Space-time Context Research Articles

Examining hazard-induced mobility patterns and decision-making in a space-time context using large-scale mobile phone data

Understanding human movements and how they relate to varied environmental risks is crucial as mobility is one of the most effective adaptation strategies to the hazards. To this end, this study examines the decision-making process of hazard-induced mobility patterns in a space−time context by investigating the space−time choices for avoiding the harmful impacts of air pollution and extreme cold events that are actualized into overt movement behaviors. Results suggest that people change their mobility patterns to avoid the harmful impacts of air pollution and cold events, and are less likely to move from less urbanized areas to highly urbanized areas to avoid the hazards, especially for air pollution. Furthermore, intercity and intracity movements can both be changed to avoid the harmful impacts of two hazards. This study finds that averting travel decisions are most sensitive to the origin's air quality on the day of travel and destination's extreme cold temperatures around one day ago and one day forecast. Our results offer fresh evidence on the decision-making mechanisms of mobility responses to air pollution and cold events.

Unraveling the spatio-temporal trajectories of urban growth in Asansol city, West Bengal: A geospatial exploration of the emerging urbanlandscape

The rapid urban growth of Asansol City has led to the rise of unplanned built-up areas, disrupting natural land covers and posing challenges to sustainable resource management. Hence, this study aims to quantify spatio-temporal trajectories of urban growth in Asansol City during 1991–2021, using integrated remote sensing and GIS-based techniques. Landsat 5 TM and 8 OLI/TIRS satellite imageries were used to delineate built-up and non-built-up areas using a random forest machine-learning algorithm. The study utilized the gradient approach, urban sprawl typologies, urban expansion indices, shannon’s entropy, and landscape fragmentation metrics to analyze the pattern, direction, intensity and dynamics of urban expansion in a space-time context. The findings showed that built-up growth increased significantly from 25.49 sq. km. to 57.18 sq. km. between 1991 and 2021, with the highest growth observed in the westward direction and within 3 km from the CBD. The study highlighted the prevalence of edge expansion and scatter development as dominant typologies of urban growth. Urban expansion indices, shannon's entropy and landscape fragmentation metrics analysis revealed the increasing urban sprawl towards the periphery and the formation of clustered built-up areas near the CBD. The outcomes of this study provide a basis for sustainable urban development by quantifying spatio-temporal trajectories and highlighting challenges from unrestrained growth of Asansol municipal corporation.

Transforming harmful representations, investigating violence and empowering care practises in masculinities.

Stemming from a critical perspective of feminist studies on masculinities, this article proposes to explore how dominant and hegemonic masculinities are being reimagined, renegotiated and reconstructed, by understanding new patterns of violence amongst boys, on the one hand; and how care, as the opposite of violence, and a concept in construction from a feminist perspective, can be adopted, put in practise and understood. From a feminist standpoint masculinities studies need to go through a renewed problematisation of the social constructions of masculinities in a space-time context that intersects the economic crisis, health crisis and, on the other hand, implementation of legislation and initiatives for gender equality and citizenship, and is marked by social challenges that are related to the increase of gender inequality, violence indicators and extremism but also the emergence of caring masculinities that need closer attention. This feminist approach to masculinities allows us to critically challenge hegemonic models of boyhood/manhood, specifically by developing a FEMINIST THEORY OF CARING MASCULINITIES. Through a critical understanding of the new patterns and ways in which patriarchal masculinities are perpetuated in society, and placing CARE as the centrepiece and pro-active practise that opposes violence sustained models of masculinities, feminist masculinities studies can challenge dominant forms of masculinity by taking action in diverse social contexts and emphasising empathy, emotional expression, and cooperative relationships.

