Sp Extract Research Articles

Ulva sp.'nin aktif bileşiklerinin elde edilmesi için ekstraksiyon koşullarının optimizasyonu

Ulva sp., a green macroalgae known as sea lettuce, is rich in polysaccharides, proteins, minerals, and bioactive compounds with antimutagenic, anticoagulant, anticancer, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, and nutraceutical properties. Its abundance along the Aegean Sea coast poses an environmental challenge, as it is often disposed of as waste. However, Ulva sp. holds potential for high-value products in cosmetics and dietary supplements. Optimizing the extraction of its bioactive compounds using response surface methodology involved adjusting ethanol concentration, solid/liquid ratio, and extraction time. Key responses evaluated included yield, total polysaccharides, total protein, total phenol, total antioxidant activity, alpha-glucosidase inhibitory activity, and yeast cell glucose uptake. In this study, extraction yields ranged from 0.86% to 22.47% based on variations in extraction conditions. The highest total protein content was 106.88 mg BSA/g dry extract, while the polysaccharide content was determined to be 15.42%. The highest values for total phenol content and antioxidant capacity were found to be 82.15 mg GAE/g dry extract and 63.63 mg Trolox/g dry extract, respectively. The determination of the total amounts of antioxidants and phenolic compounds in extracts may expand their potential applications. In addition, the potential application of Ulva sp extracts as inhibitors for the treatment of diabetes has been demonstrated through experiments assessing both alpha-glucosidase enzyme inhibition and glucose uptake in yeast cells. The results support an environmentally friendly approach for the utilization of Ulva sp. from waste into valuable antidiabetic products.

Cytotoxicity and cell migration evaluation of a strontium silicate-based root canal sealer on stem cells from rat apical papilla: an in vitro study

BackgroundCalcium silicate-based bioceramics have been applied in endodontics as advantageous materials for years, many chemical components and new synthesizing methods were used to improve the base formulation of the materials for positively affecting the sealers properties. Recently, a novel biomaterial formulation, grounded in strontium silicate, has been introduced to the market, offering potential advancements in the field.ObjectiveTo comparatively analyze the cytotoxicity and cell migration effects of a novel strontium silicate-based bioceramic material (CRoot SP) and those of calcium silicate-based (iRoot SP) and epoxide amine resin (AH Plus) sealers on stem cells derived from rat apical papilla(rSCAPs).MethodsrSCAPs were isolated and characterized in vitro and subsequently cultured in the presence of various concentrations of CRoot SP, iRoot SP and AH Plus extracts. Cytotoxicity was assessed by CCK-8 assay, and cell-migration capacity was assessed by using wound healing assays .ResultsNo significant differences in cell viability were observed in the 0.02 mg/mL and 0.2 mg/mL sealer groups. The cell viability of CRoot SP was consistently greater than that of iRoot SP at concentrations of 5 mg/mL and 10 mg/mL across all time points. Maximum cytotoxic effect was noted on day 5 with 10 mg/mL AH Plus.The scratch was partly healed by cell migration in all groups at 24 h, and the 0.02 mg/mL, and 0.2 mg/mL CRoot SP exerted beneficial effects on rSCAPs migration.ConclusionsCRoot SP exhibited less cytotoxic than the iRoot SP and AH Plus extracts after setting. A lower concentration of CRoot SP thus promotes the cell migration capacity of rSCAPs, and it may achieve better tissue repair during root canal treatment.

α-Amylase inhibition and antioxidative activities of Marasmius tax sp extract: A combined in vitro and in silico exploration

