Space Group Pnma Research Articles

Pressure induced structural and electronic band transition in CsPbBr3

Cesium lead bromide (CsPbBr3) is a prominent halide perovskite with extensive optoelectronic applications. In this study, we report the pressure modulation of CsPbBr3’s crystal structure and electronic properties at room temperature up to 5 GPa. We have observed a crystal structure transition from the orthorhombic Pnma space group to a new monoclinic phase in the space group P21/c at 2.08 GPa. The structure is associated with ~8% of density jump across the transition boundary. DFT calculations have suggested that the structure transition leads to a change in the electronic band structure, and there is an emergent indirect bandgap at the Pnma-P21/c phase transition boundary at 2.08 GPa. Across the transition boundary, the electronic band gap of CsPbBr3 increased from 2.07 eV to 2.38 eV, which explains its pressure-induced color change. Our study demonstrates the importance of using in-situ crystal structure in the electronic band structure calculations in halide perovskites.

Impact of Nickel doping on microstructure and impedance spectroscopy of multiferroic YCrO3

In this work, we study the effect of Ni-doping on the structural and impedance spectroscopy properties of the polycrystalline YCrO3 ceramic sample. The structural analysis shows all the samples crystallize in an orthorhombic structure with the Pnma space group. The depressed and asymmetric semicircle of complex impedance spectra indicates that the relaxation of charge carriers is of non-Debye type, where the thermally activated charge carriers control it. The temperature dependence of relaxation time and electrical conductivity exhibit an anomaly in the vicinity of diffuse-like relaxor transition temperature (TC ∼ 460 K). The analysis of conductivity data shows hopping-type charge conduction. The analysis further indicates that while the dc conductivity increases continuously, the activation energy shows a non-monotonous variation with Ni concentration.

Effect of the glycerol dispersant on the structure, electrical transport and magnetoresistive properties of La0.67Ca0.33MnO3 ceramics prepared by the sol-gel routine

In this paper, the sol-gel technique is employed to synthesize polycrystalline La0.67Ca0.33MnO3 (LCMO) ceramics, where methanol is chosen as the solvent. The crystal structure, morphology, as well as electrical and magnetoresistive properties were examined. Moreover, the effect of amount of the dispersant glycerol on the properties of LCMO ceramics is studied. X-ray diffraction (XRD) results showed that all samples crystallized in single phases with orthogonal perovskite structure (pnma space group), without any detectable impurity phases. Results reveal that the grain size of LCMO ceramics exhibits an initial increase followed by a decrease, accompanied by a similar behavior in the temperature coefficient of resistance (TCR) and magnetoresistance (MR). When the volume ratio of glycerol and methanol reached 2 %, the grain size is determined to be 7.30 μm, with TCR value of 25.02 % K−1 at T= 263.2 K, and MR value recorded at 55.40 %. The study elucidates the influence of glycerol on LCMO polycrystalline ceramics and optimize the fabrication process, thereby improve the electric transport property and magnetoresistance.

Golden ratio of the r+/r- for the structure-selectivity in the thermoelectric BaZn2-xCdxSb2 system