Torsion in the Classical Spacetime Context

Abstract Teleparallel gravity, an empirically equivalent counterpart to general relativity, represents the influence of gravity using torsional forces. It raises questions about theory interpretation and underdetermination. To better understand the torsional forces of teleparallel gravity, we consider a context in which forces are better understood: classical spacetimes. We propose a method of incorporating torsion into the classical spacetime context that yields a classical theory of gravity with a closed temporal metric and spacetime torsion. We then prove a result analogous to the Trautman degeometrization theorem: that every model of Newton–Cartan theory gives rise, non-uniquely, to a model of this theory.

On the frequency domain composite likelihood methods for estimating space-time covariance functions for large datasets

Covariance function plays very important roles in modeling and in prediction of spatial data. For instance, many statistical inferences such as maximum likelihood estimation and best linear unbiased prediction involve covariance matrices which must be inverted and this evaluation is slow when the number of observations is large, and the complexity increases even further in a space-time context. In this paper, we propose approximation methods based on three types of frequency domain composite likelihoods for the estimation of spatial-temporal covariance functions: paired, differenced, and conditional composite likelihoods to overcome this problem. The proposed likelihoods involve computationally efficient and matrix-free Gaussian likelihood approximations that have been successful in fitting parametric space-time covariance functions for massive datasets. We conduct a simulation study to evaluate the performance of the proposed estimation methods from statistical and computational viewpoints. The frequency domain spectral composite likelihood estimates demonstrate better performance compared to the observation domain composite likelihoods. Furthermore, our numerical examples show that paired and conditional frequency domain composite likelihoods work better than differenced frequency domain composite likelihood from statistical point of view.

Space-time variational material modeling: a new paradigm demonstrated for thermo-mechanically coupled wave propagation, visco-elasticity, elasto-plasticity with hardening, and gradient-enhanced damage

We formulate variational material modeling in a space-time context. The starting point is the description of the space-time cylinder and the definition of a thermodynamically consistent Hamilton functional which accounts for all boundary conditions on the cylinder surface. From the mechanical perspective, the Hamilton principle then yields thermo-mechanically coupled models by evaluation of the stationarity conditions for all thermodynamic state variables which are displacements, internal variables, and temperature. Exemplary, we investigate in this contribution elastic wave propagation, visco-elasticity, elasto-plasticity with hardening, and gradient-enhanced damage. Therein, one key novel aspect are initial and end time velocity conditions for the wave equation, replacing classical initial conditions for the displacements and the velocities. The motivation is intensively discussed and illustrated with the help of a prototype numerical simulation. From the mathematical perspective, the space-time formulations are formulated within suitable function spaces and convex sets. The unified presentation merges engineering and applied mathematics due to their mutual interactions. Specifically, the chosen models are of high interest in many state-of-the art developments in modeling and we show the impact of this holistic physical description on space-time Galerkin finite element discretization schemes. Finally, we study a specific discrete realization and show that the resulting system using initial and end time conditions is well-posed.

Towards a circular theory of communication: The case of the Wayusa ritual of the traditional Kichwa people of Sarayaku

The Wayusa is a community ritual that is part of the exercise of political imagination among the Kichwa Indigenous people of Sarayaku, in Ecuador. In this article it will be discussed as a case study arguing towards a circular theory of communication, emerging from the works of Paulo Freire and calling for an approximation with Indigenous cosmology, looking for epistemological diversity and interdisciplinarity. Based in comprehensive fieldwork, this article suggests that the Wayusa illustrates the role of communication in the knowledge-chain in the community of Sarayaku, while also describing the kind of communication that it is made of. Different from a dominant linear theory of communication, it points to a conceptual framework whose horizon is not universalist but based on each space–time context. Beyond explaining a localized practice, it is argued that such circular model can dialogue and challenge the linear one as an operative general framework.

