Element Spacing Research Articles

MODERN SCIENTIFIC APPROACHES AS A TOOL FOR SOLVING ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS OF THE FORMATION OF URBAN SPACES

Background: The expediency of the study lies in the need to solve environmental issues in the cities of Ukraine by arranging greened open spaces. In the post-war period, this problem will become particularly acute due to the significant destruction of all elements of the urban space. To successfully solve a given problem, it is necessary to rely on modern scientific approaches. For the fruitful use of the accumulated scientific experience, it is necessary to conduct its analysis and systematization in the context of the design and practical needs of the urban planning sphere of Ukraine in the post-war period. Therefore, the purpose of this work is the analysis of current scientific assets on solving environmental problems of the city through the formation of urban open spaces and their implementation in the urban planning scientific and practical sphere of Ukraine. Methods: The research methodology was based on the use of methods of critical and comparative analysis of the content of scientific sources, documents of the legislative and regulatory framework, photographic materials, as well as terminological analysis of a number of definitions. Results: The analysis of a number of the main state regulatory documents on urban planning in the aspect of targeting the solution of environmental problems and ensuring the sustainable development of the cities of Ukraine revealed their imperfection.. Analysis of modern scientific approaches to solving environmental problems at the level of city formation showed that most of them are based on concepts that are similar in content and are aimed at harmonizing the interaction of anthropogenic (technogenic) and natural subsystems of the city. This ensures the solution of not only ecological, but also social and economic tasks of its functioning. Conclusions: In order to develop an effective urban planning platform for the formation of green open spaces in the cities of Ukraine in the context of sustainable development and overcoming modern environmental challenges, it is necessary to approve an updated conceptual and terminological apparatus that takes into account modern global trends in the formation of urban spaces. It is expedient to introduce the concepts of "ecological framework" and "landscape-ecological infrastructure of the city" into the normative and legislative framework of Ukraine as basic concepts in the formation of open spaces of the city, as well as an important component of its sustainable development. Keywords: ecological problems, sustainable development of cities, open green spaces, bio-urbanism, biomorphic urbanism, ecological framework, ecological infrastructure.

Nuclear Energy Levels Scheme of 46Cr Using FPD6, FPY, and KB3G Interactions

The 46Cr isotope nuclear energy levels were studied using low-level FP-LS shell inside the shell model calculations. Nuclear energy levels have been calculated using FPD6, KB3G, and FPY interactions in the fp-shell model space and F742 and F7MBZ in the f7/2 model space. The results are compared to one another and to the experimental data that is already accessible and specific outcomes are clearly in agreement. In addition to having a strong arrangement in the reproduced values of the energy levels scheme, the used model space interactions are the two-body matrix element in the fp-shell model space that is best fitted. Particularly below 3 MeV, the general estimation of the replicated data is good. The wave vectors and analysis are modeled in diagrammatic notation, and all inscriptions are given in this style. Utilizing the oscillator's potential, a single particle vector is built, using 40Ca as the core of the fp-shell and f7/2 model space. Results are obtained for all tested nuclei using the OXFORD BUENOS AIRES SHELL (OXBASH) model code.

ШЫҢҒЫС АЙТМАТОВТЫҢ «ҒАСЫРДАН ДА ҰЗАҚ КҮН» РОМАНЫНДАҒЫ УАҚЫТ ПЕН КЕҢІСТІК КАТЕГОРИЯСЫ

The article analyzes one of the first works of the Kyrgyz writer Chinghiz Aitmatov «The Day Lasts Than a Hundred Years» and considers the chronotype problem. Psychologism in the problem of artistic time and space in Kazakh prose, the world of characters, the influence of emotional phenomena on the dynamics of the plot, and the author's narrative are considered. Analyzed by Chinghiz Aitmatov «The Day Lasts Than a HundredYears» with a complex connection between artistic space and time. In a literary work of art, the main elements of space and time that give it characterare divided into several types and form the structure of the work. The article examines the relationship and discrepancy between them, the reflection of theirmerger, and separation in the author's use. An important role in the plot structure of the work of Chinghiz Aitmatov «Borandy Beket» was played by the types of categories of time and space and were reasoned by excerpts from the novel.

Divergence-free finite element spaces for stress tensors

We construct finite element spaces of symmetric stress tensors that are exactly divergence-free. Moreover, their basis functions can be chosen so that they have small supports. These properties are highly desired in a number of important applications. Approximation properties of finite element spaces of divergence-free tensor functions are derived from properties of C1 finite elements.

Parameter Efficient Neural Networks With Singular Value Decomposed Kernels.

