Space Vector Modulation Technique Research Articles

Real-time and hardware in the loop validation of electric vehicle performance: Robust nonlinear predictive speed and currents control based on space vector modulation for PMSM

The transport industry's environmental impact has prompted various stakeholders to focus more on electric vehicles as a potential solution. Extensive research on electric vehicle motor control reveals their complexity, highlighting the crucial role of the traction motor control mechanism being one of their essential subsystems. This study presents a novel approach to control the drive system of an electric vehicle's permanent magnet synchronous motor, using a robust non-linear model predictive control in a cascaded structure combined with a space vector modulation technique. The formulation of the robust non-linear model predictive control law involves optimizing a new cost function with the inclusion of an integral action in the controller to ensure zero steady-state error. An important aspect of this control approach is its ability to enhance robustness without needing information about external perturbations and parameter uncertainties. Moreover, the space vector modulation technique is designed to address the issue of current harmonic distortion by carefully selecting appropriate switching vectors. The appropriate selection for space voltage vectors for every sampling period maintains a consistent switching frequency. As a result, the SVM can enhance torque-rippled regulation and accomplish effective flux and torque control. The performance of the proposed control system is evaluated through a series of numerical simulations using MATLAB/Simulink. The simulation results are analyzed and compared to assess the effectiveness of the proposed control system in terms of tracking accuracy, disturbance rejection, robustness against parameter uncertainties, reduction of torque, and current ripples. To further validate the numerical simulation results, a hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) setup is established using the OPAL-RT platform. Furthermore, experimental validation on a PMSM utilizing the dSPACE DS1202 board is carried out, demonstrating the efficacy of the proposed control system. These findings validate the suggested control technique's robustness and efficiency.

Maximum power point tracking and space vector modulation control of quasi-z-source inverter for grid-connected photovoltaic systems

The quasi-Z-source inverter (qZSI) become one of the most promising power electronic converters for photovoltaic (PV) applications, due to its capability to perform a buck-boost conversion of the input voltage in a single stage. The control strategy based maximum power point tracking (MPPT) and proportional integral (PI) controller are well known in grid-connected with traditional configuration but not in qZSI. This paper presents a control strategy for qZSI grid-connected based on the MPPT algorithm and the linear control by PI controllers. This is complemented by the capability to efficiently transfer the harvested power to the grid, ensuring a unity power factor. The proposed control strategy effectively separates the control mechanisms for the direct current (DC) and alternating current (AC) sides by utilizing the two control variables, the shoot-through duty ratio and the modulation index. An adapted space vector modulation technique is then utilized to generate the switching pulse width modulation (PWM) signals, using these two control variables as inputs. The proposed approach was tested and validated under MATLAB/Simulink and PLECS software.

New combined control strategy of on-board bidirectional battery chargers for electric vehicles

This paper aims to develop a bidirectional on-board battery charger for electric vehicles (EVs). The studied battery charger is composed of a bidirectional ac-dc converter as the first stage of conversion and a bidirectional dc-dc converter as the second stage. The first one is controlled by a predictive direct power control strategy based on a space vector modulation technique known as P-SVM-DPC, and the second is used to regulate the battery current and regulate the power direction flow by using a direct current control technique. The choice of its topology has taken into consideration the grid-to-vehicles (G2V) and vehicle-to-grid (V2G) power flow directions. During charging or discharging, the DC/DC converter acts likes a buck or boost converter. Using MATLAB/Simulink software, the performance of the battery charger is examined in various operating modes, such as fast charging and quick discharging.

Open-Circuit Fault-Tolerant Control for Pentagon Winding Connected Five-Phase Current-Source Inverter Based PMSM Drives

Current-source inverter (CSI) is considered as a prospective solution for modern machine drives, for its higher reliability and superior harmonic suppression. The open-circuit fault-tolerant control for five-phase CSI-fed permanent magnet synchronous machine (PMSM) drive with pentagon winding connection is investigated. The switch open-circuit fault and winding open-circuit fault are studied. For the switch open fault, three cases are discussed including single-phase, adjacent two-phase, and nonadjacent two-phase faults. It is indicated that in pentagon circuit, despite the switch of fault phase is disabled, the corresponding phase winding is still connected in the end-to-end power circuit and contributes for torque generation. The new sets of coordinate transformation are proposed, and the mathematical modeling is presented. The fault-tolerant space vector modulation (SVM) techniques are proposed based on the reconstructed vector planes. In addition, the single winding open fault is studied, which is a specific fault case and breaks off the closed pentagon connection. An important conclusion is derived that the pentagon winding connected CSI (PWC-CSI) gains inherent fault-tolerant capability against the single winding open circuit. The control algorithm even does not need to be switched during this typical fault. Experiments are performed on verifying the proposed schemes.

