Space For Long Periods Research Articles

Existing status and spatial characteristics of public open space after planning in Chiyoda Ward, Tokyo

Public open space is a space that can be freely used by anyone and is becoming increasingly popular in Japan. This study categorized the spatial characteristics of public open space based on an analysis of its spatial composition elements. We also investigated how the land use of public open space has changed from the time of planning to the present. As a result, the spatial characteristics of public open space were classified into three categories: 1)the first is public open space for rest, 2)the second is public open space for long periods of rest, and 3)the third is public open space for interaction with nature. The change and the existing land use status of public open space up to the present was identified based on aerial photographs after the public open space plan were established. Furthermore, a comparison of the planned area of existing and non-existing public open space revealed that there are differences in the existing ratio depending on the location and the planning period, but not significant change in the size.

Review of space habitat designs for long term space explorations

This review paper attempts to provide a useful reference for space habitat designs that advance the ability of humans to live in space for long periods of time. Five space habitat design concepts are reviewed with the principal aim of addressing the five fundamental problems in long term space exploration: artificial gravity, efficient radiation protection, sustainable food, growth strategy, and commercial values. The design of principal categories of life support systems, habitat subsystems, economics and cost reduction approaches are presented with a focus on establishing useful sources of fundamental issues in the literature, as well as highlighting important research directions and topics. Humans have enjoyed isolated successes in space, but the international space station (ISS) is going to retire soon. The space habitat design for long-duration use will be the next ambitious space program with contributions from the world-wide scientific and technical community. The overarching theme of the paper is to show the diversity, richness, and fundamental problems of habitat designs that have been undertaken in the last 60 years of space exploration.

Design and analysis of a growable artificial gravity space habitat

The goal of this study is to show the feasibility of designing a space habitat that advances the ability of humans to live in space for long periods. We first review the previous work on space explorations and summarized five unsolved fundamental problems: providing gravity, radiation protection, sustainable life support system, a large open space for human physiological and psychological comfort (survivable by professionals in trades other than highly trained astronauts), and a growth strategy to avoid the economic infeasibility of starting with the largest final version of the habitat. We present a detailed design of a rotating shielded habitat system and a growth strategy by repeated addition of new layers, without disturbing the inhabitants of the current habitat. The tensegrity paradigm is used to design the structure and to optimize the mass and cost of the habitat. Then, a detailed discussion of the structural dynamics and attitude control is given. Based on the human needs of temperature, cosmic radiation protection, atmosphere, clean water, food, physical fitness, and mental health, a life support system is demonstrated to show the livable environment under thermal and energy equilibrium. This habitat, space village one, allows a long-term human presence in space such as space tourism, interstellar travel, space mineral mining, Mars colonization, etc.

About Robotics, Mechatronics and Automation that Help us Conquer the Cosmic Space

Here we have to mention that all these SF writings and many others that have existed over time, especially in the 20th century, have influenced alongside obvious screenings, young people and not just them, to think more about our role, robots, into a better world. The robot's key role is to help the man make his work easier, safer, more enjoyable, just like a computerized machine that helps us work faster and better, the robot has an obvious role in making work easier, to work in our place when we are tired, when work is exhausting and repetitive, when the environment is toxic, hostile, dangerous and in many other situations. However, it is time to say that the role of the robot in the future is altogether another, namely, to help us conquer the cosmic space to expand ourselves as a race in the whole universe in which we are now. In fact, this is the robot's humanitarian role and in the future, it can be developed and prepared just for that purpose. Exploratory robots are robots that operate in hard-to-reach and dangerous locations, telegraph or partially autonomous. They can work for example in a region in military conflict, on the Moon or on Mars. A geared navigation on the ground in the last two cases is impossible due to distance. Communication signals arrive at their destination in a matter of hours and their reception lasts as long. In such situations, robots have to be programmed with several types of behavior, from which they choose the most appropriate and execute it. This type of robot equipped with sensors was also used to research pyramid wells. Several cryobots (cryo robots) have already been tested by NASA in Antarctica. This type of robot can reach up to 3,600 m through the ice. Cryobots can thus be used in polar head research on Mars and Europe in the hope of alien living. NASA has always said that understanding how to live and work in space for long periods of time has been a key goal of the International Space Station. But, from the White House, it may seem expensive this race around the Earth, considering that the mission costs about $8 million a day. Space makes us anxious. We are anxious that things go smoothly as if space flight should be infallible like a flight to London. And we are looking forward to a return on investment. We fly in space because of human ambition, because nothing gives us more resistance than trying to do what we have not done before. And we're flying in space because space is the eighth continent. We may eventually need asteroid or lunar resources, depending on how we manage the resources we have here on Earth. Eventually, we should become a species that will conquer other planets, whether we are no longer inside or that we actually destroy it or it will be destroyed.