Traditionally, neural networks are viewed from the perspective of connected neuron layers represented as matrix multiplications. We propose to compose these weight matrices from a set of orthogonal basis matrices by approaching them as elements of the real matrices vector space under addition and multiplication. Making use of the Kronecker product for vectors, this composition is unified with the singular value decomposition (SVD) of the weight matrix. The orthogonal components of this SVD are trained with a descent curve on the Stiefel manifold using the Cayley transform. Next, update equations for the singular values and initialization routines are derived. Finally, acceleration for stochastic gradient descent optimization using this formulation is discussed. Our proposed method allows more parameter-efficient representations of weight matrices in neural networks. These decomposed weight matrices achieve maximal performance in both standard and more complicated neural architectures. Furthermore, the more parameter-efficient decomposed layers are shown to be less dependent on optimization and better conditioned. As a tradeoff, training time is increased up to a factor of 2. These observations are consequently attributed to the properties of the method and choice of optimization over the manifold of orthogonal matrices.

Analysis of Potential Educational Areas of Pokémon Go! Game Use Based on Mini FGI Method

This article attempts to determine the educational nature of “Pokémon Go!” game based on user interactions with virtual space and real-life elements. For this purpose, interviews with players in mini focus groups (mini FGI) were the chosen method. Respondents were asked about their interaction with actual objects that are reflected in the game, how they search for information about the locations themselves, and about the educational content in the game space. The players were also asked for their ideas on how to enhance the educational potential of the game, as such opinion of real-life players was deemed notable.
 Based on the results obtained, firstly, areas of potential educational value that still need to be improved were identified and, secondly, recommendations were formulated how to enhance the educational opportunities arising from the game.

비장소를 통한 초등미술교육의 확장

The purpose of this study is to examine the expansion of the concept of place in contemporary art education by using the concept of “Non-Places” and to study the possibility of expanding elementary art education. The concept of “place” in contemporary art education expands from the concept of place in place-based art education and in online learning spaces and becomes a way of creating a new space and acting as an element of space. The concept of “Non-Places”, which acts as a place without a place, expands the concept of place based on the identity of space, relational structure and a lack of historicity centered on impermanence and the ephemeral. The <Let’s go! Into the world> educational program, using cases of “Non-Places”, expands the “place” of education into a moveable and flexible place, and thus appears as an educational use of “Non-Places” in terms of form. In addition, the extraction and reconstruction of objects both in online space and in real space appear as a content aspect of “Non-Places” used in the process of developing the program and, as an educational meaning, tries to enhance cognitive flexibility and creativity.

PRAKTIK TEATER POSTDRAMATIK DI INDONESIA

An article entitled “Practice of Postdramatic Theater in Indonesia” is an examination of postdramatic theater practices in Indonesia in the 1990s to 2000s in Jakarta, Bandung, Yogyakarta, and even West Sumatra. This practice spawned generations that continue to grow and develop through aesthetics based on performance texts instead of conventional drama texts we are more familiar with. Each theater community, postdramatic or otherwise, typically carries out an in-depth exploration and elaboration of all possible bodies of texts and artistic works used as the main materials for performances. This study uses the qualitative method and two sets of theory: historical theory and postdramatic theater theory. Composition process, structure, and texture of postdramatic theater developed by Hans-Thies Lehmann are centered on the elements of text, space, time, body, and media depicted in the works of SAE Theatre, Grave Theater, Black-and-White Payung Theatre, Garage Theatre, and Black-White Art Community.

Astrodynamics-Informed Kinodynamic Sampling-Based Motion Planning for Relative Spacecraft Motion

This paper presents a sampling-based spacecraft relative motion planning algorithm to reconfigure a spacecraft from a given initial state to a desired final state, subject to kinodynamic (simultaneous kinematic and dynamics) constraints. We leverage theoretical advancement in the field of sampling-based motion planning in robotics and extend their application to achieve motion planning in astrodynamics. We present an astrodynamics-informed kinodynamic motion planning (AIKMP) algorithm that takes advantage of a spacecraft’s natural motion to compute a safe, fuel-efficient motion plan for spacecraft reconfiguration in a cluttered environment. This algorithm is developed in the relative orbital element space of the deputy spacecraft around a chief spacecraft that provides very useful geometric insight to relative spacecraft motion, as well as helps in generating an overall smooth final transfer trajectory without demanding additional postprocessing of the transfer solution. Through several example scenarios, we demonstrate that the AIKMP algorithm is regularly able to compute safe and fuel-efficient solutions to relative transfer problems. We also show that this algorithm iteratively improves on its computed solutions and thus holds the capability of finding near-optimal transfer solutions given a sufficient number of algorithm iterations—without requiring an initial guess of the solution.

