Space In Town Research Articles

БАРЬЕРЫ В РАЗВИТИИ УМНОГО ОБРАЗОВАНИЯ (SMART EDUCATION): СПЕЦИФИКА СОЦИОКУЛЬТУРНОЙ СРЕДЫ РОССИИ

Smart Education is the most advanced stage of the evolution in education associated with new information and communication technologies. The world is forming a new technical and technological reality. Digital media technologies (smartphones, wi-fi connections) penetrate into open spaces of cities and towns (parks, gardens, etc.). Modernity dictates the need for a person to acquire such knowledge and skills that should allow him not only working effectively, but also spending his free time productively. This situation is not entirely new, but it makes researchers find solutions for further implementation of smart technologies in the education system in order to search for the most appropriate answers to this challenge. Russia needs to accelerate the transition to education of the future, which involves the modernization of all educational processes. The presented research touches upon the issue of the development of Smart Education in Russia. The paper reveals the current state and identifies the key barriers in the development of smart education in the world. The empirical basis of the work is a sociological survey conducted in March-June 2018. The survey used the technique of semi-formalized interviews with representatives of five groups of stakeholders: government officials, heads of organizations, teachers, students and researchers. The educational system of Tomsk (Russia) affects the interests of all above mentioned stakeholders. The survey was aimed at the determination of the role of Smart technologies in education, their importance, barriers and prospects of implementation. The article presents the results of a sociological study that revealed the position of stakeholders in relation to various aspects of the socio-cultural environment that has an impact on the formation of smart education in Russia. The evaluation of the results of the implementation of smart city and smart education projects in Europe, America and Asia shows the presence of private success, which has not led to the formation of unambiguously positive examples of their implementation. Synergy, which unites the efforts of many participants of these projects, has not yet led to the realization of the ultimate goal – significant indicators in improving the quality of life of citizens. The comparative analysis of barriers to further development of smart education identified in the studies of foreign authors with the assessment of Russian stakeholders shows the existence of significant differences between them. The introduction of smart technologies in the life of Russian society is catching up. This leads to a rather superficial nature of acquaintance of Russian society of smart education and a lack of reflection on the barriers to its implementation.

Opinions on Organic Renewal and Construction South of the Yangtze River Guided by Water Resources and Elements

Xu, B., 2020. Opinions on organic renewal and construction south of the Yangtze River guided by water resources and elements. In: Hu, C. and Cai, M. (eds.), Geo-informatics and Oceanography. Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 105, pp. 199–203. Coconut Creek (Florida), ISSN 0749-0208.Key issues in the development of waterfront space south of the Yangtze River are analyzed based on the identification and analysis of traditional elements of regions in southern China, and a concept for renewal and development of regions in southern China is proposed that uses water elements as factors to activate the traditional village–town space. Based on full respect and utilization of the river network, this paper excavates important design elements, builds a planning and construction model for organic renewal of villages and towns south of the Yangtze River, constructs a target frame system from a new perspective that features organic renewal of the countryside guided by water resources and elements, and puts forward a development strategy, implementation approach, and institutional innovation under this integrated target system.

‘Empty’ space in Central European medieval towns through an interdisciplinary perspective

AbstractEmpty, abandoned or covered with vegetation – such areas were inherent to the medieval urban space, yet remain overlooked in research. Here, we describe three major types of ‘empty’ space of various origins and functions in Central European towns and suggest how these types can be investigated and interpreted through an interdisciplinary approach combining archaeological, written, pictorial and cartographical sources. We propose a simple interdisciplinary protocol to trace empty spaces in the urban context. This study will help to change our perception of medieval urban space into one that is more dynamic and heterogeneous than commonly believed.

Mobility in Public Spaces of Small Towns in the Czech Republic

The aim of this paper is to provide information about Mobility in public spaces of small towns in the Czech Republic. This text will not describe the history of the development of public space either on a global scale or on the scale of the Czech Republic or the scale of the small towns. There are several reasons. The first two areas have been described many times by world and domestic experts. Therefore, it would be impossible to bring new knowledge to them in a short time, which is defined. Their summation would also be very comprehensive, or conversely, so concise that it would not be an asset. In the third area – the history of public space in small towns of the Czech Republic, we come across another barrier. This is the fragmentation of development trends of inclusion in regions and the location of the seat in the region, the morphology of the terrain, the historical development of the region and many other factors. An emphasis will be placed on small municipalities of 7,000 to 20,000 inhabitants, which are large enough in terms of having to overcome greater distances, but too small to allow their population to be the commercial operation of local public transport, and with a small budget of the city, to be able to subsidize and maintain this public transport. There will be a meeting with the users of the public space and the transport used by them and their choice of transport around the city or through the city. In conclusion, the findings on mobility in the public space will be summarized based on the current situation of a lifestyle, such as the demands of rapid mobility.