About Robotics, Mechatronics and Automation that Help us Conquer the Cosmic Space

Here we have to mention that all these SF writings and many others that have existed over time, especially in the 20th century, have influenced alongside obvious screenings, young people and not just them, to think more about our role, robots, into a better world. The robot's key role is to help the man make his work easier, safer, more enjoyable, just like a computerized machine that helps us work faster and better, the robot has an obvious role in making work easier, to work in our place when we are tired, when work is exhausting and repetitive, when the environment is toxic, hostile, dangerous and in many other situations. However, it is time to say that the role of the robot in the future is altogether another, namely, to help us conquer the cosmic space to expand ourselves as a race in the whole universe in which we are now. In fact, this is the robot's humanitarian role and in the future, it can be developed and prepared just for that purpose. Exploratory robots are robots that operate in hard-to-reach and dangerous locations, telegraph or partially autonomous. They can work for example in a region in military conflict, on the Moon or on Mars. A geared navigation on the ground in the last two cases is impossible due to distance. Communication signals arrive at their destination in a matter of hours and their reception lasts as long. In such situations, robots have to be programmed with several types of behavior, from which they choose the most appropriate and execute it. This type of robot equipped with sensors was also used to research pyramid wells. Several cryobots (cryo robots) have already been tested by NASA in Antarctica. This type of robot can reach up to 3,600 m through the ice. Cryobots can thus be used in polar head research on Mars and Europe in the hope of alien living. NASA has always said that understanding how to live and work in space for long periods of time has been a key goal of the International Space Station. But, from the White House, it may seem expensive this race around the Earth, considering that the mission costs about $ 8 million a day. Space makes us anxious. We are anxious that things go smoothly as if space flight should be infallible like a flight to London. And we are looking forward to a return on investment. We fly in space because of human ambition, because nothing gives us more resistance than trying to do what we have not done before. And we're flying in space because space is the eighth continent. We may eventually need asteroid or lunar resources, depending on how we manage the resources we have here on Earth. Eventually, we should become a species that will conquer other planets, whether we are no longer inside or that we actually destroy it or it will be destroyed.

Making Every Seat Count: Space Management at Peak Times in a University Library

ABSTRACTThis study explores the library equivalent of the towels on deck chairs phenomenon of students reserving library seats: the practice of leaving personal belongings unattended at a library study space for long periods of time, rendering the desk unavailable for use by others. It presents highly inefficient use of high value academic library space. This study measured the impact and effectiveness of a desk clearing intervention put in place to alleviate the space constraints caused by the practice. The components of this single site study were focus groups that explored student attitudes and motivations toward desk reserving, a survey to assess user perceptions of the intervention and analysis of access gate data to identify behavioral changes following the intervention. Findings suggest that the phenomenon is a normal part of the student culture in the University library where this study is based. In addition to space constraints during busy periods, the sense of community and the trust and peer support that users feel in the library appear to be contributory factors in desk reserving. The desk clearing initiative was introduced in response to user feedback, to maximize the availability of seats for the benefit of all users. It was successful in reducing the practice of seat reserving. Its impact was most noticeable in the early morning, where the practice of reserving seats for use later in the day disappeared. The initiative was welcomed by library users. The “Every Seat Counts” campaign is now a regular part of the end of each semester in the University of Limerick.

FDS를 이용한 실습선 한바다호 화재 및 피난 연구

Maritime accidents caused by a ship include collisions, sinking, stranding and fire etc. This study is intending to consider fire accidents among such diverse marine accidents. It is much likely that various sorts of fires break out because crews are living in a narrow space for long periods of time consequent on the ship’s characteristic of sailing on the sea. This study carried out a simulation through the special program for fire analysis - FDS (Fire Dynamics Simulator) in order to find the effective evacuation time, i.e. life survival time. Particularly, this study did comparative analysis of the influence on the survival of cadets based on the collected simulation data by fire size and sort. As a result of the analysis, It was analyzed the Evacuation Allowable Limit Temperature 60℃ and resulted that there is no influence in evacuation by temperature. In case of visibility analysis, it reached to 5m which is the Evacuation Allowable Limit at 117 seconds under the condition of wood fire in 1MW. When there is Kerosene in 1MW, it took 92.4 seconds to reach by 5m which is the Evacuation Allowable Limit. Theoretical evacuation time for the non-tilted ship was 118.8 seconds in 1MW sized fire so it is shown that the most passengers are met the evacuation safety in case of wood fire. However, the majority of passengers could not be ensured the evacuation safety in Kerosene case.