A total of five Zintl phase compounds in the solid-solution BaZn2-xCdxSb2 (0.10(2) ≤ x ≤ 2) system have been successfully synthesized by the molten Pb-flux method. Both powder X-ray and single-crystal X-ray diffraction analyses proved that the title compounds displayed the phase transition between the BaCu2S2-type phase (space group Pnma, Z = 4) and the CaAl2Si2-type phase (space group P3¯m1, Z = 1) depending on the Zn/Cd mixed ratio. Furthermore, this kind of structure selectivity was dictated by the radius ratio criterion between the cationic and the anionic elements (r+/r–): three Zn-rich compounds with the r+/r– > 1 (BaZn1.90(1)Cd0.10Sb2, BaZn1.75(2)Cd0.25Sb2, and BaZn1.62(2)Cd0.38Sb2) preferred to adopt the BaCu2S2-type phase, while two Cd-rich compounds with the r+/r– ≤ 1 (BaZn0.16(2)Cd1.84Sb2 and BaCd2Sb2) preferred to crystallize in the trigonal CaAl2Si2-type phase. A series of TB-LMTO calculations using the two hypothetical models: BaZn1.5Cd0.5Sb2 and BaZn0.5Cd1.5Sb2, proved that a resonance peak in the density of states of BaZn1.5Cd0.5Sb2 implied the enhanced Seebeck coefficient of the three Zn-rich compounds, and the reduction of band gap observed in a band structure of BaZn0.5Cd1.5Sb2 influenced the electrical conductivity of the Cd-rich BaZn0.16(2)Cd1.84Sb2. Temperature-dependent thermoelectric property measurements showed the maximum ZT of 0.54 for the quaternary BaZn1.62(2)Cd0.38Sb2, which should mainly be attributed to the reduced κtot due to the Zn and Cd disordering in the anionic frameworks.

Dimethylamine Copper(I) Halide Single Crystals: Structure, Physical Properties, and Scintillation Performance.

Hybrid copper(I) halides have garnered a significant amount of attention as potential substitutes in luminescence and scintillation applications. Herein, we report the discovery and crystal growth of new zero-dimensional compounds, (C2H8N)3Cu2I5 and (C2H8N)4Cu2Br6. The bromide and iodide have a triclinic structure with space group P1̅ and an orthorhombic structure with space group Pnma, respectively. (C2H8N)3Cu2I5 exhibits cyan emission peaking at 504 nm with a photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY) of 34.79%, while (C2H8N)4Cu2Br6 shows yellowish-green emission peaking at 537 nm with a PLQY of 38.45%. The temperature-dependent photoluminescence data of both compounds were fitted to theoretical models, revealing that nonradiative intermediate states significantly affect thermal quenching and antiquenching. Electron-phonon interactions, the origin of emission line width broadening and peak shifting, were also investigated via fittings. The scintillation properties of (C2H8N)3Cu2I5 were evaluated, and an X-ray imaging device was successfully fabricated using (C2H8N)3Cu2I5. This work demonstrates the potentiality of copper halides in lighting and X-ray imaging applications.

Magnetic properties of the solid solutions CePt1−x Au x Al (x = 0.1–0.9)

Abstract Members of the solid solutions CePt1–x Au x Al have been synthesized from the elements and pure samples could be obtained for the whole range of x from 0.1–0.9. Powder X-ray diffraction patterns indicated the TiNiSi-type structure (orthorhombic, space group Pnma) for the whole series, consistent with the end members CePtAl and CeAuAl. The lattice parameters and therefore also the unit cell volumes evolve in a linear fashion when going from CePtAl to CeAuAl. Magnetic susceptibility and magnetization investigations were performed for the compounds with x = 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.5, 0.7 and 0.9. The results show that the ferromagnetic ground state of CePtAl gets destabilized for small degrees of substitution (x = 0.1) resulting in a lower Curie temperature. For larger values of x, changes towards an antiferromagnetic ground state are observed, in line with pure CeAuAl.

Role of Bi/Te co-dopants on the thermoelectric properties of SnSe polycrystals: an experimental and theoretical investigation

