Space-planning Solutions Research Articles

Детские игровые площадки Саратова: анализ эколого-геохимической ситуации

In a modern large city, it is mandatory to have playgrounds in residential areas. The level of social well-being and well-being of urban space is also assessed by the presence of a children’s playground in each residential courtyard. However, from a city-ecological point of view, is it advisable to organize parking on boulevards, in small squares, in courtyards next to car parks? In order to understand this, the state regulatory requirements and standards for the organization of children’s playgrounds in a large industrial city were studied; The territories of playgrounds were identified, the location of which raises doubts about the correctness of their placement; a geochemical analysis of natural environments was performed – the surface layer of air, soils and soils, snowcover on the territory of playgrounds and adjacent zones. An assessment was made of the compliance of of the geochemical analysis results with existing standards for the placement of playgrounds in urban space and urban planning solutions were proposed to optimize the locations of playgrounds created contrary to existing standards.

Особенности объемно-планировочных решений стационарных зданий цирков

Objective: this work is devoted to the study of the features in space-planning solutions for stationary circus buildings and to determine the development of circus architecture. In recent years, with the appearance of new technologies, the requirements for space-planning and technical solutions of circus buildings have undergone significant changes. It is very important to preserve the traditions of circus art and, at the same time, for expansion of the circus performances are necessary modifications and transformations of the buildings. Methods: have been made a comprehensive analysis of existing circus buildings in Europe, Asia and Russia. The research is based on the analysis of professional literature and scientific articles. Results: has been revealed patterns and main features in construction of multifunctional entertainment buildings with elements of circus and various show performances (on ice, on water, in the air). Technical innovations applied in modern representations, such as removable playpens, the use of virtual reality and modern technical balancing systems, dictate new approaches to the organization of space. In Europe, animal performances are a thing of the past. In Russia and Asia, animals remain an essential part of the circus show, meanwhile control over their living conditions is becoming more strict. Based on the study of the already built circus facilities were determined the prospects for the construction of new and reconstruction of existing buildings. Practical significance: the results allow us to identify the main trends in the space-planning solutions of stationary circus buildings. This research will be useful for architects, designers and other specialists who are engaged in the design and reconstruction of circuses. The results of this research can be used to create modern and functional circus buildings that will meet the expectations of the audience and provide comfortable conditions for the artists.

АНАЛИЗ ЭФФЕКТИВНОСТИ ЭНЕРГОСБЕРЕГАЮЩИХ МЕРОПРИЯТИЙ ДЛЯ ИНДИВИДУАЛЬНОГО ЖИЛОГО ЗДАНИЯ

The paper presents the results of the analysis of the impact of energy-saving measures on the eco-nomic characteristics of an individual residential building. A model of the connection of structural parameters based on the model of the water heating system of an individual building with its space-planning solution

Влияние режима пожара на огнестойкость несущих строительных конструкций машинных залов ГРЭС

Machine rooms of a state district power plant (GRES) are sizeable. Heat impact on the structures of the building in the case of a real fire can significantly differ from the impact in the case of a standard fire. Therefore, the calculation of fire resistance of building structures should be conducted not only in conditions of a standard fire but of a real fire as well. The objective of the study is the theoretical evaluation of the actual limits of fire resistance of load-bearing building structures of the machine room of the main building of the Nizhneturinskaya GRES in conditions of standard and real fire regimes. Numerical experiments to calculate the heating of load-bearing building structures in the case of a standard fire and the case of the most hazardous scenario of the real fire development have been conducted in the framework of the study. A field 3-dimensional model to calculate fire hazardous factors and a non-stationary thermal conductivity equation have been applied. The obtained results have been analyzed. The field model adapted to the space-planning solutions of the machine room has been described. The most hazardous scenario of the development of real fire in case of combustion of the turbine oil spill in the sector of the machine room with the lowest height of ceiling has been chosen. The temperature fields in the gaseous environment of the machine room at different moments are presented. It has been detected that the heating of reinforced concrete structures of the machine room ceiling is significantly uneven due to the 3-dimensional gas dynamic pattern of fire. Dependencies of temperatures of the frame of reinforced concrete load-bearing structures of the ceiling on the time of standard and real fires in the most heated section of the ceiling have been obtained. It has been determined that the maximum temperature of the frame in the case of the standard fire is lower than in the case of real fire. Due to the features of the 3-dimensional thermal gas dynamic pattern of fire in machine rooms of the GRES, the fire resistance of load-bearing building structures in these premises must be determined in both conditions of standard fire and real fire, considering the most hazardous scenario of its development.