화재의 크기와 종류에 따른 선박 피난 안전 연구

Maritime accidents caused by a ship include collisions, sinking, stranding and fire etc. This study is intending to consider fire accidents among such diverse marine accidents. It is much likely that various sorts of fires break out because crewmen are living in a narrow space for long periods of time consequent on the ship's characteristic of sailing on the sea. According to the ship fire survey, about 50% of the total fire accidents occurred at an engine room, and the main fire origin was analyzed to be oil. In addition, ship fire breaks out in the order of baggage racks and living quarter. In short, the survey indicates that all sorts of fires belonging to A, B, C and D-class have occurred. This study, targeting an actual passenger ship 'A', found the response time to evacuation, during which the people on board a ship recognize the outbreak of fire, and act, and the travel time for evacuation which is the actual travel time. In addition, this study carried out a simulation through the special program for fire analysis - FDS (Fire Dynamics Simulator) in order to find the effective evacuation time, i.e. life survival time. Particularly, this study did comparative analysis of the influence on the survival of passengers and crew based on the collected simulation data by fire size and sort. As a result of the analysis, it was found that when examining the only actual evacuation movement time excepting the response time to evacuation, people are safe by completing evacuation before the effective evacuation time only in case fire size is 100Kw among all sorts of fires. In other words, in case of the outbreak of fire more than 1 MW, it was found to fail to meet evacuation safety regardless of fire size.

Crystal and Crystallites Structure of Natural Rubber and Peroxide-Vulcanized Natural Rubber by a Two-Dimensional Wide-Angle X-ray Diffraction Simulation Method. II. Strain-Induced Crystallization versus Temperature-Induced Crystallization

New insights into the strain-induced crystallization (SIC) and temperature-induced crystallization (TIC) of unvulcanized natural rubber (NR) and peroxide-vulcanized natural rubber (PVNR) have been obtained by wide-angle X-ray diffraction (WAXD) and small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS). The SIC samples were deformed at various temperatures (from −50 to 50 °C) to determine the effect of temperature on the crystallite structure. In the WAXD patterns, highly oriented sharp crystal reflections were observed for the SIC samples, whereas sharp rings without preferred orientation were observed for the TIC samples. A novel 2D method to calculate WAXD patterns was used to obtain information on the crystallite structure. For the SIC samples, the crystallite sizes, volume, number of chains per crystallite, crystallite orientation, and crystal displacement disorder increased with increasing temperature but with a decrease in the number of crystals. The crystallite sizes and volume were much larger for the TIC samples as compared to the SIC samples. In the SAXS patterns, the presence of a lamellar peak was observed only for the SIC samples at low temperatures, whereas diffuse scattering was observed for the SIC samples at high temperatures and for the TIC samples. A two-phase stacking model was applied to the 1D integrated intensities of the TIC samples to determine the thicknesses of the crystalline and amorphous phases and the long-period spacing. The long period increased with increasing temperature, which was attributed to the reduction in the number of crystallites and the translation of chains from the crystalline regions to an amorphous state.

Silver behenate and silver stearate powders for calibration of SAS instruments

The possibilities of calibrations by silver behenate [CH3(CH2)20COOAg] and silver stearate [CH3 (CH2)16CO2Ag] for the small angle scattering (SAS) technique are considered. It was shown that the long-period spacing of the silver compounds allow us to check the parameters of time-of-flight (TOF) method. Results of the data obtained from small angle neutron scattering (SANS) measurements performed with the silver behenate and the silver stearate powders are presented and compared with small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) measurements.

DLB fluctuations

To determine whether certain aspects of fluctuations reliably distinguish dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) from Alzheimer's disease (AD) and normal aging. Participants included 200 community-dwelling cognitively normal elderly persons, 70 DLB patients, and 70 AD patients with collateral informants. A 19-item questionnaire was administered to the informants that queried about symptoms of fluctuations and delirium. Fluctuations occur infrequently in nondemented elderly persons aged 58 to 98 years. In contrast, four characteristics of fluctuations were found to significantly differentiate AD from DLB. These composite features include daytime drowsiness and lethargy, daytime sleep of 2 or more hours, staring into space for long periods, and episodes of disorganized speech. The presence of three or four features of this composite occurred in 63% of DLB patients compared with 12% of AD patients and 0.5% of normal elderly persons. Informant endorsement of three or four of these items yielded a positive predictive value of 83% for the clinical diagnosis of DLB against an alternate diagnosis of AD. Endorsement of fewer than three items had a negative predictive value of 70% for the absence of a clinical diagnosis of DLB in favor of AD. The authors present evidence of test-retest reliability, convergent validity, and empirical verification with a separate cross-validation sample. Fluctuations were not associated with any particular combination of hallucinations, parkinsonism, or REM sleep behavior disorder. Based on informant report, disturbed arousal and disorganized speech are specific aspects of fluctuations in dementia with Lewy bodies that reliably distinguish dementia with Lewy bodies from Alzheimer's disease and normal aging.