Bağımsız Bir Hibrit Güç Sisteminin Tasarımı ve Akıllı MPPT Algoritmaları ile Optimizasyon Kontrolü

In this paper, a stand-alone hybrid power system has been proposed using both: photovoltaic generator (PVG) and permanent magnets synchronous generator (PMSG), integrated with a lithium-type battery connected to the DC bus. The improvement of performance and reliability of the overall system are guaranteed. For this aim, the efficiency of the PVG system can be enhanced firstly by using two MPPT's techniques, such as the Perturb and Observe (P&O) method and the Fuzzy Logic Control (FLC) approach. The Genetic Algorithms (GA’s), using the principles of evolution, natural selection, and genetic mutation, are then introduced to address difficulties in the adjustment of the FLC gains. A lithium-ion battery model is presented to ensure stability and energy storage. Furthermore, the model of the wind energy conversion system (WECS) based on PMSG is presented. Hence, the control by the gradient method, allowing designing an MPPT based on the delivered power and mechanical speed of the generator. Both sources are connected to the grid via a two-level voltage source inverter controlled by Space Vector Modulation (SVM) technique. Finally, simulation results obtained using MATLAB / SIMULINK software proved the effectiveness of proposed control strategies with high performance which is manifested clearly when the suggested controllers employed and shed light on the performance of the stand-alone hybrid system.

Mitigation of common mode voltage in ultra sparse matrix converters using auxiliary shoot‐through switches for wind energy systems

SummaryThis paper targets to minimize the peak common mode voltage (CMV) in ultra sparse matrix converters (USMC) by applying new zero vectors for the space vector modulation technique (SVM). Conventional zero vectors in the SVM raise the peak CMV by 42.23%. An increased magnitude of CMV is associated with the occurrence of leakage current, hence resulting in insulation degradation. So, the reduction of peak CMV is necessary for USMC. The proposed method offers suitable switching arrangements using auxiliary shoot through (AST) switches to minimize the peak‐to‐peak CMV. This proposed method holds the advantages of the conventional method, like a wide range of modulation index and zero current switching at the rectifier side, and also reduces the CMV problem. This paper also provides a comparative analysis of the existing reported methods and the proposed method. The effectiveness of the proposed method is validated through both simulation and experimental results.

Advanced Management of Electric Vehicle Charging Conditions Utilizing a Photovoltaic-Based Multi-Mode Converter System

The surging popularity of electric vehicles (EVs) as an environmentally friendly mode of transportation has heightened the need for conveniently situated charging stations, since EVs have limited range on their internal batteries. Fast charging stations, especially super-fast charging stations, may strain the power infrastructure owing to the risk of overload during peak hours, sudden power interruptions, and voltage drops. This work examines the detailed modeling of a direct current (DC) power generation and battery energy storage system integrated into a multiport converter-based electric vehicle (EV) charging station. This project assesses the feasibility of utilizing Plug-in electric vehicles (PEVs) in Vehicle to Home (V2H) scenarios as a means of residential battery storage or backup generator during power outages or distribution system faults, which are typically of shorter duration. Both the simulated and experimental results validate the feasibility of PCMM and demonstrate its capacity to accomplish the design objective. The charger has been designed and its operation validated using a space vector modulation technique and a simulation analysis. The simulation findings indicate that the proposed charger and a compatible autonomous EMS would interact well in a typical residential setting.

Bidirectional PWM Converter to Interface AC Part to DC Microgrid with Neutral Potential Balancing

This research presents a description of a bidirectional pulse width modulated converter that functions as a rectifier by using the direct power control strategy and space vector modulation technology. In contrast to the voltage-oriented control strategy, this method minimises the number of internal current loops and requires more tuning. While functioning as an inverter, it applies the space vector modulation technique as well. The approach, on the other hand, is not the same as rectifiers since it calculates the duty ratio of the neighbouring voltage vectors in each small triangle that is generated in each sector that has a period of 60 degrees. In both situations, the neutral point potential has been brought back into equilibrium.

Speed control of three-phase induction motor using three-phase matrix converter with space vector modulation technique

The three-phase matrix converter connected to the three-phase induction motor is studied in this paper. Typically, induction motors used in industries and automobiles operate on the electromagnetic induction principle. Due to its numerous benefits, including low cost and maintenance requirements, light weight, great efficiency, and others, a squirrel cage induction motor is employed in this situation. The speed of the induction motor may be changed by altering the voltage and frequency using a V/f control. A three-phase matrix converter is an automated AC-to-AC converter that uses a direct stage of conversion and bi-directional switches. Space vector modulation may be used to control the switches of a matrix converter, and by doing so, improve power factor.