Water resources and conversation practices with the semiarid in Aracatiaçu, Sobral-CE, Brazil

The concept of nature historically apprehended is directly related to the mode of interaction between society and nature in a given space-time context, under certain geomorphoclimatic, political, social and philosophical conditions. In this perspective, the present work aims to present a synthesis of the results of the empirical research carried out in the semi-arid sertaneja surface of Aracatiaçu, Sobral-CE, from March 2017 to February 2019, presented to the examining board of the Academic Master in Geography, from the State University of Vale do Acaraú, as a mandatory requirement for obtaining the Master's degree in Geography. In this study, we sought to understand the form of conception and perception of nature by the sertanejo in the semi-arid environment of Aracatiaçu, district of Sobral-CE, having as a guiding axis the water resources and the practices of coexistence with the semi-arid region, whose space- temporal comprises two rural communities in the aforementioned Sobralense district, Lagoa da Cruz and São João, between the years 1920 to 2018.

A geometrical approach to nontrivial topology via exotic spinors

Exotic spinors arise in non-simply connected base manifolds due to the nonequivalent spinor structure. The dynamics of exotic spinors are endowed with an additional differential factor. In this work, we merge the exotic spinor scenario with Cartan’s spinor viewpoint, according to which a given spacetime point is understood as a kind of composition of spinor entries. As a result, we arrive at a geometrical setup in which the Minkowski metric is perturbed by elements reflecting the nontrivial topology. Such corrections shall be felt by any physical system studied with the resulting bilinear form. Within the flat spacetime context, we investigate quasinormal modes arising from the interference of nontrivial topology in the scalar field dispersion relation.

Personal Authenticity as a Predictor of Coping with Stress and Possible Effect of the Stress

The importance of studying the phenomenon of personal authenticity as loyalty to one's true Self is substantiated. Historical and cultural prototypes of this phenomenon are considered. The difference between the Eastern and Western traditions of understanding the true Self is noted: in the East, a person's dialogue with the world was implied, whereas in the West — internal harmony was. Four basic oppositions are proposed to describe authenticity: to have vs to be (adaptation vs meaning); source vs effect vs epiphenomenon; molecular vs molar; internal vs external. The main function of authenticity is identified as monitoring the meaningfulness of life lived by a person in accordance with their unique calling. The contemporary descriptive and operationalized concepts of authenticity are compared; their limitations when transferred to Russian culture are noted. The original agent conception of authenticity is proposed, understood as a person's loyalty to their individuality, the space-time context of their life and life-calling. The status of authenticity in this sense is a trait like sensitivity to situations. The agent conception is supported by the Moscow Authenticity Scale as the main standardized measurement tool. The resource role of authenticity in stress situations of various nature is discussed. Based on the data on the impact of negative life events obtained in various fields of psychology, a hypothetical model of the possible change and genesis of authenticity under the influence of stress is substantiated.

Effective sample size for georeferenced and temporally evolving data

The effective sample size (ESS) measures the number of independent observations within a sample. This quantity has been studied and applied in many branches of statistics in recent years. In particular, it is used in the statistical analysis of spatial data for detecting duplicated observations as a consequence of the spatial correlation that is typically encountered in practice, allowing for subsequent model-informed data reduction procedures. The primary goal of this article is to introduce a space–time ESS, extending the current literature from the purely spatial to the space–time setting. The proposed ESS can be broken down into spatial and temporal margins. Thus, a statistician could perform purely spatial, purely temporal or joint space–time data reductions in such a way that the simultaneous space–time dependency structure is honored. We show that several elementary attributes that have been widely studied for the purely spatial ESS can translate naturally to the space–time context. We also present some results that connect the proposed ESS with the property of non-separability between space and time. After presenting our results, we apply them to a real data set consisting of daily averages of wind speeds in Ireland during 1961–1978. We obtain that, at each meteorological station, the sample size could be reduced by 80%, while maintaining critical statistical information of the data, demonstrating the effectiveness of our proposal.

