Space Shift Research Articles

Rapid shifts in grassland communities driven by climate change.

Many terrestrial plant communities, especially forests, have been shown to lag in response to rapid climate change. Grassland communities may respond more quickly to novel climates, as they consist mostly of short-lived species, which are directly exposed to macroclimate change. Here we report the rapid response of grassland communities to climate change in the California Floristic Province. We estimated 349 vascular plant species' climatic niches from 829,337 occurrence records, compiled 15 long-term community composition datasets from 12 observational studies and 3 global change experiments, and analysed community compositional shifts in the climate niche space. We show that communities experienced significant shifts towards species associated with warmer and drier locations at rates of 0.0216 ± 0.00592 °C yr-1 (mean ± s.e.) and -3.04 ± 0.742 mm yr-1, and these changes occurred at a pace similar to that of climate warming and drying. These directional shifts were consistent across observations and experiments. Our findings contrast with the lagged responses observed in communities dominated by long-lived plants and suggest greater biodiversity changes than expected in the near future.

Error performance of DF cooperative SMTs with I/Q imbalance over Beckmann fading channels

The direct down-conversion principle, which has generally been used in the design of multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) schemes, including space modulation techniques (SMTs), is attractive to researchers because of its low cost, low power consumption with fewer components, flexible and simple structure. However, hardware imperfections such as in-phase (I) and quadrature-phase (Q) imbalance (IQI) negatively affect the performance of the systems with direct down-conversion in practice. On the other hand, cooperative communication is a promising technology that can be utilized in the design of future wireless networks due to its significant advantages such as increasing system reliability, extending network coverage, reducing channel degradation, and providing high quality of service. In this study, SMT-based methods are integrated into cooperative systems, and a flexible and comprehensive model is presented that is applicable to many channel structures. Specifically, the error performance analysis of space shift keying (SSK), spatial modulation (SM), and quadrature SM (QSM) systems in the presence of IQI in decode-and-forward (DF) cooperative communication is carried out by analytical derivations and computer simulations over generalized Beckmann fading channels. The obtained results show that the performance of SMT-based DF cooperative systems is superior to the conventional schemes, and the effects of receiver IQI can be eliminated by optimal detector designs.

Phage-modified dual-peak long-period fiber grating biosensor for ultrasensitive, rapid and specific detection of pathogen strains

Herein, we present an ultrasensitive, rapid and specific phage-modified dual-peak long-period fiber grating (Phage-DP-LPFG) biosensor for detecting foodborne pathogens. Compared to the single-peak resonance LPFG with a grating period of 360 μm, the DP-LPFG with a grating period of 163 μm offers enhanced sensitivity to refractive index changes caused by bacterial adsorption. By directionally immobilising phages on the DP-LPFG, the sensor achieves high specificity for target bacterial strains. Upon capturing the target strain, the short-wavelength near-infrared transmission loss peak undergoes a blue shift, whereas the long-wavelength transmission loss peak exhibits a red shift. The shift in spacing between the two peaks (Δλ) increases with higher bacterial capture, enabling the quantification of target strains based on Δλ changes. Using Escherichia coli O157:H7 (E. coli O157:H7) as a model, the Phage-DP-LPFG biosensor demonstrates a linear detection range of 25–108 CFU/mL with a low limit of detection of 8 CFU/mL in 10 min under optimal conditions. The biosensor was also tested on food samples such as fish and milk, showing no notable differences from standard methods but with reduced detection time. It was further extended to the detection of another foodborne pathogen strain Hafnia paralvei (MCCC 1K06097) (H. paralvei (MCCC 1K06097)) with satisfactory results. This study offers a novel approach for the rapid, sensitive and specific detection of trace pathogenic strains in foods.