A Classification of Elements of Function Space F(R,R)

In this paper, we present a constructive description of the function space of all real-valued functions on R(F(R,R)) by presenting a partition of it into 28 distinct blocks and a closed-form formula for the representative function of each of them. Each block contains elements that share common features in terms of the cardinality of their sets of continuity and differentiability. Alongside this classification, we introduce the concept of the Connection, which reveals a special relationship structure between the well-known representatives of four of the blocks: the Cantor function, the Dirichlet function, the Thomae function, and the Weierstrass function. Despite the significance of this field, several perspectives remain unexplored.

The The Relationship between Street Furniture Arrangement and Pedestrian Comfort in the Ngurah Rai Corridor, Gianyar

Elements of street furniture are an integral part of other urban planning elements that give a city a special image and character that can enhance the identity of the city itself. The city of Gianyar is a commercial area, which is precisely along Jalan Ngurah Rai which is the center of trade, government and recreation. As a commercial area, so the physical quality is very important in this area. As a commercial city, this area has not fully improved and improved existing facilities and infrastructure, such as the arrangement of street furniture elements, which are one of the supporting elements of a public space. This can be achieved by designing street furniture that has good function and quality and is integrated with other street face elements to avoid environmental incoherence. The need for street furniture as a public open space facility is increasingly being felt and needed by the community, especially for pedestrians as a supporting element for friendly public spaces in Gianyar City to provide comfort for its users. The research method uses a descriptive method with a qualitative approach. A qualitative approach is carried out in the process of observing and analyzing elements of street furniture and pedestrian comfort in the Ngurah Rai corridor, Gianyar. This research aims to create and improve city infrastructure that is comfortable and friendly for pedestrians of various groups, both in terms of access, aesthetics, security, and safety and comfort.

Stochastic virtual element methods for uncertainty propagation of stochastic linear elasticity

This paper presents stochastic virtual element methods for propagating uncertainty in linear elastic stochastic problems. We first derive stochastic virtual element equations for 2D and 3D linear elastic problems that may involve uncertainties in material properties, external forces, boundary conditions, etc. A stochastic virtual element space that couples the deterministic virtual element space and the stochastic space is constructed for this purpose and used to approximate the unknown stochastic solution. Two numerical frameworks are then developed to solve the derived stochastic virtual element equations, including a Polynomial Chaos approximation based approach and a weakly intrusive approximation based approach. In the Polynomial Chaos based framework, the stochastic solution is approximated using the Polynomial Chaos basis and solved via an augmented deterministic virtual element equation that is generated by applying the stochastic Galerkin procedure to the original stochastic virtual element equation. In the weakly intrusive approximation based framework, the stochastic solution is approximated by a summation of a set of products of random variables and deterministic vectors, where the deterministic vectors are solved via converting the original stochastic problem to deterministic virtual element equations by the stochastic Galerkin approach, and the random variables are solved via converting the original stochastic problem to one-dimensional stochastic algebraic equations by the classical Galerkin procedure. This method avoids the curse of dimensionality in high-dimensional stochastic problems successfully since all random inputs are embedded into one-dimensional stochastic algebraic equations whose computational effort weakly depends on the stochastic dimension. Numerical results on 2D and 3D problems with low- and high-dimensional random inputs demonstrate the good performance of the proposed methods.

Research on the Cyberspace Map and Its Conceptual Model

The cyberspace map, as one of the important tools for describing cyberspace, provides a visual representation of the dynamic and elusive nature of cyberspace. It has become a research hotspot in multiple disciplinary fields. Compared with traditional maps, cyberspace maps lack the guidance of cartography theory and have not yet formed a unified understanding. Clarifying the concept of the cyberspace map and developing a conceptual model of it could enhance people’s unified understanding of cyberspace. Drawing from the perspective of cartography, this paper analyzes the current situation of cyberspace map research, first discussing the characteristics and definition of the cyberspace map and then proposing the conceptual model of a cyberspace map. This model elaborates on the types of map elements and their specific composition, the strength of their element–space association, the mapping of relationships between elements, element symbolization, and map expression. Then, based on the model proposed in this paper, typical maps are compared and analyzed, and design suggestions are provided. Finally, the entire article is summarized. This paper aims to adapt the development trend of cartography to the ternary space, clarify the basic concept of the cyberspace map, promote the development of cyberspace mapping theory, and lay the foundation for future research.