A sustainable solution to the energy crisis may be found in thermoelectric materials and generators, capable of transforming thermal energy into electrical energy or vice versa. SnSe is one of the emerging thermoelectric materials with distinctive properties. The main advantages of this compound are earth-abundant, inexpensive, non-toxic and it is also known for its high thermoelectric performance. Here we prepared Bi/Te co-doped SnSe polycrystals; whereas, Bi and Te are added with different compositions such as (x = 0.0,0.02,0.04,0.06 and y = 0.03) in (Sn1-xBixSe1-YTeY) matrix by using the solid-state reaction method. XRD data confirms the samples belong to the orthorhombic crystal system with the Pnma space group. DFT calculations were used to see structural stability and electronic properties for pure and doped SnSe samples. Temperature-dependent semiconducting behavior of the samples has been demonstrated by electrical resistivity. The Seebeck coefficient, correlated with carrier concentration and mobility, validates the p-type behavior for the pristine samples and the n-type behavior for co-doped samples. The dominant behavior of phonon scattering has been demonstrated by thermal conductivity analysis. After co-doping there is decrement in total thermal conductivity was observed which 1.3 times lower than SnSe. A theoretical calculation was used to validate experimental results to estimate electrical properties, Seebeck coefficient, specific heat capacity, thermal conductivity, and power factor using Quantum espresso code with Boltzmann transport Equation. 4% Bi-doped sample displayed a significant increment in electrical conductivity and an enhanced Seebeck coefficient, which led to the power factor enhancement of approximately 2.0 times in contrast to the pristine sample and enhanced ZT of about 0.055 which is 3.43 times higher than the pristine SnSe.Graphical abstract

Upconversion, downshifting, quantum cutting and back energy trasfer from Yb3+ to Er3+ in Er3+/Yb3+ co-doped CaTiO3 phosphor, intense NIR generation for communication

The perovskite based phosphor materials are widely used to increase the efficiency of solar cells. In this work, Er3+ doped and Er3+/Yb3+ co-doped CaTiO3 perovskite phosphor samples have been synthesized by solid state reaction technique at 1473 K. The phosphor samples show orthorhombic phase with Pnma (62) space group. The average crystallites and particles size of CaTiO3 are increased in presence of Er3+ and Yb3+ ions. Er3+ doped CaTiO3 phosphor samples give downshifting emission under 379 nm excitation. Though upconversion emission is seen in Er3+ under 980 nm excitation without Yb3+ ions in this host. The emission intensity of Er3+ ion is enhanced by 46 and 16 times for green and red emissions, respectively in presence of Yb3+. An intense quantum cutting (QC) emission is observed at 980 nm in presence of Yb3+ in CaTiO3:0.5Er3+ phosphor under 379 nm excitation. The QC efficiency has been found to be 119 % for CaTiO3:0.5Er3+/5 Yb3+ phosphor. Further an interesting phenomenon of back energy transfer (BEnT) from Yb3+ to Er3+ giving an intense NIR emission from Er3+ at 1002 and 1550 nm have been observed. The phosphor sample also shows an intrinsic optical bistablity (IOB) by upconversion. Thus, the prepared phosphor samples may be useful to increase the efficiency of c-Si solar cell, NIR emission for communication, bistable material and green light emitting source.

Optimized TCR and MR of La0.67Ca0.33-xSrxMnO3: Ag0.15 ceramics by Sr doping

Herein, in order to successfully create high-density La0.67Ca0.33-xSrxMnO3: Ag0.15 (LCSMO: Ag) ceramics (0 ≤ x ≤ 0.05), this research combines sol-gel and solid-phase processes. LCSMO: Ag ceramics electrical transport and magnetic properties were thoroughly investigated. XRD verified that the high-purity orthorhombic perovskite structure (space group Pnma) was produced. As Sr doping rises, the grain size grows, the single electron bandwidth increases, the metal-insulator transition temperature (TMI) continues to climb, and temperature coefficient of resistance (TCR) and magnetoresistance (MR) steadily drop. When x = 0.04, the TMI reaches 302.2 K. At this time, the TCR peak (TCRpeak) reaches 24.0 %·K−1 and the MRpeak reaches 49.2 %. These results demonstrate that Sr may effectively raise the TMI of LCMO: Ag ceramics to room temperature while maintaining high TCR and MR Values, which benefits the material's potential applications in devices such as uncooled infrared detectors.