JCPDS—International Centre for Diffraction Data round robin study of silver behenate. A possible low-angle X-ray diffraction calibration standard

A task group of the JCPDS—International Center for Diffraction Data (ICDD) was established with the charge of investigating the use of silver behenate, CH3(CH2)20COO·Ag, as a possible low-angle calibration standard for powder diffraction applications. Utilizing several data collection and analysis techniques, long-period spacing (d001) values with a range of 58.219–58.480 Å were obtained. Using the same collected data and one data analysis refinement calculation method resulted in dm values with a range of 58.303–58.425 Å. Data collected using a silicon internal standard and the same singular data analysis calculation method provided d001 values with a range of 58.363–58.381 Å.

JCPDS-lnternational Centre for Diffraction Data Low-Angle Powder Diffraction Study of Silver Behenate

Abstract As a result of interest in the characterization of materials with large d-spacings and layer periodicities, it has become necessary to develop a low-angle diffraction material which has welldefined diffraction peaks down to very small 2θ angles. The use of silver behenate, CH3(CH2)20COO-Ag, was introduced by one of the authors (TB) at the 1991 International Centre for Diffraction Data (ICDD) Annual Meeting and was shown to have a set of well-defined (001) diffraction peaks down to 1.5° 2θ when using CuKα radiation. The silver behenate diffraction peaks were observed to be slightly asymmetric with relatively long tails at the low angle side of the peaks. The average crystallite size along the c-axis was estimated using the Scherrer equation and was found to be 900 Å. A task group of the JCPDS-ICJDD Data Collection and Analysis Subcommittee was established with the charge of investigating the use of silver behenate as a possible low-angle calibration material for diffraction applications. Utilizing several data collection and data analysis techniques, d001 long-period spacings in the range of 58.219-58.480 Å were obtained. Using the same collected data and one data analysis refinement calculation method resulted in long-period spacing with a range of 58.303-58.425 Å. Data collected using a silicon internal standard and the same singular data analysis calculation method provided d001 values with a range of 58.363-58.381 Å. The formation of a full-range 2θ diffraction sample was also investigated. Silver behenate and inorganic powders were mixed with an epoxy binder to form a permanent sample which provides diffraction peaks over the entire 2θ range of a powder diffractometer.

How molecular weight distribution and drawing temperature affect polypropylene physical properties and morphology

AbstractThree polypropylene polymer samples possessing three different molecular weight distributions (MWD) ranging from narrow to broad, but having the same melt flow, were studied. The three resins were used to produce uniaxially oriented stretched tapes, which were evaluated for physical properties and morphological characteristics. In addition, five different drawing temperatures were used to investigate the effect of temperature on the physical properties and molecular morphology of the tape. As the MWD became broader, the tape modulus and tenacity increased slightly and the percent elongation and shrinkage decreased slightly. These effects were attributed to decreases in molecular mobility and increases in the number of tie molecules present in broad MWD resins. Morphological studies determined that the crystalline orientation was not affected by MWD. However, the amorphous orientation, at higher draw temperatures, demonstrated a small increase as the MWD became broader. MWD did not have a large effect on the percent crystallinity but the long period spacing (LPS) did exhibit a small decrease as the MWD broadened.

Preparation, spectroscopic and cyclic voltammetric studies of poly(1,4-naphthalene vinylene) prepared from a cycloalkylene sulphonium salt precursor polymer