Street architectural models. Research on improving readability, ergonomics and safety of use

In the first decade of the new millennium, new urban furniture - tactile architectural models dedicated to the blind, began to appear in the spaces of Polish cities and towns. These facilities aroused great interest of tourists and city dwellers, enjoying special popularity among children. By 2017, this type of collection had over 70 objects, which placed Poland at the forefront of Europe. The new form of urban modelling dispelled spontaneously, without specific guidelines and regulations, which unfortunately led to the emergence and reproduction of many faulty solutions. In the years 2016 - 2018, the research team A. Kłopotowska, M. Kłopotowski conducted the first comprehensive research in Poland, based on analyses of the whole set of models, available until mid-2017. This text is the substantive continuation of the author’s 2017 publication entitled: Tactile architectural models as universal “urban furniture” (WMCAUS Conference, 2017). At that time, partial results of the research were presented, including the reasons for a street modelling career, the diversity of the Polish collection, problems arising from incorrect design, execution, sharing and use, and the reasons for faulty solutions. Currently, the author presents a report of the final stage of the team’s research to the date, consisting of the development of specific design and implementation guidelines, as well as technical and operational guidelines that can improve the quality of such studies as the universal urban furniture. The research results can be used as guidelines for the correct design of newly planned models, but also for the introduction of repair solutions for existing models.

‘This land is not for sale’: Post-1994 resistance art and interventionism in Cape Town's precarious publics

Abstract The control, regulation and commodification of space has been fundamental in reinforcing structural racism and social identities. In a city such as Cape Town, where colonial architecture and heritage as well as apartheid racial zoning forms part of the spectacularisation of the city, racial conflict seems to have deepened. Through discussing public protest, artistic public interventions and live art, we argue that young black artists in South Africa are heralding a new phase of post-1994 resistance art which exposes conflictual cultural politics of public space in Cape Town rather than a healing democracy and multi-culturalism. As protesters and activists, artists deface the myth of a reconciled non-racial post-Apartheid society by targeting officially sanctioned art. Drawing from Faranak Miraftab's notion of ‘invited’ and ‘invented’ spaces as well as Chris Dixon and Angela Davis' concept of prefigurative politics, we argue that precarious South African publics are experienced as a ‘battleground’ rather than a space for liberal deliberation and democracy. New resistance art, therefore, tends to be protest-centred in engaging with the conflictual nature of the city.

The Coordinated Development of “Transport-Industry” in Lanzhou-Xining Urban Agglomeration from the Perspective of flow space

Under the perspective of “flow space”, the text of this paper constructs an interactive spatial connection network within 30 county towns units of the Lanzhou-Xining urban agglomeration. Further, with the help of social network and ArcGIS (which is the spatial analysis method), the quantitative analysis is used to analyze the structural characteristics of multi-dimensional spatial network of the Lan-Xi urban agglomeration and their mutual relations. Moreover, the synergetic degree model is used to measure the synergetic development level of the “traffic-industry” compound system in urban agglomeration at present. The results indicate that the Lanzhou-Xining urban agglomeration forms a double-core structure that Lanzhou and Xining as the center, and the space of county towns presents the correlated characteristic of “dumbbell-like” expansion. Furthermore, the central power of county towns which are restricted by the traffic condition and industrial structure indicates some outstanding differences. Further, it shows that the center develops to the periphery in a low-level but balanced way. In addition, the random disequilibrium of order degree of traffic and industry in urban agglomeration restricts the synergetic development of county towns, and the compound system of urban agglomeration is in the low-medium stage of synergetic development. The results of this study can provide some references for improving the traffic infrastructure construction and industrial functional structure of Lan-Xi urban agglomeration. This study also can shed some lights on the construction of the Silk Road Economic Belt.