Adaptation of a cultural heritage object of regional importance “central hotel”. Modern» for modern use

The article describes the space-planning solution of the building and the object composition of the object of cultural heritage of regional significance “Hotels Central. Modern”. A historical reference is given and archival images of the household, the planning solution and the facades of the hotel are analyzed, thanks to which three main historical stages of the reconstruction of the building are identified. The emphasis is placed on the fact that the reconstruction of the facades of the building at the time of 1910-1912 can be considered the most valuable from the standpoint of architecture and urban planning. The program of adaptation of the building under consideration is given with a description of the preserved elements of decoration, interior decoration and proposals for their further restoration and use. A statement was made about the continuation of work on the development of scientific and design documentation using the developed window adaptation program.

МОДЕЛЬ КОНСТРУКТИВНЫХ ПАРАМЕТРОВ СИСТЕМЫ ОТОПЛЕНИЯ ИНДИВИДУАЛЬНОГО ЖИЛОГО ЗДАНИЯ

The paper presents a model of the relationship between the structural parameters of the water heat-ing system of an individual building and its space-planning solution

Ornament in the architecture of mosques in Jordan: traditions and innovations

The object of the study is ornaments in the architecture of ancient and modern mosques. Using the example of mosques in Amman (Jordan), traditional ornaments are considered from the point of view of their purpose, content and symbolism, location and plastic organization. The compositional techniques, stylization methods, images used in ornaments are analyzed. In the modern architecture of mosques, continuity in approaches to decoration is combined with the active use of modern technologies in the construction and interpretation of ornaments, their embodiment in the material. Since there are strong changes in the space-planning solutions of mosques in connection with modern functional tasks, it is ornaments that are the most important means of identifying religious buildings. New interpretations of the visual language and the purpose of the decoration of mosques are due to the processes of globalization and the use of computer technologies for the design of structures. The authors conclude that it is necessary to follow the canons of Islamic ornamental motifs when using them in modern architecture, especially in religious buildings. By offering engineering and artistic innovations, architects must preserve the structure, plasticity and symbolism of ornaments in which the philosophy of Islam accumulates.

Types of residential buildings and their influence on the class of housing and on the formation of a comfortable urban residential environment

The article touches upon the problem of creating a comfortable, convenient urban living environment by incorporating into the structure of urban development space-planning solutions for residential buildings and complexes that are new to Russian conditions, including multifunctional ones with a rich social infrastructure. The active introduction of residential buildings and serviced residential complexes into the living environment forms the modern level of the living environment, improves the quality and comfort of living by including the required number of service elements in their space-planning structure. It is noted that the most rational placement of service elements is their integration into stylobate parts, as well as into the first and underground floors of residential buildings or complexes. Buildings and complexes that differ in the degree of saturation with service elements form new approaches to solving problems associated with both the development and classification of a “housing class” and the creation of a comfortable, convenient, high-quality urban residential environment. When developing and determining the “housing class”, it is proposed to take into account the influence of the main space-planning elements at the level of an apartment, floor, section, building or complex, courtyard space and residential area as a whole as the main factors forming the “standard class”, “comfort class”, “business class” and “elite class”.