Films of poly(1,4-naphthalene vinylene) (P-1,4-NV) were obtained by the thermal elimination of a cycloalkylene sulphonium salt precursor polymer. The ultra-violet/visible (u.v./vis.), fluorescence and Raman spectra and the small-angle X-ray scattering diagrams were examined, and the oxidation and reduction potentials of P-1,4-NV were determined by cyclic voltammetry. The u.v./vis. spectra of P-1,4-NV films made from a sulphonium salt polymer based on the cyclic sulphide, tetrahydrothiophene, which was converted to P-1,4-NV at a temperature about 30°C lower than the temperature needed to obtain P-1,4-NV from the dimethylsulphide sulphonium salt polymer, showed phonon sidebands at room temperature as well as at −200°C. The phonon sidebands were apparently associated with a narrow distribution of crystallite sizes, which had an average long-period spacing of 140Å, and was obtained when P-1,4-NV was made from the cyclic sulphonium chloride precursor polymer. The oxidation potential was found to be 0.75 V vs. SCE (saturated calomel electrode), the reduction potential was found to be −1.60V vs. SCE and the band-gap energy was found to be around 2.05V. The high value for the oxidation potential of P-1,4-NV, in comparison to the oxidation potential of triiodide (0.52V vs. SCE), from which an approximate value of 2 × 10 −8 for the oxidation equilibrium constant was obtained, explains why very low conductivities are obtained when P-1,4-NV is doped with iodine. Films of the cycloalkylene sulphonium salt precursor polymer could be drawn to as much as 1.6 times their original length, and the drawn films showed a significant degree of orientation according to X-ray diffraction and polarized infra-red spectroscopy.

The Effect of Molecular Weight Distribution on the Physical Properties and Morphology of Polypropylene Stretched Tape

Stretched tape and film were made from isotactic polypropylene (iPP) homopoly mer produced with SHAC* catalyst (Shell High Activity Catalyst). The resins used were nominal 3.5 and 8.0 melt flow (MF) resins with narrow, medium, and broad molecular weight distributions (MWD). Measurements were made of tape and film physical properties as a function of MWD and process heat history. Small angle x-ray two-theta scans through the meridional direction were done to obtain Long Period Spacing (LPS) Long period spacing for an idealized semicrystalline model is the combined distance through both a crystalline lamella and the amorphous region between the lamellae. LPS was correlated to resin melt flow and MWD. Wide angle x-ray scattering (WAXS) techniques using pole figures and Hermans orientation func tions were used to determine molecular orientation. Density and physical properties (percent elongation at break, Young's modulus, and tenacity) did not change significantly as a function of MWD for the 3.5 and 8 MF tapes. The tenacities of the 8 MF tapes averaged 0.8 gm/denier less than those of the 3.5 MF tapes. The density of the 8 MF tapes was higher than that of the 3.5 MF tape density (0.9039 and 0.8998 gm/cm3, respectively) indicating a higher percent crystallinity for the 8 MF tapes. The lower molecular weights of the 8 MF resins apparently contribute to a more highly ordered structure; the latter keeps the physical properties of the tape from deteriorating as molecular weight decreases. The net result is that lower molecular weight resins (higher MF) can produce stretched tape with acceptable physical prop erties at high processing speeds.

Noise in space

The Skylab program presented an excellent opportunity to investigate the effects of noise on man confined in limited space for long periods of time. This paper summarizes the results of a four-year study to achieve a habitable noise environment for the Skylab astronauts. Noise control measures are described and noise measurements obtained during the Skylab missions are presented, as well as the astronauts' reactions to and evaluations of the noise environment.

An investigation of the long-period spacing in polycaproamide fibres

An investigation of the long-period spacing in polycaproamide fibres

An Overview of the Orbiting Astronomical Observatory

The world's first Orbiting Astronomical Observatory, OAO-II, was launched by the U.S.A. on December 7, 1968. Over one year of operation has proven its design concepts and utility. Built in an octahedron shape, 10 feet by 7 feet, the satellite weighs 4400 pounds. Two experiments are located centrally within the space-craft, each viewing space from opposite ends. Both experiments contain multiple optical and detector systems for spectrophotometry and surveys in the ultraviolet spectrum. The design was dictated by the stringent requirements of the experiments for pointing accuracy (one minute of arc anywhere in the celestial sphere), pointing stability (five seconds of arc), command capability, data handling, thermal environment, and the constraints of the orbit for ground-station contacts. Six two-gimbal star trackers are programmed by the on-board memory to acquire and track appropriate guide stars. Error signals are generated which drive the reaction wheels to obtain stellar stabilization. Coarse momentum wheels are used for slewing the spacecraft. Memories permit storage of 200 000 bits of experimental data. All information is relayed to the central control station in Greenbelt, Md. OAO-II has shown that it is practical to maintain a continuous viewing capability in space for long periods of time so that fruitful astronomical experiments can be performed.

Snap Reactor Control-Drum Actuators

In the SNAP reactor development program at Atomics International,* a family of lightweight nuclear reactors is being optimized for space applications. Because the compact reactor is small and light in weight, components must operate without auxiliary cooling devices, thermal barriers, heat shields, and radiation shields. The components function in the environments of ultra-high temperature, nuclear radiation, and outer space for long periods of time. Control-drum actuators have been developed which will operate with high reliability in these environments.