Active RIS-Assisted Receive Space Shift Keying With Reflection Modulation

Active RIS-Assisted Receive Space Shift Keying With Reflection Modulation

ПРЕИМУЩЕСТВА КИНЕМАТИЧЕСКОЙ АВТОНОМНОСТИ ТРАНСПОРТНО-ТЕХНОЛОГИЧЕСКИХ МАШИН

The efficiency of transport and technological machines is largely determined by the magnitude of the translational speed of the executive working units. The purpose of the research is to evaluate the efficiency of transport and technological machines, mobile units with kinematic autonomy of their components. Machine units, in which mobile power means, the implement frame and the executive working units have kinematic autonomy, differ in the directions of movement, their shift in time and space, and the magnitude of speed. The multi-channel power take-off of the power plant, the time-shifted process of entry into operation of the components of the mobile unit, executive working units, and the use of a wheeled propulsion device with a built-in differential contribute to achieving the goal. In a wheel differential, the points of application of vertical load, longitudinal pushing force and driving torque are separated from the axis of rotation of the propulsion unit. A combined soil-cultivating working unit - a mechanism with a spring mole handler, self-adapting to changes in the longitudinal hardness of the soil by automatically changing the geometric dimensions, a wheel differential contributes to the smooth acceleration of the mobile unit, preventing its engine from reaching overload mode, allowing you to control the pressure in the contact patch of the wheel with the supporting surface. The process of interaction of the modernized wheel with the supporting surface is influenced by the gear ratio of the built-in gearbox and the automatic switching of its operating mode. The research methodology is based on a systematic analysis of factors that have a cause-and-effect relationship with the quality and energy performance of mobile units and their wheeled propulsors. The advantages of a transport-technological unit with kinematic autonomy of its components are the formation of additional tangential force and torque on the propulsion unit, automatic change of the gear ratio of the built-in wheel gearbox, smooth starting of the unit, prevention of slipping of the propulsion units and the engine entering overload mode. In connection with the above, all other things being equal, the required power of the internal combustion engines of transport and technological machines with kinematic autonomy of the components can be reduced by 8-10%.

Integrating viruses into soil food web biogeochemistry.

The soil microbiome is recognized as an essential component of healthy soils. Viruses are also diverse and abundant in soils, but their roles in soil systems remain unclear. Here we argue for the consideration of viruses in soil microbial food webs and describe the impact of viruses on soil biogeochemistry. The soil food web is an intricate series of trophic levels that span from autotrophic microorganisms to plants and animals. Each soil system encompasses contrasting and dynamic physicochemical conditions, with labyrinthine habitats composed of particles. Conditions are prone to shifts in space and time, and this variability can obstruct or facilitate interactions of microorganisms and viruses. Because viruses can infect all domains of life, they must be considered as key regulators of soil food web dynamics and biogeochemical cycling. We highlight future research avenues that will enable a more robust understanding of the roles of viruses in soil function and health.

The Structure of the Place and Its Transformations in TV Drama

The diversity of narrative methods has opened up new horizons in the process of recounting events and entering into narrative sequences, after which the dramatic text follows varying levels in the movement of dramatic events. This overlap in the narrative has made the artworker have multiple options in shaping his graphic structure, beginning with the formation of the logical introduction, the appearance of the actor, and leading to conflict and confrontation and the creation of tension and excitement. These methods, the multiple reading of the dramatic text, the formation of events, the building of a vision, the treatment, the development of excretive solutions and the creation of a virtual world, run in many strange and fantasi places, for those worlds, and the transformations of the dramatic event accompanied by a shift in space and time. Based on the movement of the operator, the search for its objective, the overlapping of the narrative systems, and its use in accordance with the narrative sequences created by the artworkmaker, the recipient is able to keep track of the events and expand the narrative of the events, as determined by the artwork industry, thus creating a beautiful response and arriving at the composition of the meaning of the visual output. Therefore, the problem of research can be formulated with the following question: What are the ways in which the dramatic narrative and spatial intuitions can be reflected in the output? The aim of the research is to detect dramatic robotics and spatial structure transformations in visual output.

Computationally Efficient Phase Configuration Design for Reconfigurable Intelligent Surface–Assisted Space Shift Keying With Passive Beamforming

Computationally Efficient Phase Configuration Design for Reconfigurable Intelligent Surface–Assisted Space Shift Keying With Passive Beamforming

Non-perturbative dynamics of flat-band systems with correlated disorder

Abstract We develop a numerical method for the time evolution of Gaussian wave packets on flat-band lattices in the presence of correlated disorder. To achieve this, we introduce a method to generate random on-site energies with prescribed correlations. We verify this method with a one-dimensional (1D) cross-stitch model, and find good agreement with analytical results obtained from the disorderdressed evolution equations. This allows us to reproduce previous findings, that disorder can mobilize 1D flat-band states which would otherwise remain localized. As explained by the corresponding disorder-dressed evolution equations, such mobilization requires an asymmetric disorder-induced coupling to dispersive bands, a condition that is generically not fulfilled when the flat-band is resonant with the dispersive bands at a Dirac point-like crossing. We exemplify this with the 1D Lieb lattice. While analytical expressions are not available for the two-dimensional (2D) system due to its complexity, we extend the numerical method to the 2D α-T 3 model, and find that the initial flat-band wave packet preserves its localization when α = 0, regardless of disorder and intersections. However, when α ≠ 0, the wave packet shifts in real space. We interpret this as a Berry phase controlled, disorder-induced wave-packet mobilization. In addition, we present density functional theory calculations of candidate materials, specifically Hg1-xCdxTe. The flat-band emerges near the Γ point (k =0) in the Brillouin zone.