Technological solution of a modular family farm

The technological solution of a modular family farm for producing high-quality and environmentally friendly beef is presented. The development aims to make beef using bulls-producers of meat and graded dairy cows. The family farm project was developed considering the generalisation of the best practices of organising peasant farms and scientific research of SIBNIPTIZH. It assumes a comprehensive solution for a family farm, including, in addition to industrial housing facilities with outbuildings and a personal plot, the introduction of the most acceptable methods for keeping animals, type of feeding, design parameters of industrial buildings and elements of technology equipment, small-sized machinery, as well as the organisation of labour and production. The technological solution is to grow and fatten young animals using the low-cost technology of beef cattle breeding "cow-calf" from culled dairy cows suitable for reproduction. The optimal scheme of placement and movement of technological groups of cows and repair young animals has been determined. Variants of space-planning solutions for building a modular family farm for 26 cows have been developed. Cows, repair heifers and calves are kept in a lightweight cowshed. Cows are kept on a leash. Calves are kept loose. Young animals, after weaning from cows, are transferred to another room. From the age of 6 months, heifers and bulls are kept separately. Young animals in winter are in a lightweight room with a deep litter. Bulls older than 12 months are not grazed. They are intensively reared and fattened up to 17 months when they reach a live weight of 439 kg.

Features of the organization of space-planning solutions for nuclear medicine facilities

The purpose of this article is to determine the typology of the main functional zones for nuclear medicine facilities (NMF) and the formation of principles that affect the architecture of these typological zones. The methodology of this study is an analysis of scientific works, a generalization of practical experience in the architectural design and construction of the NMF.The result of the study is the definition of the main typological zones of the NMF, the identification of the principles that affect the formation of the architecture of the NMF in relation to each zone. The study is aimed at the formation of the space of the typological zones of the NMF, taking into account the maximum provision of comfort. Keywords: architecture of nuclear medicine facilities (NMF), typological zones of the NMF, principles of the NMF architecture, medical institution, adaptive space, radiation therapy rooms, radiopharmaceuticals production facilities, positron emission computed tomography (PET centers) research rooms, clean rooms.

РОЛЬ ОБЩЕОБРАЗОВАТЕЛЬНЫХ ОРГАНИЗАЦИЙ В СОЦИОКУЛЬТУРНОМ ГОРОДСКОМ ПРОСТРАНСТВЕ

The interaction of an architectural object with urban space changes over time and depends on a number of external factors. Inclusion in the aspect of studying the interaction of an object and society is currently a promising direction. As a result of this process, a number of changes occur in the space-planning structure of the object, in the functional structure of the school site. The study proposes to consider external factors influencing the nature of the interaction between the educational object and the sociocultural urban space, to identify and systematize internal factors that influence the functional structure, space-planning solutions of the building and the saturation of the functional frame of the school site. The article provides a number of advanced examples of designing school facilities in the “school-city” concept. When introducing such an approach at the design stage, the functional scenario for the development of educational, leisure, and sports activities applies not only to direct participants in the educational process, but also to residents of the surrounding buildings. This method makes it possible to strengthen the sociocultural connection between society and the city, filling the environment with cultural events, social meetings and sporting events. The school building takes on a new interpretation both in architectural practice and in the sociocultural aspect of the city’s development.

INTEGRATION OF LOGISTICS FUNCTIONAL AREAS AND THE PLACE OF WAREHOUSING IN THEM

Warehousing logistics is a branch of logistics that deals with the development of effective methods for organizing warehousing, managing the procurement system, receiving, placing, accounting for inventory and inventory management in order to minimize costs associated with warehousing and processing of goods.As a complex technical structure, a warehouse consists of numerous interconnected elements, has a specific structure and performs the functions of transforming material flows, accumulating, processing and distributing goods among consumers. The possible variety of parameters, technological and space-planning solutions, designs of technological and handling equipment and characteristics of a diverse range of goods processed in warehouses classify warehouses as complex systems. At the same time, the warehouse itself is just an element of a higher-level system -the logistics chain, which forms the basic and technical requirements for the warehouse logistics subsystem, sets goals and criteria for its optimal functioning, and dictates the conditions for cargo processing.