European epidemiological patterns of cannabis- and substance-related congenital cardiovascular anomalies: geospatiotemporal and causal inferential study

As prenatal and community cannabis exposures have recently been linked with congenital heart disease (CHD), it was of interest to explore these associations in Europe in a causal framework and space-time context. Congenital anomaly data from Eurocat, drug-use data from the European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction, and income from the World Bank. Countries with rising daily cannabis use had in general higher congenital anomaly rates over time than those without (time: status interaction: β-Est. = 0.0267, P = 0.0059). At inverse probability-weighted panel regression, cannabis terms were positive and significant for CHD, severe CHD, atrial septal defect, ventricular septal defect, atrioventricular septal defect, patent ductus arteriosus, tetralogy of Fallot, vascular disruptions, double outlet right ventricle, transposition of the great vessels, hypoplastic right heart, and mitral valve anomalies from 1.75 × 10−19, 4.20 × 10−11, <2.2 × 10−16, <2.2 × 10−16, 1.58 × 10−12, 4.30 × 10−9, 4.36 × 10−16, 3.50 × 10−8, 5.35 × 10−12, <2.2 × 10−16, 5.65 × 10−5 and 6.06 × 10−10. At spatial regression, terms including cannabis were positive and significant for this same list of anomalies from 0.0038, 1.05 × 10−10, 0.0215, 8.94 × 10−6, 1.23 × 10−5, 2.05 × 10−5, 1.07 × 10−6, 8.77 × 10−5, 9.11 × 10−6, 0.0001, 3.10 × 10−7 and 2.17 × 10−7. 92.6% and 75.2% of 149 E-value estimates and minimum E-values were in high zone >9; 100.0% and 98.7% >1.25. Data show many congenital cardiac anomalies exhibit strong bivariate relationships with metrics of cannabis exposure. Causal inferential modelling for the twelve anomalies selected demonstrated convincing evidence of robust relationships to cannabis which survived adjustment and fulfilled epidemiological criteria for causal relationships. Space-time regression was similarly confirmatory. Epigenomic pathways constitute viable potential mechanisms. Given exponential genotoxic dose-response effects, careful and astute control of cannabinoid penetration is indicated.

Approximate and Exact GR-Solutions for the Two-Body Problem

A binary gravitational rotator, also called the two-body problem, is a pair of masses m1, m2 moving around their center-of-mass (com) in their own gravitational field. In Newtonian gravitation, the two-body problem can be described by a single reduced mass (gravitational rotator) mr = m1m2/(m1+m2) orbiting around the total mass m = m1+m2 situated in com in the distance r, which is the distance between the two original masses. In this paper, we discuss the rotator in Newtonian, Schwarzschild and Kerr spacetime context. We formulate the corresponding Kerr orbit equations, and adapt the Kerr rotational parameter to the Newtonian correction of the rotator potential. We present a vacuum solution of Einstein equations (Manko-Ruiz), which is a generalized Kerr spacetime with five parameters gμν (m1, m2, R, a1, a2), and adapt it to the Newtonian correction for observer orbits. We show that the Manko-Ruiz metric is the exact solution of the GR-two-body problem (i.e. GR-rotator) and express the orbit energy and angular momentum in terms of the 5 parameters. We calculate and discuss Manko-Ruiz rotator orbits in their own field, and present numerical results for two examples. Finally, we carry out numerical calculations of observer orbits in the rotator field for all involved models and compare them.

Designing an Indoor Radon Risk Exposure Indicator (IRREI): An Evaluation Tool for Risk Management and Communication in the IoT Age.