Circularly polarized MIMO patch antenna with high isolation and wideband characteristics for WLAN applications

This paper presents a two-element multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) antenna with circular polarization diversity. The primary radiating elements are two conventional truncated corner microstrip patches. To enhance the antenna's bandwidth, gain, and port isolation, multiple parasitic elements are employed and they are positioned in different layer with the radiating patches. For further isolation improvement, a method of using defected ground structure is employed. The measured results demonstrate that the proposed antenna possesses wideband operation of 9.3% (5.1–5.6 GHz) with the gain of better than 8.0 dBi. Regarding the MIMO performances, the antenna obtains high isolation, which is from 30 to 63 dB. Besides, the MIMO parameters such as envelope correlation coefficient and diversity gain are found to be good in the scale of diversity standards. Compared to other related works, the proposed design has the best operating BW with 40-dB isolation and stable gain while keeping small element spacing.

Cognitive-behavioral urban planning: Criteria and principles of adaptive urban environment

Purpose: The aim of the work is to identify the influence of the urban environment on psychological behavior of large groups of people with the subsequent evaluation of formation criteria and principles of the adaptive urban environment.Methodology: The analysis and systematization of Russian and foreign experience in the formation of the adaptive urban environment in architecture, urban planning, psychology, and sociology. Various types of human perception of the urban environment are studied. Based on sociological data, the percentage of people with different perception of space is determined.Research findings: In cognitive urban studies, cognitive-behavioral urban studies are determined. Various models of human perception of the urban environment are studied. Criteria for assessing the urban environment are developed, which identify adaptive and maladaptive elements of urban space. The selected criteria make it possible to predict a positive or negative impact on the development of urban spaces at the initial design stage. A thorough analysis of the territory development allows choosing the most effective of them to provide the formation of the adaptive urban environment affecting the human psyche.Practical implications: Research results can be used in theory and practice of architecture and urban planning and complement training programs for specialists. Formation criteria and principles of the adaptive urban environment can be included in the design of urban spaces at various levels. Research contributes to further actualization of the human-oriented approach in urban studies and can be integrated in the Human Ecology discipline.Originality/value: The paper proposes monitoring of adaptability of urban spaces according to the given criteria. The principles are developed to carry out a new design, reconstruction or renovation of urban areas. The environment created in this way can have a positive impact on the psychological state of a person.

Modified Bioinspired Method for Decision-Making Support for Prevention and Elimination of the Emergencie's Consequences

The work is devoted to solving the scientific problem of decision support for the prevention and elimination of emergency situations (ES) consequences based on fuzzy logic and machine learning methods. The relevance of this problem is due to the need to optimize the risk of adverse effects on human health and the environment in connection with emergency situations. The increased complexity of the tasks solved within the framework of the designated scientific problem is associated with the presence of information uncertainty in the complex accounting of heterogeneous characteristics, which in some cases can’t be normalized and brought to a single measurement scale. In such conditions, information processes for predicting the occurrence of potentially dangerous chains of events in the technogenic and natural spheres must be built using artificial intelligence methods and fuzzy logic to increase the efficiency of choosing the sequence of actions performed on the available information in order to build the necessary models, methods and algorithms to eliminate negative development situations and ensure monitoring of emergencies potential development cases. The authors give formalized statements of the tasks to be solved. A conceptual data model is proposed for constructing fuzzy decision support rules for the prevention and elimination of emergencies’ consequences. One of the options for formalizing such a data model is the transition to a vector representation of the information space. This will allow in the future to solve the problem of their classification on a set of information elements for distribution by classes of emergency situations. The criterion for evaluating belonging to a certain class is the argument for minimizing the distance between information elements in the vector space. The procedure for the accumulation by an intelligent system of precedent models set for the prevention or elimination of the emergencies consequences, which is a stage of machine learning, is described. After passing it, the intelligent system becomes capable of assessing the semantic similarity of operationally obtained models with precedents that have already fallen into the category of templates. The criterion for evaluating the effectiveness of an intelligent decision support system is the semantic similarity of the operational situational emergency model and the precedent model. A heuristic algorithm for determining semantic proximity was proposed. In order to optimize the time spent on supporting decision-making on the prevention and elimination of the emergency situations consequences, the authors also propose to use decentralized bioinspired methods, the advantages of which are internal procedures that provide diversification of the search space to exit from local optima and quickly obtain quasi-optimal solutions to the problem. The development of a modified bacterial optimization method (MMBO) was described. A software application has been created to conduct a computational experiment. The results of the conducted studies confirmed the advantages of the bacterial optimization proposed modified method.