The Art in Public Space of West-Ukrainian Towns: Expectations and Realities

The purpose of the article is to trace the contemporary artistic practices implemented in the western Ukrainian urban spaces at the beginning of the 21st century; to determine the degree of dependence of artistic trends on the dispute between profile professionals and the active community of the city. The research methodology: the research relied on the methods of a comprehensive and systematic approach, which allowed covering various issues of the appearance and perception of objects of modern art in the traditional urban spaces of Western Ukrainian cities; benchmarking was used in the review of implemented objects, photo and video sources; the interview method became relevant.The scientific novelty of the work is that it addresses the issue of the perception of artistic objects in urban spaces. The perception of art is considered both from the standpoint of artists, connoisseurs, theorists, and from the position of an active public, whose opinion often influences the decisions of city-planning art councils, various competition commissions. Permanent and temporary projects created before festivals and holidays are considered. There are a number of contradictions: between expected and realized, beautiful and relevant, established and experimental. The role of contemporary practices in the transformation of sustainable urban spaces is revealed. It is emphasized that contemporary art is the driving force of culture, and while not always perceived in general, it can change the understanding of constant constants, contrasting the new approach, abandoning traditional forms, saturating the space with new content, overestimating the impossible.Results. It has been determined that in the early 21st century art practices became an integral part of the transformation processes of the urban environment of Western Ukraine and demonstrate a wealth of reflections related to social change. Analysis of the achievements of Western Ukrainian cities proves that their environments are the most flexible to the introduction of modern culture. New monuments, graffiti, works that present the “intervention” of art forms into urban space provoke the transformation of a sustainable perception of urban space, giving rise to accompanying practices of shareholding.At the same time, it should be noted that the different pole attitude to artistic constants and social ordering for monumental works cause radical contradictions in different social groups: topical is defined as low-artistic, incomprehensible, temporary, at the same time traditional is seen as outdated, applied, conservative.Manuscript received 27.03.2020

Research on development mode of characteristic towns in China from perspective of production of space

The development of characteristic towns is a systematic process with many subjects and elements. The production of space of characteristic towns is the process of reshaping the space of the town through various factors and finally forming various characteristic industries based on space. Based on the analysis of the concept of the production of space of characteristic towns, the pattern of manifestation of the influence of spatial production on local characteristics is summarized as the production of physical space, the production of industrial space, the production of cultural space, the production of community space and the production of market space. Then according to the pattern of manifestation of the production of space of characteristic towns, the development mode of characteristic towns can be divided into natural capital mode, industrial capital mode, cultural capital mode, community capital mode and market demand mode. Therefore, take the two batches of 403 national characteristic towns announced by the ministry of housing and urban-rural development as an example, the paper analyzes the utilization of the production of space combined with each town’s own characteristics industries, and explores the development law of characteristic towns in China. The result shows that, the quantity of characteristic towns is in the order of Western China, Eastern China, Central China and Northeast China in terms of region, the quantity of characteristic towns is in the order of cultural capital mode, natural capital mode, industrial capital mode, market demand mode and community capital mode in terms of the development mode, and the cultural capital mode has an absolute advantage, the community capital mode is quite different from other modes.

Analysis and Evaluation of Historical Public Spaces in Small Towns in the Polish Region of Warmia

Public spaces play a special role in the social life, culture, and traditions of historical towns. Public spaces are defined by their urban layout and architectural design and they embody the unique identity of old towns. They integrate local communities and contribute to the formation of social bonds. Urban planning and architecture play an important role in this process. The historical character of public spaces is a prerequisite for social interactions. The aim of this study was to analyze and evaluate historical urban public spaces (market squares) in three small towns in the region of Warmia in north-eastern Poland. Architectural features, urban layout, and the composition of urban and architectural factors, which are largely responsible for synthetic perception of multidimensional space, were evaluated. These goals were achieved with the use of an interpretive historical research method based on original evaluation criteria. The results were used to identify public spaces that require revitalization. Revitalization programs help preserve or revive attractive locations by restoring the right balance between economic and social factors and cultural heritage. The study demonstrated that orderly and harmonious planning of public spaces considerably influences perceptions of space.

Quantitative Evaluation of Spatial Differentiation for Public Open Spaces in Urban Built-Up Areas by Assessing SDG 11.7: A Case of Deqing County

Urban public open spaces refer to open space between architectural structures in a city or urban agglomeration that is open for urban residents to conduct public exchanges and hold various activities. Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 11.7 in the 2030 UN Agenda for Sustainable Development clearly states that the distribution characteristics of public open spaces are important indicators to measure the sustainable development of urban ecological society. In 2018, in order to implement the sustainable development agenda, China offered the example of Deqing to the world. Therefore, taking Deqing as an example, this paper uses geographic statistics and spatial analysis methods to quantitatively evaluate and visualize public open spaces in the built area in 2016 and analyzes the spatial pattern and relationship of the population. The results show that the public open spaces in the built-up area of Deqing have typical global and local spatial autocorrelation. The spatial pattern shows obvious differences in different parts of the built area and attributes of public open spaces. According to the results of correlation analysis, it can be seen that the decentralized characteristics of public open spaces have a significant relationship with the population agglomeration, and this correlation is also related to the types of public open spaces. The assessment results by SDG 11.7.1 indicate that the public open spaces in the built-up area of Deqing conform to the living needs of residents on the whole and have a humanized space design and good accessibility. However, the per capita public open spaces of towns and villages outside the built area are relatively low, and there is an imbalance in public open spaces. Therefore, more attention should be paid to constructing urban public open spaces fairly.