MODELING OF LOADS FROM TSUNAMI WAVES ON THE STRUCTURE

Currently, the improvement of methods for calculating building structures is continuing, including, among other things, methods for determining the magnitude of the load. Despite the fact that for most impacts, the principles of determining loads and methods from the application have been formed for a long time, a number of special tasks are sometimes encountered in design practice, for example, the impact of tsunami waves on a structure. This article is devoted to modeling the wave roll on a structure in the "Fluid Flow (Fluent)" module of the ANSYS 2021 software package and comparing the results obtained with the methodology presented in SP 292.1325800.2017 "Buildings and structures in tsunami-prone areas. Design rules". The studies presented in this article have shown that the nature of the propagation of hydrodynamic pressure when modeling wave rolling in ANSYS is similar to that presented in SP 292.1325800.2017: according to a triangular plot with maximum pressure at the bottom. But at the same time, the value of the maximum pressure on the joint venture is about 1.5 times greater than according to the calculation in ANSYS, which is explained by many different factors. But, despite this, modeling of the tsunami waves rolling on the construction site can be performed at the pre-project stage in order to assess the nature of the pressure distribution over the surface of the object, which will allow choosing the most suitable structural and space-planning solutions.

СНИЖЕНИЕ РИСКОВ ЧРЕЗВЫЧАЙНЫХ СИТУАЦИЙ НА ОБЪЕКТАХ ОБЪЕДИНЕННЫХ УЧРЕЖДЕНИЙ ФЕДЕРАЛЬНОЙ СЛУЖБЫ ИСПОЛНЕНИЯ НАКАЗАНИЙ РОССИИ

Global geopolitical and socio-economic changes taking place in the Russian Federation in recent years have led to significant changes in the number and structure of categories of persons held in various institutions of the Federal penitentiary service of Russia, which requires the search for new economically sound ways to optimize the costs of ensuring their targeted functioning and maintenance. The analysis of scientific, technical and regulatory domestic and foreign sources and documents has shown that one of the main directions of solving this problem can be the creation of enlarged institutions of the Federal penitentiary service, combining in a limited area a large number of multifunctional complex-structured objects interacting with each other with
 a special regime for the stay of numerous groups of people in them [1–4]. According to formal signs, such objects belong to the category of objects with a mass stay of people and require the implementation of a set of special measures to reduce the risks of emergencies and fires.
 The purpose of the work is to search, substantiate and develop new more effective means and methods of reducing the risks of emergency situations at promising facilities of the united institutions of the Federal penitentiary service of Russia.
 The methodological basis of the work was analysis, synthesis, statistical, system-structural methods, forecasting method. As a result of the conducted research, the need for the transition of the Federal penitentiary service of Russia to joint type institutions to develop new methods
 for reducing the risks of emergencies and fire risks in them based on digital models and BIM technology is justified.
 The article suggests approaches to reducing the risks of emergencies at promising special-purpose facilities of the Federal penitentiary service of Russia on the basis of intelligent consideration of functional features, structural and space-planning solutions of their individual components, as well as continuous monitoring of changes in fire load using digital models. The possibility of implementing these requirements within the framework of the development and implementation of a hardware and software complex of an intelligent warning system and evacuation management using digital BIM modeling technology is shown.

Взаимодействие градостроительной деятельности в развитии дошкольного образования

The article provides information about previously conducted studies of general educational organizations. Based on this experience, the article examines the positive effects of architectural principles of designing pre-school educational institutions on the development of rural settlements. Implementation of new projects aimed at improving the quality of the living environment of the younger generation. One of the most important qualities of architecture for children is its adaptability and the possibility of space transformation during the life cycle of a children's institution building. The principles of sustainable architecture in digital projects of preschool educational institutions are described, which are the basis for space-planning solutions that combine aspects of energy conservation, environmental safety, organization of a comfortable living environment and provide guarantees of high-quality realization of the needs of future generations. The article shows how seven components of industrial activity are implemented in urban development: territorial planning; urban zoning; territory planning; architectural and construction design; construction; capital repairs; reconstruction of capital construction facilities. These elements of industrial activity are proposed to describe the conditions for improving the quality of the living environment in preschool educational institutions. They include such parameters as children's health, social qualities and improvement of preschool facilities for elementary school students.