Marasmius tax sp, belonging to the Marasmiaceae family, is a mushroom species that demands extensive study of its medicinal values with scientific evidence. Mycochemical profiling of methanolic extract of Marasmius sp was performed with Gas Chromatogram-Mass Spectroscopy (GC-MS) and presence of eighteen organic compounds were confirmed. The extract demonstrated promising results in terms of its ability to inhibit α-amylase and scavenge DPPH free radicals, indicating its potential as an antidiabetic and antioxidant. The anti-diabetic property of the mycochemicals was further explored by employing inverse molecular docking analysis for the identified mycochemicals against 18-diabetes associate targets. The inverse docking analysis showed four mycosterol compounds with a strong binding affinity against all the targets, while all 18 compounds displayed considerable binding scores (-6.0 to −10.0 kcal/mol) against three crucial targets responsible for the mode of antidiabetic effect, suggesting the extract to have a multi-target, multi-drug effect in treating diabetes. All the identified mycochemicals were evaluated for their drug-likeness, pharmacokinetics, adverse side effects, and bioactivity. Out of the 18 molecules, 17 were found to be bioactive, with 5 of them showing no predicted adverse effects. Further, the structure-property relationship of the mycosterols have been explored using Density Functional Theory (DFT) based calculations. Frontier molecular orbitals, electrostatic potential surfaces and global descriptor analysis were carried out to understand the stability and chemical reactivity of the selective mycochemcials.

Perubahan Berat Badan Mencit (Mus musculus) Model Diabetes Melitus Tipe 1 yang Diterapi Ekstrak Alga Coklat Sargassum sp

In type 1 diabetes, when the body does not produce enough insulin or none at all. This causes blood glucose levels to remain high while the body's cells are starved for energy. As a result, the body turns to alternative energy sources, namely fat and muscle, leading to weight loss. Sargassum sp contains steroid, alkaloid, phenol, flavonoid, saponin and tannin compounds that can be antioxidant and antidiabetic. This study aims to determine changes in body weight of mice (Mus musculus) type 1 diabetes mellitus models treated with Sargassum sp. This study is an experimental study. Mice were divided into 6 groups, namely KN, K-, K+, P1, P2 and P3. Body weight was weighed on day 0, day 14 (post STZ induction) and day 28 (post drug administration). The data were analysed by ANOVA using SPSS program. The results showed that Sargassum sp extract can increase the body weight of DM mice.

The therapeutic effect of the oily extract of Cannabis sp. in Aluminum Chloride-Induced Alzheimer's Disease in Rats

Objective: To evaluate the therapeutic potential of Cannabis sp extract in a model of Alzheimer's disease induced by aluminum chloride in rats. Methods: Thirty Wistar rats were divided into five groups (n=6) where one group received no treatment, another group received only aluminum chloride and the others, in addition to aluminum chloride, received different doses (50, 100 and 150µl) of oily extract of Cannabis sp. The animals were euthanized one day after treatment, where the brain was collected, fixed, processed and embedded in paraffin. Histological sections of the hippocampus were used for qualitative and quantitative assessment of morphological changes. Blood serum was also obtained to determine indicators of oxidative status. Results: Reduction of more than 80% in cell death in the dentate gyrus region of the hippocampus in animals treated with cannabis extract. Furthermore, a reduction in total protein levels by approximately 20% and an increase (15%) in antioxidant enzymes in relation to the positive control were also observed in the serum. Conclusion: The use of the oily extract of Cannabis sp. in a 2:1 ratio of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC): Cannabidiol (CBD) effectively reduced hippocampal neuron deaths from amyloidosis induced in chronic aluminum chloride intoxication.

New insights into the potential cardioprotective effects of telmisartan and nanoformulated extract of Spirulina platensis via regulation of oxidative stress, apoptosis, and autophagy in an experimental model.