Urban Jewish heritage and its (in)visibility: perspectives from Navarre, Spain

ABSTRACT Throughout the Middle Ages, Jewish quarters, known as juderías, were vibrant spaces in Navarrese cities and towns. However, although Jewish past significantly contributed to Navarre's historical identity and has occupied an important place in regional historiography, Jewish heritage has only recently awakened interest in historians, archaeologists and local councils. This article aims to carry out case studies of three different juderías, specifically in Tudela, Estella and Pamplona, as cultural and tourist assets and discuss the weaknesses and strengths of their touristic potential. Tudela has been making use of this potential for several years now, while Estella only rather recently began to explore the diverse ways of taking advantage of its latent qualities. On the contrary, to date, Pamplona seems to have totally ignored the Jewish component of its medieval past. This article argues that the (in)visibility of Jewish heritage is an apt indicator of the recognition that supply-side stakeholders give this cultural and touristic asset.

ESPACIALIZAÇÃO DA OFERTA TURÍSTICA EM SÃO PAULO

Considerando que o turismo pouco tenha sido discutido sob a ótica do espaço urbano em cidades brasileiras, este artigo buscou analisar a distribuição dos elementos que compõem a oferta turística, especialmente na cidade de São Paulo com foco no movimento de eventos, negócios e as características dos espaços de lazer relacionados ao patrimônio histórico cultural da cidade. Na tentativa de melhor compreender o turismo da cidade e as estratégias de divulgação utilizadas para sua promoção, o artigo analisa a importância da distribuição dos equipamentos e a conectividade da oferta turística para um melhor entendimento do processo de “turistificação” da cidade. Com base em teorias de organização do espaço, buscou-se indicar proposições para análise da prática do turismo urbano alicerçadas em indicações teóricas de base geográfica.

ДЕТСКИЕ ПЛОЩАДКИ В СЕЛЬСКИХ ПОСЕЛЕНИЯХ

In this work, research has been carried out to identify the design features of playgrounds on the territory of rural settlements on the basis of normative documents and principles of territory improvement. Playgrounds in rural settlements are quite unpopular. As a rule, the level of improvement of public use in the city is higher than in the country. There are practically no such spaces in villages and towns. A Playground is a place where children begin their knowledge of the world, develop their activity and imagination. This place should be interesting not only for kids, but also for teenagers, who would also be interested in spending their time here and doing useful leisure activities. In designing, you need to move away from standard forms and make objects unique. In Russia, this area of improvement is under development, since not all rural localities have such public facilities. This question remains open today.

‘Overloaded like a Bolivian truck’

AbstractMemes have become an important linguistic tool not only for communicating emotions and ideas, but also are integral to constructing the self in online space. This paper concentrates on copper miners in northern Chile and the ways they use memes to make claims related to (hetero)sexuality,mestizaje, and nationalism. With men at the mine during week-long shifts and families in towns several hours away, social media is important for maintaining communication as well as representing the self. Miners present their labor as central to their sense of self, with memes that indirectly index heterosexuality, modernity associated with resource extraction, and racialmestizajelinked to nationalism. The visibility of these memes across spaces of both mine and town gives men an opportunity to construct a cohesive digital self, with implications for reinforcing assumptions about what is appropriate gender performance.

Greening of Public Spaces in Cherepovets during Urbanization, 1870 - 1930s: Contradictions of Sustainable Development

From the second half of the XIX century, public gardens and boulevards have become an integral part of provincial Russian towns. They played an aesthetic and sanitary-hygienic role in urban space, being, in fact, green oases in a dusty and noisy town. However, in the XX century, the functional purpose of town gardens has changed: the recreational component is being replaced by the cultural and entertainment one, which became dominant in the Soviet period. This article considers the process of urban space greening in the provincial town of Cherepovets as an example of this process and transforming the functions of the town garden. It also presents the analysis of everyday practices of using urban flora by the population of Cherepovets. The methodological basis of the work is urban environmental history. The research is based on archival and office materials, official statistics, and periodicals. Soviet power kept the tradition of new blocks greening, that formed in the pre-revolutionary period. At the same time, the entertainment and leisure functions of the recreation park supplanted the recreational function, and everyday practices of the town residents showed a dismissive and utilitarian attitude towards the town green spaces. It was due to the peculiarities of urbanization in the city. In the conditions of the constantly expanding town space and the influx of rural population, green spaces could not prevent the degradation of the natural environment, which led to the destabilization of the ecological situation in Cherepovets and prevented the sustainable development of the city.
 Keywords: urban environmental history, urban greening, a city garden, everyday practice