The explosive data growth in the current information age requires consistent new methodologies harmonized with the new IoT era for data analysis in a space–time context. Moreover, intuitive data visualization is a central feature in exploring, interpreting, and extracting specific insights for subsequent numerical data representation. This integrated process is normally based on the definition of relevant metrics and specific performance indicators, both computed upon continuous real-time data, considering the specificities of a particular application case for data validation. This article presents an IoT-oriented evaluation tool for Radon Risk Management (RRM), based on the design of a simple and intuitive Indoor Radon Risk Exposure Indicator (IRREI), specifically tailored to be used as a decision-making aid tool for building owners, building designers, and buildings managers, or simply as an alert flag for the problem awareness of ordinary citizens. The proposed methodology was designed for graphic representation aligned with the requirements of the current IoT age, i.e., the methodology is robust enough for continuous data collection with specific Spatio-temporal attributes and, therefore, a set of adequate Radon risk-related metrics can be extracted and proposed. Metrics are summarized considering the application case, taken as a case study for data validation, by including relevant variables to frame the study, such as the regulatory International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) dosimetric limits, building occupancy (spatial dimension), and occupants’ exposure periods (temporal dimension). This work has the following main contributions: (1) providing a historical perspective regarding RRM indicator evolution along time; (2) outlining both the formulation and the validation of the proposed IRREI indicator; (3) implementing an IoT-oriented methodology for an RRM indicator; and (4) a discussion on Radon risk public perception, undertaken based on the results obtained after assessment of the IRREI indicator by applying a screening questionnaire with a total of 873 valid answers.

Impossible measurements revisited

It is by now well recognized that the naive application of the projection postulate on composite quantum systems can induce signalling between their constituent components, indicative of a breakdown of causality in a relativistic spacetime context. Here we introduce a necessary and sufficient condition for an ideal measurement of an observable to be nonsignalling. As well as being particularly simple, it generalizes previous no-signalling conditions in that it allows for degeneracies and can be applied to all bounded self-adjoint operators. The condition is used to establish that arbitrary sums of local observables will not signal, in accordance with our expectations from relativistic quantum field theory. On the other hand, it is shown that the measurement of the tensor product of commuting local observables, for example bipartite operators of the form $A\ensuremath{\bigotimes}B$, can in fact signal, contrary to the widely held belief that such measurements are always locally realizable. The implications for the notion of measurement in relativistic quantum field theory are addressed; it appears that the most straightforward application of the standard quantum formalism generically leads to violations of causality. We conclude that either the class of observables that can be measured should be restricted and/or that the naive translation of the measurement framework of quantum theory, in particular the projection postulate, to quantum field theory should be reevaluated.

ПРОЕКЦИИ ЭТНИЧНОСТИ КОРЕННЫХ МАЛОЧИСЛЕННЫХ НАРОДОВ РОССИИ (ПО ДАННЫМ ВЕБ-ОПРОСА)

The article considers the preliminary results of the project “Indigenous Minorities of the Russian Federation: Ethnocultural Projections”. The study of the current state of ethnicity of Russia’s indigenous small-numbered peoples in a multiethnic environment and in the system of complex identities within the space of Eurasia, due to unsuitability of single-line approaches, is carried out using the methods of ethnophenomenology in a wide space-time context of traditions and innovations, personology, sociology and social anthropology. In the authors’ focus are the following issues: (1) ethnicity in its stability and variability, historical dynamics and modern manifestations, sociality and personality, traditions and innovations; (2) ethnocultural heritage as the basis of identity, trends and prospects for its actualization. In the context of the pandemic, web ethnography has become the main channel for obtaining information and building a dialogue between researchers and representatives of indigenous peoples. Two cyber-questionnaires have been developed: (1) an expert questionnaire for indigenous leaders (more than 30 questionnaires were collected); (2) a general questionnaire for representatives of the indigenous peoples (500 questionnaires were collected). Both questionnaires contain similar questions, but the first is designed for detailed answers-reflections, and the second — for brief expressions of their positions. Thus, the general questionnaire shows the main trends, and the expert one gives their analysis and interpretation, and both actions are performed by the indigenous peoples themselves (the role of researchers in creating this set of information is limited to the formulation of questions and the presentation of answers). The article examines the ethnicity projections, experiences of ethnic projects, and issues of the status and rights of indigenous minorities as well.

Excising culture history from contemporary archaeology

North American archaeologists must reconsider their implicit adherence to the culture history paradigm. The long-standing role of this approach to situate archaeological remains in space and time is far outweighed by the negative impacts of its underlying assumptions about the correspondence of biological and cultural groups, intragroup uniformity, discrete spatial boundaries, primordialism, and sequential change. These discredited assumptions divert attention from variability, privilege certain research questions and interpretations, hinder dialogue with other disciplines, and facilitate the misuse of archaeology for political purposes. We recommend alternative perspectives that recognize the importance of space-time context, accommodate the complexity of new suites of archaeological data, and are more consistent with what we now know about past and present social relations.