Obtained large room-temperature TCR of La0.67Ca0.25Sr0.08MnO3 ceramics by optimizing sintering temperature

Over the past few decades, perovskite manganese oxide Lax(CaSr)1-xMnO3 has presented new opportunities for uncooled infrared bolometers due to its exceptional electrical transport performance. In this study, La0.67Ca0.25Sr0.08MnO3 (LCSMO) ceramics were prepared at different sintering temperatures (Ts, Ts = 1450, 1470, 1490, 1510, 1530 °C) by changing the previous sol-gel preparation process parameters. The research results indicated that the tolerance factor (τ) of the ceramics is τ = 0.935, and all ceramics exhibit a Pnma space group perovskite structure with excellent crystallinity. LCSMO ceramics exhibit good crystal quality and higher room-temperature TCR (14.58 % K−1) at Ts = 1510 °C. As Ts increases, the grain size, Mn–O bond length (dMn-O), Mn–O–Mn bond angle (θMn-O-Mn) and cell volume (V) of ceramics have a slight affected. The decrease of grain boundary scattering, electron-electron scattering, and strong coupling between electrons, so the peak resistivity value of all sintered samples firstly decreases and then increases with the increase in Ts, which effectively yields ceramics with high TCR. The peak TCR value (TCRmax) increased from 8.38 % K−1 (Ts = 1450 °C) at 296.91 K to 14.58 % K−1 (Ts = 1510 °C) at 298.18 K. On the same component, the TCRmax was increased by 42 % from 8.38 % K−1 to 14.58 % K−1 at Ts = 1450 °C–1510 °C. The high room-temperature TCR of LCSMO is expected to be used in advanced uncooled infrared bolometers, providing a basis for studying the influence of Ts on the electrical transport performance of ceramics.

Structural Refinement and Optoelectrical Properties of Nd2Ru2O7 and Gd2Ru2O7 Pyrochlore Oxides for Photovoltaic Applications.

High-performance photovoltaic devices require active photoanodes with superior optoelectric properties. In this study, we synthesized neodymium ruthenate, Nd2Ru2O7 (NRO), and gadolinium ruthenate pyrochlore oxides, Gd2Ru2O7 (GRO), via the solid-state reaction technique, showcasing their potential as promising candidates for photoanode absorbers to enhance the efficiency of dye-sensitized solar cells. A structural analysis revealed predominantly cubic symmetry phases for both materials within the Fd-3m space group, along with residual orthorhombic symmetry phases (Nd3RuO7 and Gd3RuO7, respectively) refined in the Pnma space group. Raman spectroscopy further confirmed these phases, identifying distinct active modes of vibration in the predominant pyrochlore oxides. Additionally, a scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis coupled with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) elucidated the morphology and chemical composition of the compounds. The average grain size was determined to be approximately 0.5 µm for GRO and 1 µm for NRO. Electrical characterization via I-V measurements revealed that these pyrochlore oxides exhibit n-type semiconductor behavior, with conductivity estimated at 1.5 (Ohm·cm)-1 for GRO and 4.5 (Ohm·cm)-1 for NRO. Collectively, these findings position these metallic oxides as promising absorber materials for solar panels.

The Solubility of Indium in Na2Ga7

AbstractThe ternary solid solution Na2Ga7−xInx (x≤0.25) was synthesized by annealing the elements at 300 °C in sealed Ta ampoules. Differential thermal analysis (DTA) indicated incongruent phase formation. The peritectic temperature ranges from 501(2) °C (x=0) to 474(2) °C (x=0.25). In addition, the unit cell parameters increase significantly with In content. At its maximum of x=0.25, the unit cell volume increases by 1 % compared to Na2Ga7. The In positions are deduced from single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction data obtained for the composition Na2Ga6.95In0.05 (space group Pnma; Z=8; a=14.876(3) Å, b=8.688(2) Å, c=11.605(4) Å). In the crystal structure of Na2Ga7, which consists of Ga12 icosahedra and 4‐bonded Ga atoms, the In atoms solely substitute the latter. The Na atoms are located in the channels and cavities of the framework. The phase is electron‐precise and can be considered a Zintl‐Wade compound with the formula unit [Na+]16[(12b)Ga122−]4[(4b)Ga−]7.6[(4b)In−]0.4.