ЭРГОНИМЫ НА ВЫВЕСКАХ ПРОВИНЦИАЛЬНОГО ГОРОДА: ЛИНГВОКУЛЬТУРОЛОГИЧЕСКИЙ АСПЕКТ

The nominative space of a provincial town is the subject of the author's attention in the proposed article. An important aspect in consideration of functioning of signs, posters, and other objects in town space is a linguoculturological aspect meaning the analysis of interrelation of the language environment of the town and its inclusiveness into a sociocultural situation. The article analyzes various terminological designations of the names of urban objects in linguistics: urbanonyms, ergonyms, emporonyms, firmonyms and others. The author, referring to the opinions of well-known onomatologists, focuses the attention on the term ergonym, justifying the need to use it to denote the names of shops and institutions. The rethinking of names, according to onomatologists, actualizes the processes of the sociocultural life of the town associated with linguistic problems including games with graphemes. The work examines the current language process reflected in the language of the provincial town – the use of Cyrillic letters in the names of shops and institutions. The study of the naming trends of the provincial town allowed the author to talk about the cultural value of the names. The updating of Cyrillic letters on signs has become a means for forming the value and meaning space of a provincial town, on the one hand, and the process of creating errors on the other. The article describes linguistic contradictions: combinations of modern borrowings with pre-revolutionary graphics, mixing of graphic styles, processes of Eurolatinisation and retrorization, inconsistent use of graphemes. The author of the article concludes that as a result of rethinking the usual nominations in the spirit of pre-revolutionary design of urban space, a special linguistic and cultural phenomenon of a provincial town is formed, striving during globalization for authenticity and identity, which is perceived differently by citizens.

Strategic goals for a sustainable space in Russian Arctic cities and towns

The article contains a ranking method for a comparative analysis for its study objects: seven cities and towns in the Russian Federation Arctic zone, in their relation between in each other in each of the three years of the analysis. The positions were determined by 18 major indicators divided in two groups – social and economic – and comprising a general set of social, environmental, and economic indicators reflecting the degree of sustainable development in the Russian Federation Arctic Zone. The analysis results allowed us to identify an additive rank of a city or town for each of the two groups of indicators and its changes over the study time frame. All of the cities were put in one of the five socioeconomic development groups by comprehensive additive socioeconomic rank and calculated average rank. The differentiation of the cities and towns by groups helped identify the opportunities and areas of further step-by-step strategic development of the cities in order to raise the level of socioeconomic development and create a united sustainable space in the Russian Arctic.

Ландшафтная организация общественных пространств в малых городах

Ландшафтная организация общественных пространств в малых городах

Forms of intermediality in the novels of M. Bulgakov The Master and Margarita and B. Pasternak Doctor Zhivago

The article focuses on analyzing such forms of intermediality as theatricality and carnival in the novels of M. Bulgakov The Master and Margarita and B. Pasternak Doctor Zhivago, intermediality being considered as an aspect of interdiscursivity. Theatricality in both novels is realized through the availability of «theatrical» vocabulary, theatric imagery and symbolism, and at the levels of the text structure and chronotope as well. The research shows that theatricality in Pasternak is of intimate, impressionistic character, while that in Bulgakov is explicit and features a carnival component. A common “theatrical” element in both novels is the motif of directing and the image of director. In Pasternak the director is life itself, unlike in Bulgakov, where life is directed by supernatural forces. In both novels the characters are actors and viewers at the same time, the stage and the floor of the house belong in the town. However, in Bulgakov, by contrast with Pasternak, there is no division of the town space. Theater in The Master and Margarita is related to the so called anticarnival, as it is conducted by the carnivalizer (Voland), rather than people. In Pasternak the unity «theatre ̶ life ̶ death» is a natural manifestation of life, unlike in Bulgakov, where the motif combination «theаter ̶ death» has an ominous and violent character. In Doctor Zhivago the final ruination of theatricality is of realistic character, while in The Master and Margarita it is of transcendent one. By and large it is possible to conclude that theatricality in Doctor Zhivago reminds of the theater of experience, when Bulgakov’s buffoonery is similar to the theater of performance.