VOLUME-PLANNING SOLUTIONS OF PRE-SCHOOL EDUCATION INSTITUTIONS WITH PLACEMENT OF SHELTERS

The article highlights one of the most pressing problems of today ‒ the protection of children in educational institutions. The author analyzes the main requirements of the current legislative and regulatory documentation on the protection of children in preschool education institutions during military operations; recommendations of the State Emergency Service; the main provisions of the concept of security of educational institutions. The purpose of this study is to develop proposals for the placement of protected premises in preschool institutions, which will ensure the maximum possible safety, physical and psychological comfort of staying in a protected space in these conditions. Proposals have been developed to change approaches to the space-planning solutions of preschool buildings with the arrangement of protected rooms in the middle span of the building, which will ensure the maximum possible safety, physical and psychological comfort of staying in a protected space. The possibility of using the bedrooms of a kindergarten as a shelter is substantiated. A comparative analysis of regulatory requirements for insolation and energy saving in preschool educational institutions is carried out. It is emphasized that there is a mismatch between the requirements of these requirements and the safety of existing premises of preschool institutions. Proposals for new building codes for the protection of children in educational institutions, including the area of the premises per child, recommendations for the use of these premises in peacetime, and the composition of furniture and equipment, are analyzed. If these proposals are adopted, which include the use of bedrooms as permanent premises in the protected part of the building, as well as ensuring the optimal ratio of energy saving and insolation requirements, architects will have to completely revise their approach to the space-planning solutions for kindergartens. The new space-planning solutions will make preschool buildings more compact, which will provide energy savings, and most importantly, there will be rooms in the middle part of the building that will be enclosed by at least two main walls and, with appropriate structural strength, can be used as shelters. The results of the research can be used in practice in the construction of shelters in preschools.

Features of design and calculations of complex reinforced concrete frames of buildings

The article considers and systematizes the load-bearing structural systems of buildings with complex space-planning configurations, taking into account design solutions, structural loading and stress states. The features of the perception of loads and their rational distribution between the structural elements of frame buildings with complex space-planning solutions are analyzed. The main structural schemes of complex frames, schemes of their deformations and plots of moments under the influence of vertical and horizontal loads are introduced. The paper reflects the modern practice of preliminary approximate calculations of the approximate dimensions of the sections of frame structures of frame buildings for the possibility of further collecting loads and performing refined calculations using modern calculation software systems.
 The proposed method for modeling the nature of the work of complex frames of frame buildings and coordinating their space-planning, design and calculation systems will be useful for researchers, architects and design engineers during the design of new types of buildings, taking into account their operation under emergency conditions.

Метод математического моделирования пассажиропотоков для обоснования объемно-планировочных решений станций метрополитена и расчета безопасной эвакуации пассажиров

Introduc tion. Space-planning solutions for underground stations have an effect on the comfort and safety of passengers. Mathematical modelling is a perspective method for solving problems dealing with the determination of adequacy of adopted space-planning solutions for stations depending on passenger traffic. Aims and purpo ses. The purpose of the study is to justify the method of mathematical modelling of passenger flows to develop optimal space-planning solutions of interchange stations of underground. To achieve this goal, the following tasks were solved: the development of a model interchange station concept; modelling passenger flows with initial and optimized volume planning solutions; modelling of passenger evacuation from the station in case of fire in the basement of the arriving train’s central carriage. Methods. The paper presents a method of mathematical modelling to justify the space-planning solutions of underground stations. The software package Pathfinder developed an individual flow model of the interchange station, which simulated the passenger flows with initial and optimized volume-planning solutions. The software package PyroSim was used to simulate the spread of fire hazards. Result s and discussion. Based on the results of mathematical modelling, the optimal space-planning solutions for underground stations were determined, on the basis of which the passenger evacuation scenario was performed. It is obtained that there are 3,684 passengers and 296 workers at the station when the evacuation begins. The simulation results showed that the total estimated evacuation time from a typical transfer station is 814 seconds . It is obtained that the values of dangerous fire factors in the calculated points do not reach critical values until the evacuation is completed. Co nclusions. A mathematical model of a typical interchange station has been developed and implemented to determine the optimal space-planning solutions and calculate the safe evacuation of people. On the basis of this study in the new edition of the Code of Practice 120.13330.2022 “Underground” made amendments that determine that the estimated number of passengers evacuating from the station in case of fire, is based on mathematical modelling of passenger traffic during the rush hour.