First-principles predictions of the structural, dynamical, mechanical and thermal properties of MoGe2, Mo3Ge and Mo5Ge3

We have systematically investigated the structural, dynamical, elastic, and thermal properties of the C11b (tetragonal, space group I4/mmm) and C23 (orthorhombic, space group Pnma) for MoGe2 compound, A15 (cubic, space group Pm-3n) for Mo3Ge, D8m (tetragonal, space group I4/mcm) for Mo5Ge3. The simulated lattice constants exhibit strong agreement with both experimental and theoretical data. The results show that all the compounds have mechanical stability and dynamic stability. The anisotropy of some mechanical moduli was studied using several elastic anisotropy indexes and directional dependence of linear compressibility, Young's modulus, shear modulus and Poisson's ratio. At last, the thermal properties of MoGe2-C11b, MoGe2-C23, Mo3Ge-A15 and Mo5Ge3-D8m were studied and evaluated in detail.

Investigating the potential of ZrO2/MoO3 nanocomposites for efficient hydrogen generation through NaBH4 methanolysis

This work investigates the potential of ZrO2/MoO3 nanocomposites as catalysts for hydrogen production through NaBH4 methanolysis. The samples were prepared by controlled thermal calcination and characterized using various techniques like XRD, FTIR, Raman, SEM, and surface area BET analysis. Rietveld refinements verified the presence of the ZrO2 monoclinic phase with the space group P21/c in all samples and a second orthorhombic MoO3 phase with the space group Pnma. The average crystal size decreased from 44 to 40 nm. FTIR and Raman spectroscopy confirmed the successful preparation of ZrO2/MoO3 nanocomposites. SEM analysis showed ZrO2 particles and MoO3 nanoparticles adhered to the ZrO2 surface, potentially creating a rougher texture. The results confirmed the formation of ZrO2/MoO3 nanocomposites with increasing MoO3 content, leading to an increased surface area of 19–23 m2/g. The catalytic performance evaluation revealed that the sample containing 30 % MoO3 (ZM3) exhibited the highest hydrogen generation rate of 18,451 mL/g. min at 30 °C. The calculated activation energy for ZM3 was 18.78 kJ/mol, suggesting efficient hydrogen generation at moderate temperatures.

Synthesis, structure and photocatalytic performance of {[Bi6(tza)5(NO3)2(OH)5O3]·H2O}n and its derivatives

A polynuclear metal-organic framework, {[Bi6(tza)5(NO3)2(OH)5O3]·H2O}n (Htza=1H-tetrazole-1-acetic acid), was successfully synthesized and characterized, and its photocatalytic properties, along with those of its derivatives, were investigated. The crystal structure of the compound was determined to belong to the orthorhombic space group Pn ma, featuring a 3D framework comprising cage-like [Bi6(µ3-O)3(µ3-OH)5]7+ clusters. {[Bi6(tza)5(NO3)2(OH)5O3]·H2O}n demonstrated significant photocatalytic activity with UV light response within the pH range of 6.0–8.0 and a band gap energy of 3.32 eV. Under optimal conditions, a reduction in chemical oxygen demand (COD) and total organic carbon (TOC) (from 126.90 mg/L to 4.57 mg/L) clearly validated the efficient methyl orange degradation. The main active groups in the degradation process were h+, ·O2− and ·OH, and the catalyst demonstrated reusability for up to six cycles. Moreover, it was hydrolyzed to Bi2O2CO3 and BiOCl under alkaline (pH=9.0–11.0) and acidic (pH=1.0–5.0) conditions, respectively, thus serving as a valuable precursor. Notably, the Bi2O2CO3 and BiOCl derivatives exhibited higher catalytic activities than catalysts synthesized using alternative methods under the same experimental conditions. Therefore, within the pH range of 1.0–11.0, {[Bi6(tza)5(NO3)2(OH)5O3]·H2O}n, along with its in situ derivatives BiOCl and Bi2O2CO3, were highly efficient UV light-driven photocatalysts.