Preserving the positivity of the deformation gradient determinant in intergrid interpolation by combining RBFs and SVD: Application to cardiac electromechanics

The accurate, robust and efficient transfer of the deformation gradient tensor between meshes of different resolution is crucial in cardiac electromechanics simulations. This paper presents a novel method that combines rescaled localized Radial Basis Function (RBF) interpolation with Singular Value Decomposition (SVD) to preserve the positivity of the determinant of the deformation gradient tensor. The method involves decomposing the evaluations of the tensor at the quadrature nodes of the source mesh into rotation matrices and diagonal matrices of singular values; computing the RBF interpolation of the quaternion representation of rotation matrices and the singular value logarithms; reassembling the deformation gradient tensors at quadrature nodes of the destination mesh, to be used in the assembly of the electrophysiology model equations. The proposed method overcomes limitations of existing interpolation methods, including nested intergrid interpolation and RBF interpolation of the displacement field, that may lead to the loss of physical meaningfulness of the mathematical formulation and then to solver failures at the algebraic level, due to negative determinant values. Furthermore, the proposed method enables the transfer of solution variables between finite element spaces of different degrees and shapes and without stringent conformity requirements between different meshes, thus enhancing the flexibility and accuracy of electromechanical simulations. We show numerical results confirming that the proposed method enables the transfer of the deformation gradient tensor, allowing to successfully run simulations in cases where existing methods fail. This work provides an efficient and robust method for the intergrid transfer of the deformation gradient tensor, thus enabling independent tailoring of mesh discretizations to the particular characteristics of the individual physical components concurring to the of the multiphysics model.

A second-order bulk–surface splitting for parabolic problems with dynamic boundary conditions

Abstract This paper introduces a novel approach for the construction of bulk–surface splitting schemes for semilinear parabolic partial differential equations with dynamic boundary conditions. The proposed construction is based on a reformulation of the system as a partial differential–algebraic equation and the inclusion of certain delay terms for the decoupling. To obtain a fully discrete scheme, the splitting approach is combined with finite elements in space and a backward differentiation formula in time. Within this paper, we focus on the second-order case, resulting in a $3$-step scheme. We prove second-order convergence under the assumption of a weak CFL-type condition and confirm the theoretical findings by numerical experiments. Moreover, we illustrate the potential for higher-order splitting schemes numerically.

A comparative study of scalable multilevel preconditioners for cardiac mechanics

In this work, we provide a performance comparison between the Balancing Domain Decomposition by Constraints (BDDC) and the Algebraic Multigrid (AMG) preconditioners for cardiac mechanics on both structured and unstructured finite element meshes. The mechanical behavior of myocardium can be described by the equations of three-dimensional finite elasticity, which are discretized by finite elements in space and yield the solution of a large scale nonlinear algebraic system. This problem is solved by a Newton-Krylov method, where the solution of the Jacobian linear system is accelerated by BDDC/AMG preconditioners. We thoroughly explore the main parameters of the BDDC preconditioner in order to make the comparison fair. We focus on: the performance of different direct solvers for the local and coarse problems of the BDDC algorithm; the impact of the different choices of BDDC primal degrees of freedom; and the influence of the finite element degree. Scalability tests are performed on Linux clusters up to 1024 processors, and we conclude with a performance study on a realistic electromechanical simulation.

An Interface-Fitted Fictitious Domain Finite Element Method for the Simulation of Neutrally Buoyant Particles in Plane Shear Flow

In this paper, an interface-fitted fictitious domain finite element method is developed for the simulation of fluid–rigid particle interaction problems in cases of rotated particles with small displacement, where an interface-fitted mesh is employed for the discrete scheme to capture the fluid–rigid particle interface accurately, thereby improving the solution accuracy near the interface. Moreover, a linearization and decoupling process is presented to release the constraint between velocities of fluid and rigid particles in the finite element space, and to make the developed numerical method easy to be implemented. Our numerical experiments are carried out using two different moving interface-fitted meshes; one is obtained by a rotational arbitrary Lagrangian–Eulerian (ALE) mapping, and the other one through a local smoothing process among interface-cut elements. A unified velocity is defined in the entire domain based on the fictitious domain method, making it easier to develop an interface-fitted mesh generation algorithm in a fixed domain. Both show that the proposed method has a good performance in accuracy for simulating a neutrally buoyant particle in plane shear flow. This approach can be easily extended to fluid–structure interaction problems involving fluids in different states and structures in different shapes with large displacements or deformations.