalization of the City and Municipality of Połaniec for the years 2007-2013 the funds were found for restoration the proper status of the main square. In 2009-2010, the reconstruction was carried out and the former - the representative character of the square (now Połaniecki Square) was recovered, at least partially. Raising the quality of the town’s representative space resulted in an increase in the sense of local identity of the residents, which have an effect of, among others, renovation of the majority of the facade of the market buildings, which further contributed to the improvement of the quality of the town square. A successful revitalization process can take place only when it is conducted comprehensively. Restoring the rank of the Połaniec market, high awareness and a sense of responsibility for “their” town among the residents, resulted in a living, attractive space that became the showcase of Połaniec.

Rethinking the Public Realm: Behaviour Settings in Malaysian Cities

The most extraordinary and satisfying spaces in cities and towns throughout the world have often been created, not by city planners, urban-designers/architects and engineers, but by communities, working within a vernacular tradition. Since the mid-20th century academics, researchers and practitioners have been attempting to define, measure and replicate these many delightful urban spaces but in general, despite the plethora of academic papers and books on the subject, the public realm in many Asian cities is rapidly declining as they succumb to the dominance of the automobile. We know that cities are afflicted and the question arises … how can professional designers of cities in the 21st century create a public realm that has uplifting qualities? The paper details a Literature Review as the first step in a research project that aims to create a framework for liveability/walkability in relation to Malaysian waterfront cities. The Royal Town of Klang is selected as a suitable case study.

Electric lighting modelling in historical areas of small towns in agglomeration area

In the paper authors present the results of research and analysis of the strategy of modelling electric lighting systems in the historical urban space of small towns. The research was performed in Kórnik − a representative, selected example of a small town of Greater Poland. Spatial structure in correlation to electric lighting and its parameters was investigated. The work was summarized with conclusions in the field of modelling the lighting strategies of the historical space of small towns in the agglomeration area.

Lighting of public spaces at nodal points

The publication deals with the issue of lighting public spaces in small towns near the impact of a large urban agglomeration. Indicated the possibility of shaping the illumination of the space based on nodal points. The illumination of a representative example of the city of Lubon located in the Greater Poland was analyzed. The work summarizes the conclusions in the field of lighting and urban problems in the area of shaping public spaces, including nodal points.

Revitalization of public space in small towns: Examples from Slovakia and Poland

Revitalization of public space in small towns: Examples from Slovakia and Poland

Research of Small Valley Towns Based on Spatial Syntax Taking Xuecheng as an Example

Small towns are a transitional existence between traditional villages and modern cities, and an important buffer for reconciling urban-rural binary contradictions. At present, China has entered a period of rapid urbanization. The state has introduced a series of policies such as urban-rural integration, urban-rural integration, and new rural construction to promote the development of small towns. This study selected Xuecheng Town, Li County, Aba Prefecture as the research object, and used space syntax to do research on spatial logic. At the same time, combined with the actual public space conditions of river valley-type small towns, the paper puts forward some planning suggestions for optimizing the layout of public space and public facilities in small valley towns, and provides theories and methods for its improvement, so that the planning resources input in western Sichuan can be effectively utilized.

The Grunge Effect: Music, Fashion, and the Media During the Rise of Grunge Culture In the Early 1990s

The Grunge Effect: Music, Fashion, and the Media During the Rise of Grunge Culture In the Early 1990s