Multifunctional features of rare-earth based perovskite-like ferrocobaltite Eu(Fe0.5Co0.5)O3

Currently, the search for new materials that allow the electronic manipulation of spin for the transport of both electric charge and spin has intensified, since their applications in spintronic devices depend on this adjustment. The aim of this work is the analysis of the crystallographic properties and their correlation with the semiconducting ferromagnetic response of the compound Eu(Fe0.5Co0.5)O3 synthesised by solid reaction. It is observed that this material crystallizes forming an orthorhombic structure (Pnma space group) with disorder in the distribution of Fe and Co ions. Optical evaluation shows a bandgap of 1.15 eV, typical in semiconductors, which is corroborated by electrical transport measurements. Magnetic characterization reveals a predominantly antiferromagnetic behaviour in the low temperature regime, while at high temperatures a soft ferromagnetic response predominates as results of super-exchange interactions between magnetic moments. First-principles electronic structure calculations suggest the occurrence of direct semiconductor-type band gap but of different value for the two orientations spin up and spin down. This result allows inferring the technological applicability of the material in devices based on polarized spin currents.

First principles study on the effects of Li deintercalation on the structural properties of a novel mixed transition metal cathode material LiNi0.75Mn0.125Fe0.125PO4 and investigation of its electric properties

Identifying and developing new cathode materials for Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) that can achieve the desired balance between performance and environmental requirements is very challenging. Some of the key factors being highly considered in those searches include energy density, voltage, structural stability, cost, and abundance. In this work, ternary doped cathode material LiNi0.75Mn0.125Fe0.125PO4 was synthesized using sol gel method. The structural analysis using Rietveld refinement showed an orthorhombic structure with Pnma space group. The DFT + U calculations were investigated to study the structural and electronic properties during Li deintercalation in Li1-xNi0.75Mn0.125Fe0.125PO4 (0 ≤x ≤ 1). It was found that the material remained structurally stable throughout the deintercalation process. During deintercalation, the Li1-xNi0.75Mn0.125Fe0.125PO4 showed a semiconducting nature for x = 0 and x = 0.25, respectively with Eg = 1.75 eV and 0.57 eV. Then, the material becomes semi-metal for x = 0.5 and x = 0.75 and returns to the semiconducting behavior for x = 1 with Eg = 0.38 eV. The formation energy calculations indicated that the material formed a solid solution throughout the Li concentration range (0 ≤x≤), with values ranging from −17 eV to −1 eV. The voltage decreases from 4.7 eV to 3.4 eV during deintercalation. The Nyquist plot showed the presence of different relaxation processes for LiNi0.75Mn0.125Fe0.125PO4 material. A semiconducting behavior was confirmed. The ac-conductivity as a function of frequency follows the double Jonscher power law. A low dissipation factor was observed, which also decreased with frequency. This shows that LiNi0.75Mn0.125Fe0.125PO4 material could be a good cathode for LIBs.