The Book Transformations in the Context of Media Revolutions

The article is devoted to the analysis of book transformation as one of the oldest and the most influential types of media in the historical context of media revolutions. It characterizes the main attributes of media, underlining common features of the book and other types of media. The article explores the evolution and specific changes of oral, written and electronic information carriers and other types of media in the context of time and space. It analyses historical conditions and the modern tendency to reproduce a book in audio and electronic formats. The article also claims that such transformations make a significant impact on the classical relationship between all participants and stakeholders in book creation, production, distribution and usage. The authors emphasize the importance and further impact of large-scale changes in the nature of book in the context of media revolutions. The history of humankind has undergone four media revolutions. At present one can observe transforming the world and domestic book markets: new market segments are being formed and continue to develop. The most important trend is the transformation of the book as medium and the appearance of its new features and communication opportunities. The article considers the processes of mediatization that transform mental landmarks of contemporaries, and form new skills and techniques that are essential in modern communication. Mutual influence and modification of information channels and message itself, lead to the modification the perception of texts. All these processes require the development of new media authors’, text creators’, publishers’, editors’, readers/users’, media consumers’ competences, and ultimately change communication abilities and the priorities of all media consumers. The authors underline the necessity to create and use a new transdisciplinary medialogical approach to book research and its industry in space-time context.

Analysing Temporal Variability in Spatial Distributions Using Min–Max Autocorrelation Factors: Sardine Eggs in the Bay of Biscay

This paper presents a novel application of the geostatistical multivariate method known as min–max autocorrelation factors (MAFs) for analysing fisheries survey data in a space–time context. The method was used to map essential fish habitats and evaluate the variability in time of their occupancy. Research surveys at sea on marine fish stocks have been undertaken for several decades now. The data are time series of yearly maps of fish density, making it possible to analyse the space–time variability in fish spatial distributions. Space–time models are key to addressing conservation issues requiring the characterization of variability in habitat maps over time. Here, the variability in fisheries survey data series is decomposed in space and time to address these issues, using MAFs. MAFs were originally developed for noise removal in hyperspectral multivariate data and are obtained using a specific double principal components analysis. Here, MAFs were used to extract the most continuous spatial components that are consistent in time, together with the time series of their amplitudes. MAFs formed an empirical isofactorial model of the data, which served for kriging in each year using all available information across the data series. The approach was applied on the spawning distributions of sardine in the Bay of Biscay from 2000 to 2017. A multivariate approach for dealing with space–time data was adapted here, because the evolution in time was highly variable. Maps were classified using the amplitudes of the MAFs, and groups of typical distributions were identified, which showed different occurrence probabilities in different periods.

Arte, anamorfosis y percepción espacial: La realidad del observador

El conocimiento que obtenemos de la realidad desde la interpretación de la misma es un tema presente del ser humano. Lo trataremos en este artículo desde el arte, basándonos en la imagen como medio de conocimiento pero incapaz de ofrecer un discurso único y universal. El concepto “espacio” será fundamental para nuestro análisis, como condicionante de una realidad preestablecida pero que es asimilada desde la experiencia personal. De esta forma consideramos las imágenes como polisémicas y susceptibles de múltiples interpretaciones en constante transformación. Para finalizar y ejemplificar lo tratado, presentamos un caso concreto de análisis de la percepción del espacio desde la obra artística contemporánea: una instalación anamórfica del artista Felice Varini, que tiene la capacidad de abstraer al observador de su contexto espacio temporal y de su corporeidad; pero que al mismo tiempo ofrece al observador la capacidad de ser consciente del espacio que le rodea en su más pura conceptualización.