Is Aluminium Useful in NiMn Cathode Systems?: A Study of the Effectiveness of Al in Co-Free, Ni-Rich Positive Electrode Materials for Li-Ion Batteries

Aluminium has become a dopant of interest in many positive electrode materials, particularly the widely used LiNi1−x−yMnxCoyO2 (NMC). Despite the shift of the positive electrode active material space towards Co-free alternatives, the benefits of Al-doping in Co-free LiNixMn1−xO2 (NM) systems have yet to be extensively studied. In this work a series of polycrystalline NM and NMA pairs are compared head-to-head to better understand the effect of Al in Ni-rich, Co-free systems in terms of electrochemical, mechanical, surficial, and thermal stability. The materials tested vary in Ni-content, Al-doping amount as well as secondary particle size, as these parameters influence the effect of Al-presence on certain aspects of material performance. Although Al can bring certain advantages to NM materials, Al-substitution does not universally lead to improved performance in these systems.

A Pattern Modulation Based IRS Scheme for Space Shift Keying Communication System

A Pattern Modulation Based IRS Scheme for Space Shift Keying Communication System

Robust prostate disease classification using transformers with discrete representations.

Automated prostate disease classification on multi-parametric MRI has recently shown promising results with the use of convolutional neural networks (CNNs). The vision transformer (ViT) is a convolutional free architecture which only exploits the self-attention mechanism and has surpassed CNNs in some natural imaging classification tasks. However, these models are not very robust to textural shifts in the input space. In MRI, we often have to deal with textural shift arising from varying acquisition protocols. Here, we focus on the ability of models to generalise well to new magnet strengths for MRI. We propose a new framework to improve the robustness of vision transformer-based models for disease classification by constructing discrete representations of the data using vector quantisation. We sample a subset of the discrete representations to form the input into a transformer-based model. We use cross-attention in our transformer model to combine the discrete representations of T2-weighted and apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) images. We analyse the robustness of our model by training on a 1.5 T scanner and test on a 3 T scanner and vice versa. Our approach achieves SOTA performance for classification of lesions on prostate MRI and outperforms various other CNN and transformer-based models in terms of robustness to domain shift and perturbations in the input space. We develop a method to improve the robustness of transformer-based disease classification of prostate lesions on MRI using discrete representations of the T2-weighted and ADC images.

Predator-prey interactions across hunting mode, spatial domain size, and habitat complexities.

Predator-prey interactions are a fundamental part of community ecology, yet the relative importance of consumptive and nonconsumptive effects (NCEs) (defined as a risk-induced response that alters prey fitness) has not been resolved. Theory suggests that the emergence and subsequent predominance of consumptive or NCEs depend on the given habitat's complexity as well as predator hunting mode and spatial domain sizes of both predator and prey, but their relative influence on the outcome of predator-prey interactions is unknown. We built agent-based models in NetLogo to simulate predator-prey interactions for three hunting modes-sit-and-wait, sit-and-pursue, and active-while concurrently simulating large versus small spatial domain sizes for both predators and prey. We studied (1) how hunting mode and spatial domain size interact to influence the emergence of consumptive or NCEs and (2) how, when NCEs do dominate, hunting mode and spatial domain separately or additively determine prey shifts in time, space, and habitat use. Our results indicate consumptive effects only dominate for active predators when prey habitat domains overlap completely with the predator's spatial domain and when sit-and-wait and sit-and-pursue predators and their prey both have large spatial domains. Prey are most likely to survive when they shift their time but most frequently shift their habitat. Our paper helps to better understand the underlying mechanisms that drive consumptive or NCEs to be most dominant.