The radius of thermal influence of the chambers of underground structures of the cryolithozone

The subject of research is the underground structures of the cryolithozone (permafrost zones). The design of such structures, in particular the choice of space-planning solutions, methods and means of fastening rocks, unlike structures located not in frozen rocks, has a number of features and is associated with the need to take into account the zone of thermal influence of chambers operated with different thermal conditions constantly or periodically. For example, when changing the type of thermal regime in the chambers in cases of natural or man-made accidents and catastrophes. The purpose of the research was to determine the zone of thermal influence of a single chamber of an underground cryolithozone structure, depending on the type of fastening used (in the presence and absence of a thermal protective layer) and the duration of the operational period, using various calculation formulas. To achieve this goal, three types of formulas were studied that determine the dependence of the dimensionless radius of thermal influence of chambers on Fourier and Bio criteria. Multivariate calculations were performed using the formulas, which are presented in the form of 3D graphs. The analysis of the performed calculations showed that the calculations for all three formulas give similar results in a fairly wide range of changes in the initial parameters. Moreover, the formula, which does not take into account the influence of the Bio number on the radius of thermal influence, gives a certain calculated margin. In general, it is shown that the higher the value of the Bio number, the less its effect on the depth of the thermal influence zone of the underground chamber. Small values of the Bio number (up to 5-6) are typical for cameras that are fixed with sprayed concrete or have special heat-protective coatings.It is established that when choosing space-planning solutions for underground structures to assess the influence of the thermal factor, it is quite acceptable to use an approximate formula to estimate the radius of the thermal influence of a single chamber. The scientific novelty lies in establishing the scope of the studied formulas for predicting the radius of the zone of thermal influence of cameras with various types of fastening and thermal protection.

Analysis of architecture of modern multifunctional cultural and entertainment complexes and their development trends

Introduction. A multifunctional cultural and entertainment complex encompasses spaces of various functional purposes into a single whole. A complex building performs various public functions together with the main function of entertainment. One of the reasons why multifunctional entertainment complexes have emerged is the loss of relevance by a number of existing culture facilities in the present-day environment. A transition was made from the design of multifunctional buildings to construction of multifunctional cultural and entertainment centers. The purpose of the study is to identify the features of architecture of multifunctional cultural and entertainment complexes and their development trends at the present stage.
 
 Materials and methods. The study encompassed investigation, analysis, generalization, and comparison of architectural features of ten most outstanding foreign and domestic design and construction facilities.
 
 Results. The analysis showed that in the early 21st century the architecture of modern multifunctional cultural and entertainment complexes developed in various countries of the world. The authors assume that modern cultural and entertainment complexes absorb many public functions, and today they are a well-developed specimen of multifunctional architecture.
 
 Conclusions. The main trends in the development of modern multifunctional cultural and entertainment complexes include the design and construction of large-scale multi-hall centers with highly developed infrastructure; their important role in the urban compositional structure; a single space-planning solution; improvement of structural engineering solutions; tighter requirements for the appearance of buildings and their interior; environmental design with maximal application of the entire range of technologies, techniques focused on a healthy, comfortable and safe living environment.