Total harmonic distortion analysis of inverter fed induction motor drive using neuro fuzzy type-1 and neuro fuzzy type-2 controllers

Introduction. When the working point of the indirect vector control is constant, the conventional speed and current controllers operate effectively. The operating point, however, is always shifting. In a closed-system situation, the inverter measured reference voltages show higher harmonics. As a result, the provided pulse is uneven and contains more harmonics, which enables the inverter to create an output voltage that is higher. Aim. A space vector modulation (SVM) technique is presented in this paper for type-2 neuro fuzzy systems. The inverter’s performance is compared to that of a neuro fuzzy type-1 system, a neuro fuzzy type-2 system, and classical SVM using MATLAB simulation and experimental validation. Methodology. It trains the input-output data pattern using a hybrid-learning algorithm that combines back-propagation and least squares techniques. Input and output data for the proposed technique include information on the rotation angle and change of rotation angle as input and output of produced duty ratios. A neuro fuzzy-controlled induction motor drive’s dynamic and steady-state performance is compared to that of the conventional SVM when using neuro fuzzy type-2 SVM the induction motor, performance metrics for current, torque, and speed are compared to those of neuro fuzzy type-1 and conventional SVM. Practical value. The performance of an induction motor created by simulation results are examined using the experimental validation of a dSPACE DS-1104. For various switching frequencies, the total harmonic distortion of line-line voltage using neuro fuzzy type-2, neuro fuzzy type-1, and conventional based SVMs are provided. The 3 hp induction motor in the lab is taken into consideration in the experimental validations.

Modified SVPWM technique for CMV reduction in asymmetrical dual three phase induction machine drive

Due to its advantages, the asymmetrical dual three-phase induction motor drive is a strong choice in high-power applications. However, the common-mode voltage produced by the voltage source inverters affects the winding insulation and damages the bearings. Common-mode voltage is also responsible for electromagnetic interference and leakage currents. This paper, therefore, analyses the common-mode voltage produced by the inverter supplying a dual three-phase induction motor drive and proposes a novel modified space vector decomposition-based Space Vector Pulse Width Modulation (SVPWM) technique for common mode reduction. The vector space decomposition-based space vector modulation technique offers excellent flexibility as it reduces the common-mode voltage (CMV) by exploiting the additional degree of freedom in a dual three-phase system. The common-mode voltage (CMV) can be reduced to one-sixth of the DC link voltage compared to the highest CMV, i.e. half of the DC-link voltage produced in conventional space vector modulation. The proposed method is also validated experimentally to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed scheme in terms of the amplitude of CMV, pulsations, and total harmonic distortion(THD) in current.

An analysis and design of high gain Z-source DC–DC converter fed induction motor drive for electric vehicles

This paper focuses on Z-source DC–DC converter fed by an induction motor as a powerful candidate for electric vehicle (EV) applications. Fuel cell powered Z-source DC–DC converter provides high gain with lower voltage stresses on the capacitor to integrate it to the drive system. Higher gain is achieved through a diode and a capacitor. Reduction of voltage stress of the capacitors in the Z-source network and of those in the output is achieved by varying the position of the input source and the output capacitor. The gain enhancement and the decrement of voltage stress in the capacitors are compared with those of their contemporaries and are presented in this article. The converter is fed to the motor through an inverter controlled by using Direct Torque Control (DTC) scheme with Space Vector Modulation (SVM) technique. For speeds up to and above the rated speed, the drive system shows good dynamic performance in terms of better speed response and low torque ripple. This leads to low noise and mechanical vibration of the motor. The superiority of the proposed scheme is presented along with the simulation results in MATLAB Simulink environment to validate its application for electric vehicle applications.

Efficiency analysis of six‐phase induction motor drive using an optimized SVM technique for medium/high power applications

AbstractThe proposed work presents the efficiency evaluation of a six‐phase induction motor drive (SPIMD) using an optimized space‐vector modulation (SVM) scheme for medium/high power applications. An optimized SVM is obtained by resolving 5‐level hexagons into outer and inner 2‐level hexagons. In the proposed work, dual three‐phase inverters are used to drive the SPIMD, by dividing six‐phase into two, greatly reducing the calculation time, complexity, and efforts required in building the space vector control algorithm. Moreover, a comparative efficiency analysis of SPIMD using the proposed and conventionally designed SVM technique implemented with closed‐loop control is presented in this paper. Matlab/Simulink platform is used to simulate the proposed system and a prototype is developed as a proof of concept and tested experimentally to verify the analytical developments. Finally, a total harmonic distortion (THD) based comparative analysis of the proposed, conventional, and carrier‐based modulation techniques is also presented.