‘Wolf Warriors’ in the UN Security Council? Investigating power shifts through blaming

AbstractWhat shifts in the extent and patterns of China's blaming are observable at the United Nations Security Council (UNSC)? This article employs automated content analysis to measure the frequency of blaming by China and other permanent UNSC member states based on a dataset of all speeches (19,623 overall) in the UNSC from January 1995 to May 2022. Furthermore, it uses qualitative text analysis and network analysis to examine the targets of blaming in three different case studies of UN security governance—UN peacekeeping in former Yugoslavia (1998–2008), the UN sanctions regime against North Korea (2007–2017) and the broader peace and security discourse at the UNSC (2008–2018). The study conceptualizes Chinese blaming as a previously unexamined discursive strategy of compulsory power with potential long‐term effects on shifts in productive power. However, the results indicate the absence of blaming‐related shifts in the discursive space of the UNSC: China's rhetoric in the UNSC, compared with other UNSC members, has remained restrained over time. Variance in blaming behaviour between actors and across bilateral and multilateral settings seems to depend on strategic considerations that assess how to exert power most effectively.

Performance analysis and comparison of a novel Steiner-Quadrature Space Shift Keying (S-QSSK) scheme in massive MIMO systems

This paper introduces Steiner-quadrature space shift keying (QSSK) (S-QSSK), an innovative modulation scheme tailored for multiple–input multiple–output (MIMO) systems. The study compares S-QSSK with existing modulation schemes (S-space shift keying (SSK)(S-SSK), QSSK, generalized quadrature space shift keying (GQSSK)) across various performance metrics, considering diverse channel conditions, transmit antenna numbers, and spectral efficiencies. Theoretical average bit error rate (ABER) analysis, validated by Monte Carlo simulations, establishes a close agreement between analytical and practical results, especially at realistic signal-to-noise-ratio (SNR) values. Additionally, capacity and mutual information formulas shed light on the system’s information transmission capabilities. The research delves into the outage probability, power consumption, and computational complexity of S-QSSK MIMO systems. It unveils a promising trade-off, demonstrating that S-QSSK achieves competitive performance in ABER, capacity, and mutual information, positioning it as a practical modulation technique. Importantly, S-QSSK exhibits about a 1 dB ABER performance decrease compared to S-SSK and QSSK, while offering a noteworthy 2 dB improvement over GQSSK. Despite requiring slightly more transmit antennas than GQSSK, S-QSSK demands significantly fewer than both S-SSK and traditional QSSK, particularly when targeting high spectral efficiencies. Moreover, the analysis underscores the advantageous power consumption and favorable computational complexity of S-QSSK relative to other modulation schemes. The proposed S-QSSK MIMO system thus presents itself as an efficient solution, enabling high data rates with fewer transmit antennas, resulting in substantial reductions in power consumption and computational complexity without a significant sacrifice in ABER and mutual information. These attributes make it a compelling choice for various applications, including those requiring efficient massive multiple–input multiple–output (mMIMO) operations.

Rediscovery of numerical Lüscher's formula from the neural network* *Partly supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (12221005, 11935017, 12070131001, 12175239), (CRC 110 by DFG and NNSFC) and the National Key R&D Program of China (2020YFA0406400)

We present that by predicting the spectrum in discrete space from the phase shift in continuous space, the neural network can remarkably reproduce the numerical Lüscher's formula to a high precision. The model-independent property of the Lüscher's formula is naturally realized by the generalizability of the neural network. This exhibits the great potential of the neural network to extract model-independent relation between model-dependent quantities, and this data-driven approach could greatly facilitate the discovery of the physical principles underneath the intricate data.

Amino acid-specific isotopes reveal changing five-dimensional niche segregation in Pacific seabirds over 50 years

Hutchison’s niche theory suggests that coexisting competing species occupy non-overlapping hypervolumes, which are theoretical spaces encompassing more than three dimensions, within an n-dimensional space. The analysis of multiple stable isotopes can be used to test these ideas where each isotope can be considered a dimension of niche space. These hypervolumes may change over time in response to variation in behaviour or habitat, within or among species, consequently changing the niche space itself. Here, we use isotopic values of carbon and nitrogen of ten amino acids, as well as sulphur isotopic values, to produce multi-isotope models to examine niche segregation among an assemblage of five coexisting seabird species (ancient murrelet Synthliboramphus antiquus, double-crested cormorant Phalacrocorax auritus, Leach’s storm-petrel Oceanodrama leucorhoa, rhinoceros auklet Cerorhinca monocerata, pelagic cormorant Phalacrocorax pelagicus) that inhabit coastal British Columbia. When only one or two isotope dimensions were considered, the five species overlapped considerably, but segregation increased in more dimensions, but often in complex ways. Thus, each of the five species occupied their own isotopic hypervolume (niche), but that became apparent only when factoring the increased information from sulphur and amino acid specific isotope values, rather than just relying on proxies of δ15N and δ13C alone. For cormorants, there was reduction of niche size for both species consistent with a decline in their dominant prey, Pacific herring Clupea pallasii, from 1970 to 2006. Consistent with niche theory, cormorant species showed segregation across time, with the double-crested demonstrating a marked change in diet in response to prey shifts in a higher dimensional space. In brief, incorporating multiple isotopes (sulfur, PC1 of δ15N [baselines], PC2 of δ15N [trophic position], PC1 and PC2 of δ13C) metrics allowed us to infer changes and differences in food web topology that were not apparent from classic carbon–nitrogen biplots.