London’s local Olympic legacy

PurposeLondon’s Candidature bid projected an irresistible legacy of lasting benefits for host communities and small businesses. Yet, local post-Games perspectives paint a contrasted picture – one of becoming displaced. This paper aims to draw on event legacy, specifically in relation to rising rents, threats to small business sustainability and impact on place development by empirically examining London’s local embryonic legacies forming across one ex-hosting Olympic community: Central Greenwich.Design/methodology/approachIn total, 43 interviews with local businesses (specifically, small retailers and hospitality businesses), local authorities, London-centric and national project actors and policymakers underpin analysis, supported by official London 2012 archival, documentary and media reports, were conducted to add texture and triangulate primary and secondary data sources.FindingsJuxtaposing ex ante projections vs emerging ex post realities, this paper reveals a local legacy of small business failure fuelled by rising commercial rents and a wider indifference for protecting diverse urban high streets. Embroiled in a struggle to survive, and barely recognised as a key stakeholder and contributor to legacy, small businesses have and continue to become succeeded by a new business demographic in town: monochromatic global and national chains. Typifying the pervasive shift toward clone town spaces, this article argues that corporate colonisation displaces independent businesses, serves to homogenise town centres, dilute place-based cultural offer and simultaneously stunts access to a positive local development legacy. This paper argues that such processes lead to the production of urban blandscapes that may hamper destination competitiveness.Originality/valueExamining event legacy, specifically local legacies forming across ex-host Olympic communities, is a latent, under-researched but vital and critical aspect of scholarship. Most event legacy analysis focuses on longer-term issues for residents, yet little research focuses on both local placed-based development challenges and small business sustainability and survival post-Games. More specifically, little research examines the potential relationship between event-led gentrification, associated rising rents and aforementioned clone town problematic. Revealing and amplifying the idiosyncratic local challenges generated through an in-depth empirically driven triangulation of key local business, policy, governmental and non-governmental perspectives, is a central contribution of this article missing from extant literatures. This paper considers different ways those responsible for event legacy, place managers and developers can combat such aforementioned post-Games challenges.

‘They’re gay bars, but they’re men bars’: Gendering questionably queer spaces in a Southeastern US university town

The increased acceptance of LGBTQ people in U.S. society has arguably led explicitly queer social spaces, such as the gay bar, to be displaced by more ‘questionably queer’ venues—fluid spaces where LGBTQ people seek to build community while not foreclosing sociality with their straight peers. This paper uses 34 interviews with the patrons and managers of two ‘questionably queer’ bars in a small Southeastern city to show how the masculine domination of these spaces converges with the greater willingness of straight people to occupy them to create an atmosphere where many LGBTQ women feel excluded and alienated. By examining the processes through which this marginalization occurs and analyzing the cultural narratives and pragmatic strategies that LGBTQ women construct to legitimate or contest that marginalization, this study sheds light upon how these women are being impacted by changes in queer spaces and what can be done to address their exclusion.

Socio-Spatial Differentiation of Tourist Towns: A Case Study of Huangshui Town, Chongqing

Tourism urbanization is one of the important patterns of China’s new-type urbanization. Combining Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA), ArcGIS spatial analysis and high-resolution remote sensing images, the paper takes a case study of Huangshui Town in Chongqing and explores the socio-spatial features such as the spatial functions, spatial culture and social relations of tourist towns. The research results are as follows: (i) From 2007 to 2017, the number of people permanently living in Huangshui Town over the last 10 years increased from 5,923 to 12,699, up by 2.14 times; the urban construction area expanded from 0.15[Formula: see text]km2 to 1.65[Formula: see text]km2, increased by 11 times. (ii) The space of tourist towns has gradually changed from a homogeneous traditional community tied by blood to a heterogeneous social space containing multiple components and dominated by functions such as residence, business, trade and tourism. (iii) This development pattern is centered at indigenous community-based towns, supplemented by second homes of tourism real estate and extended by tourism clusters featuring pan-leisure services. It is of great practical and theoretical value to the full participation of local indigenous people and the transformation of community functions towards tourism. This pattern prevents the current problem of isolating tourist resorts from local communities, and provides a sustainable development path for the resorts. Besides, this tourism urbanization pattern based on indigenous communities also serves as a correction to the existing creative destruction model, and a boost to the protection and inheritance of culture and ecology and sustainable development of tourist towns.

Urban agriculture and city development in Bologna (Italy): notes in historical perspective

In the history of green spaces, in reference to horticulture and to other types of urban green, lives a constant relationship with the general history of urban development. Bologna (Italy) is an important case study: in this town, urban gardens and other green spaces have characterized large areas of the historic city from the Middle Ages to the Renaissance and onwards. Urban gardens are related (at least in a first historical phase) to subsistence agriculture; at the same time, the role of private gardens in several residential areas of the city should not be forgotten. The presence of large green areas - inside the city centre - remains considerable until the early 20th century, as shown also in many pictures and maps, some of which are currently available also on the internet. The history of the city's green crosses a more complex phase with the urban dynamics after the Italian Risorgimento.