DC-Side Soft-Switching Inverter With Modified Space-Vector Modulation Scheme

Three-phase soft-switching inverters are promising in order to reduce the losses in the switching devices and to reduce the electromagnetic interference produced by severe di/dt and dv/dt, which enables the operation of the inverter at higher switching frequency. This work proposes a DC-side three-phase zero-voltage soft-switching inverter topology that can be sub-categorized under actively clamped resonant dc-link topologies. Moreover, a modified space-vector modulation scheme is proposed, such that all the devices operate under zero-voltage switching condition. Compared to other similar dc-link soft-switching topologies, the proposed topology does not require feedback from the inverter output currents to achieve soft-switching operation. Unlike conventional space-vector modulation techniques, the proposed modified space-vector modulation does not require to turn-on the top and/or the bottom three switches of the two-level inverter at the same time to implement the zero vectors, which allows a reduction of the effective commutating time of the two-level inverter switches by one-third, during a grid voltage cycle. The auxiliary capacitor is only charged to a fraction of the dc bus voltage. Simulation and experimental results on a 10-kW and 100-kHz switching frequency lab-scale prototype are presented to demonstrate the validity and effectiveness of the proposed zero-voltage switching topology and modulation scheme on reducing the switching losses and electromagnetic interference.

Student Project-Based Space Vector Modulation Technique for Power Electronics Laboratory

Two-level DC/AC inverter topologies are widely used for low voltage and high voltage applications in power systems and industrial areas. Space Vector Modulation (SVM) is a popular Pulse-Width Modulation technique used for controlling the inverters and providing the efficient energy conversion from DC sources. However, applications of SVM-based studies are limited in the Power Electronics Laboratory (PEL) due to the vital risks associated with high voltage applications, and it is not easily learned through mathematical analysis and visual learning without implementation by undergraduate students. A simulation and experimental setup of an SVM-controlled two-level, three-phase inverter was presented in this study for undergraduate students to learn its basics in the PEL. Several programs were used to simulate the inverter in the classroom environment and to design a power circuit and microcontroller-based printed circuit board of the inverter for PEL experiments. The two case studies were given. In the case results, the output voltage waveforms of simulation and experimental inverters were compared to show the validation of simulation results. With this study, the students’ experience is enhanced in electronic circuit design, programming, coordination with hardware and software development activities, self-learning, and teamwork. Additionally, practical applications increase undergraduate students’ interest in Power Electronics Courses and reinforce their knowledge from lecture and laboratory studies.

Space Vector Modulation technique implementation for the control of a Three-Phase Matrix Converter

The Three-Phase Matrix Converter (3ph-MC) is a direct AC-AC converter that employs controlled semiconductor switches to enable a direct connection between the three-phase source and load. This setup enables an unlimited output frequency, thanks to the use of semiconductor switches with controlled turn-off capability. However, the 3ph-MC suffers from the simultaneous commutation of bidirectional switches, which has limited its popularity. Fortunately, several control techniques have been developed to overcome this issue and ensure safe switch operation. Among these strategies, Roy, Venturi, and the Space Vector Modulation (SVM) Techniques are the moste widely used. In this context, the present paper investigates the implementation under Matlab / Simulink of a 3ph-MC using SVM. Unlike conventional PWM converters, the 3ph-MC does not cause switching common mode voltage across the load system terminals, which can lead to common mode current and bearing failure in load drive. The use of SVM can rectify these issues and minimize the effect of harmonic fluctuation in AC output voltage. The paper includes simulation results to validate the proposed system.

Analysis and Design of an Integrated Bidirectional Three-Phase AC–DC Resonant Converter