Coordination of N, O-donor Appended Schiff Base Ligand N, N’-bis (3-Methoxy Salicylidenimino-1,3-diaminopropane) towards Nickel (II), Copper (II) and Zinc (II) : Synthèses, Crystal Structure

New complexes prepared by the reaction of N,N’-bis(3-methoxysalicylidenimino-1,3-diaminopropane) (H2L) with Ni(II), Zn(II) and Cu(II) ions are reported in this paper. The H2L ligand is structurally characterized by elemental analysis, NMR, infrared, UV-Vis spectroscopies, conductance and magnetic room temperature measurement. The mononuclear complex of Ni(II) (C19H24N2NiO6) is characterized by single X-ray diffraction. The compound crystallizes in the orthorhombic system in the space group Pnma with the unit cell parameters a = 7.3754(5) Å, b = 21.9576(13) Å, c = 11.5546(6) Å, α = 90°, β = 90°, γ = 90° The ligand H2L acts in tetradentate fashion in its di-deprotonated form. Two coordinated water molecules complete the coordination sphere. The environment around the Ni(II) center is best described as an octahedral geometry.

Synthesis, crystal structure, and thermodynamic properties of two new selenate chlorides: M2Cu(SeO4)Cl2 with M = K and Rb

Two new selenate chlorides have been prepared for the first time by hydrothermal method. Their crystal structures have been determined. Both compounds are related to the chlorothionite mineral structure type but not isostructural to each other. K2Cu(SeO4)Cl2 crystallize in the orthorhombic system with the space group Pnma (#62) and unit cell parameters a = 7.7941(2)Å, b = 6.1297(2) Å, c = 16.6644(5) Å, V = 796.15(4) Å3, Z = 4 whereas Rb2Cu(SeO4)Cl2 crystallize in monoclinic system, P21/n (#14), and parameters a = 8.0701(3), b = 12.9474(5), c = 16.9354(7), β = 103.657(2)°, V = 1719.49(12) Å3, Z = 8. Potassium compound are isostructural to the related sulfate chloride, while rubidium selenate is differ from their sulfate analogue and from prototype compound K2Cu(SO4)Cl2. Both examined crystal structures feature copper ions in planar coordination CuO2Cl2 which form isolated magnetic chains along ⟨0 1 0⟩ direction in the structure. The study of M2Cu(SeO4)Cl2 was carried out in measurements of magnetic susceptibility χ(T) = M/B in the temperature range 2–350 K, magnetization M(B) at 2 K and specific heat Cp(T) in the range 2–120 K. At lowering temperature, the magnetic susceptibility exhibits no anomalies and follows by Curie law. An increase of the Cp(T) curve below 3 ÷ 8 K indicates the release of magnetic entropy. The study of thermodynamic properties unexpectedly shows that the investigated selenates M2Cu(SeO4)Cl2 (M = K and Rb) behave like paramagnets and the interaction between copper ions in the structural chains is negligible, opposite related sulfates demonstrating 1D magnetic behavior for Cu2+ magnetic ions.

Green synthesis of polyoxometalate Cu3Mo2O9 nanoparticles for efficient degradation of organic dyes under visible light irradiation and their photoluminescence

Well-constructed photocatalysts with efficient catalytic activity have attracted much attention due to their efficient visible-light absorption and superior charge separation capability. Visible-light responsive Cu3Mo2O9 nanoparticles are synthesized utilising a simple and environmentally friendly green combustion process with Butea monosperma leaf extract as a reducing agent. X-ray diffraction pattern confirms the formation of orthorhombic crystal structure of Cu3Mo2O9 NPs corresponding to space group Pnma (62). Furthermore, the synthesized NPs were characterized using FTIR, UV-DRS, PL, SEM and TEM studies. It was found that the direct energy band gap was 2.29 eV. Through photodegradation in the presence of visible light, the dye-sorbed photocatalyst exhibited excellent results. The sorbents have also been examined for recycling, and it has been observed that they maintain their effectiveness even after multiple successive runs. These substances therefore appear to have potential as efficient industrial dye wastewater remediators. Moreover, the high intensity emission in the green zone is amply confirmed by the photoluminescence emission spectra and CIE coordinates. The Latent fingerprints (LFP) are visible with the application of the powder dusting process. The synthesized CMO nanoparticles exhibit ridge patterns that are well-resolved and useful for identifying unique LFP.