Presentation of the artist in the regional journal periodical

The artistic component of the literary-artistic and public-political magazine Literary Ternopil» (2008–2019) was formed by publications that show the current state of painting in the region through familiarization with the personalities of artists and their creative work. The article highlights and analyzes typical textual means of presenting the artist in the specialized section «Artist of the Number». As a result of the research, it was found that the text presentation is based on the involvement of elements of drawing, which are manifested in the depiction of heroes in action, retelling of life situations, depiction of the area, interiors, etc. The plot-compositional organization of the texts includes biographical, everyday, socio-political, historical, psychological contexts, to reflect which the authors provide data on education, places of creative work, participation in exhibitions, obtaining titles, cooperation with various artists, describe external signs, worldview and inner qualities of artists. Expressions of art critics, connoisseurs of painting, and artists themselves are used compositionally. The presenters of the artists are the titles of the publications in which the starting point of the image is formed. It remains constant or changes: it can be individual / collective, synchronous / diachronic, shift in space (natural environment, premises, native land, abroad), have an emotional / intellectual dimension, focus on a situation or involve a whole range of information. An important component of the presentation is the art history characteristic in combination with evaluative and figurative expressions. For this purpose, artistic means of speech and stylistically marked vocabulary (names of subjects of professional activity, artistic directions, styles, and techniques), names of famous Ukrainian artists, names of iconic paintings, their cycles, names of exhibitions, etc., are involved. All these aspects are aimed at reflecting the spiritual, intellectual, creative development of the artist.

Constraint Latent Space Matters: An Anti-anomalous Waveform Transformation Solution from Photoplethysmography to Arterial Blood Pressure

Arterial blood pressure (ABP) holds substantial promise for proactive cardiovascular health management. Notwithstanding its potential, the invasive nature of ABP measurements confines their utility primarily to clinical environments, limiting their applicability for continuous monitoring beyond medical facilities. The conversion of photoplethysmography (PPG) signals into ABP equivalents has garnered significant attention due to its potential in revolutionizing cardiovascular disease management. Recent strides in PPG-to-ABP prediction encompass the integration of generative and discriminative models. Despite these advances, the efficacy of these models is curtailed by the latent space shift predicament, stemming from alterations in PPG data distribution across disparate hardware and individuals, potentially leading to distorted ABP waveforms. To tackle this problem, we present an innovative solution named the Latent Space Constraint Transformer (LSCT), leveraging a quantized codebook to yield robust latent spaces by employing multiple discretizing bases. To facilitate improved reconstruction, the Correlation-boosted Attention Module (CAM) is introduced to systematically query pertinent bases on a global scale. Furthermore, to enhance expressive capacity, we propose the Multi-Spectrum Enhancement Knowledge (MSEK), which fosters local information flow within the channels of latent code and provides additional embedding for reconstruction. Through comprehensive experimentation on both publicly available datasets and a private downstream task dataset, the proposed approach demonstrates noteworthy performance enhancements compared to existing methods. Extensive ablation studies further substantiate the effectiveness of each introduced module.

FORMATION OF THE INFORMATION SPACE AS AN ELEMENT OF UKRAINE'S HUMANITARIAN POLICY IN THE CONTEXT OF EUROPEAN INTEGRATION

The article examines conceptual features of information space transformations in postclassical era and its implications for Ukraine within the process of European integration of the country. The key concerns of today's information space in Ukraine in its connection with humanitarian policy are considered. The presence of the phenomenon of paradigm shift in the information space caused by war, and the necessity of changing methods of organizing this space as an element of the humanitarian policy of Ukraine, taking into account national realities and the process of European integration, is noted.