This paper proposes a novel isolated bidirectional AC-DC converter where the front end and primary side of DC-DC isolated converter are merged giving rise to 25&#x0025; fewer devices. Owing to the integrated topology the devices of the proposed converter are naturally soft switched and the size of the filtering components in the AC-DC stage is reduced compared to a low frequency hard switched AC-DC stage. A Space Vector Modulation (SVM) and control technique is proposed for generating switching pulses for DC link voltage control and bidirectional power transfer. A design optimization technique is proposed to mathematically determine the switching frequency of the converter and subsequently, the resonant tank parameters based on the operating conditions, topology, modulation, and the Wide Band Gap (WBG) Silicon Carbide (SiC) device characteristics. The proposed converter and its design approach are validated through prototyping for a scaled-down bidirectional charger for warehouse Electric Vehicles (EVs), and experimental results from two test cases, one with the actual grid with an input ac line (<i>i.e.,</i> 208&#x00A0;V) voltage and second with an AC power supply of input line (<i>i.e.,</i> 400&#x00A0;V) voltage. The former is tested for a peak power rating of 2.5&#x00A0;kW and the later is tested for a 5&#x00A0;kW output power. The switching frequency from the proposed optimization method is determined to be around 130&#x00A0;kHz for both cases. Peak efficiency of 95.3&#x0025; is achieved. The battery voltage varies from 350-600&#x00A0;V.

A study on performance parameters of three-level T-type inverter based PMSM drives for electric vehicles applications

In this paper, a comparative analysis is obtained to analyse the performances of two-level conventional and three-level diode clamped voltage source inverter-based drives. Carrier-based space vector modulation technique is employed in both three-level & two-level voltage source inverter (2L-VSI)-based drives. Comparative study for 2L-VSI, three-level neutral-point-clamped (3L-NPC) and three-level T-type neutral-point-clamped (3L-TNPC) inverters are performed in view of conduction & switching losses and harmonic profile. Also presented in this work, the dynamic response of field-oriented controlled (FOC) permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) drive under varying load conditions towards EV applications. Rapid changes in speed and loading in Electric Vehicle (EV) traction drives lead to sharp fluctuations in modulation depth and power factor (PF). With variation of modulation index and power factor, power losses of all the three inverters are analysed. Also, in the present work, control logics are simulated in MATLAB to observe various speed-torque combinations of 5.4 kW PMSM drive. Additionally, power losses of inverters are developed in PLECS environment. By using a scaled-down prototype of 5 hp PMSM drive, the results are carried out for hardware validation.

A Modified Space Vector Modulation Based Rotor Flux Oriented Control of Six-Phase Asymmetrical Induction Motor Drive

In view of the attractive features like improved torque density, reduction torque pulsation, superior fault tolerance, reduced power rating of voltage source converter, and sterling noise characteristics of six-phase asymmetrical induction motor (SPAIM) as compared to its three-phase counterpart, the SPAIM is considered for the study. In this paper, mathematical modelling of SPAIM is carried out in the synchronous reference frame and then indirect rotor field-oriented control (IRFOC) of SPAIM using a modified carrier wave-based space vector modulation (SVM) scheme is developed. A Simulink model of the proposed system configuration is developed and a simulation study is carried out. In order to validate the simulation results, a scaled prototype model of SPAIM rated for 2 HP, 4-pole, 200V is developed, and closed loop control of SPAIM drive with aforesaid modified SVM technique is implemented using TMS320F28379D controller board. The performance of the system is observed in several operating conditions with simulation studies using MATLAB/Simulink and test setup and various test results are recorded under several operating conditions and presented. Furthermore, the proposed SVM technique is compared with benchmarked SPWM and hysteresis current controller as well and it is observed that it outperforms traditional SPWM and hysteresis-based current controllers in terms of the distortion of stator currents and torque ripples.

Dynamic Control of Traction Motor for EV Fed via Dual Source Inverter with a Two Battery System

An electric vehicle uses multiple energy-storage systems to power the traction motor. Dual-source inverters (DSIs) are used for single-stage power conversion by skipping the dc/dc boost converter stage; therefore, eliminating the passive magnetic storing element which improves the overall efficiency of the drive; moreover, multiple energy-storage systems improve the power density of the system. This article discusses the fine control of a traction motor from zero speed to rated speed supplied through a dual-source inverter. Field-oriented control with space vector modulation technique is applied to achieve closed-loop control. Two dc sources are used, one having a higher-voltage battery and one a lower-voltage battery. The higher-voltage battery is the main battery which supplies power to the traction motor, whereas the lower-voltage battery supplies power to supplementary loads of the EV. This article presents improved dynamic behaviour of an induction-motor-driven EV fed from a dual-source inverter using modified closed-loop field-oriented control with space vector modulation. The improvement includes reduced control complexity due to space vector modulation and achieving the option of EV operation in an emergent situation using the same converter and control system. The simulated performance of the presented system is obtained in MATLAB/Simulink. A step-down experimental prototype is used for verification of effective control of the induction motor as the EV is under constant torque variable speed operation with real-time parameters such as power, power factor, current harmonics, and voltage/current stresses across the switch using two batteries individually.