Cardiotoxicity is one of the limiting side effects of the commonly used anticancer agent cyclophosphamide (Cyclo). The possible protective effects of telmisartan and nanoformulated Spirulina platensis (Sp) methanolic extract against Cyclo-induced cardiotoxicity were examined in this study. Experimental groups of rats were randomly divided into nine groups as control vehicle, control polymer, telmisartan (TEL, 10mg/kg), free Sp extract (300mg/kg), nano Sp extract (100mg/kg), Cyclo (200mg/kg), TEL + Cyclo, free Sp + Cyclo, and nano Sp + Cyclo. The groups with Cyclo combinations were treated in the same manner as their corresponding ones without Cyclo, with a single dose of Cyclo on day 18. The results indicate that Cyclo causes significant cardiotoxicity, manifesting in the form of notable increases of 155.49%, 105.74%, 451.76%, and 826.07% in the serum levels of glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (SGOT), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), creatine kinase MB (CK-MB), and cardiac troponin I (cTnI) enzyme activities, respectively, as compared to the control. In addition, the cardiac glutathione (GSH) content and activity of glutathione peroxidase-1 (GPX-1) enzyme decreased by 65.94% and 73.85%, respectively. Treatment with nano Sp extract showed the most prominent restorations of the altered biochemical, histopathological, and immunohistochemical features as compared with those by TEL and free Sp; moreover, reductions of 30.64% and 43.02% in the p-AKT content as well as 60.43% and 75.30% of the endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) immunoreactivity were detected in the TEL and free Sp treatment groups, respectively. Interestingly, nano Sp boosted the autophagy signal via activation of beclin-1 (36.42% and 153.4%), activation of LC3II (69.13% and 195%), downregulation of p62 expressions (39.68% and 62.45%), and increased gene expressions of paraoxonase-1 (PON-1) (90.3% and 225.9%) compared to the TEL and free Sp treatment groups, respectively. The findings suggest the protective efficiency of telmisartan and nano Sp extract against cardiotoxicity via activations of the antioxidant, antiapoptotic, and autophagy signaling pathways.

Antioxidant and Anti-inflammatory Potential of Sargassum sp Extract in Lotion Preparations

Sargassum sp. is a type of brown algae found in Indonesian marine waters with great potential in the food and pharmaceutical industries. There is antioxidant and anti-inflammatory potential in Sargassum sp. extract so that it makes this type utilised as a lotion preparation. It is necessary to know the potential of Sargassum sp. extract in making lotions. This research uses extraction method to produce Sargassum sp. extract with organic solvent extraction technique, namely alcohol. In addition, the emulsion method was used in the manufacture of lotion preparations. Furthermore, secondary metabolites and anti-inflammatory (irritation) tests were conducted. In addition, the lotion preparation can be evaluated by conducting organoleptic, pH, and homogeneity tests. The results showed that the Sargassum sp. extract contained significant antioxidant compounds, as indicated by a decrease in DPPH absorbance. Sargassum extract contains alkaloid, flavonoid, saponin, and tannin. In addition, lotion preparations containing Sargassum sp. extract also showed a significant decrease in pro-inflammatory cytokine expression in skin cells exposed to UVB radiation. In addition, the irritation test showed negative results with a safety level without causing irritation to the skin. These findings indicate the potential of Sargassum sp. extract in producing lotion preparations with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects that can contribute to skin protection from oxidative damage and inflammation.

Pharmacological application of microemulsion formulated with rhizopus sp extract

Fungi have been recognized as a great source of bioactive metabolites with great medical and pharmaceutical applicability. The objective of this work was to produce a fungal extract from Rhizopus spp and identify the secondary metabolites obtained, followed by preparation of a microemulsion formulated with Rhizopus sp extract; characterizing its antioxidant and antimicrobial activity. Among the metabolites obtained, sorbitol, linoleic acid, oleic acid, palmitic acid, and stearic acid stand out. The formulated microemulsion proved to be an effective pharmacological presentation in preserving the metabolites obtained from the fungal extract, and also potentiating in relation to the extract, when comparing the antioxidant activity and antimicrobial action.

Ameliorative effects of Scutellaria Pinnatifida subsp. pichleri (Stapf) Rech.f. Extract in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats: chemical composition, biochemical and histopathological evaluation

BackgroundsScutellaria Pinnatifida subsp. pichleri (Stapf) Rech.f. (SP) is used in folk medicine for the treatment of diabetes. The aim of the study was to determine the phenolic profile of SP extract (SPE) by LC-MS/MS and to investigate the antidiabetic, hepatoprotective and nephroprotective effects of SPE in streptozotosin (STZ)-induced diabetic rat model.MethodsForty-two rats were randomly divided into six groups (n = 7): Control (nondiabetic), diabetes mellitus (DM), DM + SP-100 (diabetic rats treated with SPE, 100 mg/kg/day), DM + SP-200 (diabetic rats treated with SPE, 200 mg/kg/day), DM + SP-400 (diabetic rats treated with SPE, 400 mg/kg/day) and DM + Gly-3 (diabetic rats treated with glibenclamide, 3 mg/kg/day). Live body weight, fasting blood glucose (FBG) level, antidiabetic, serum biochemical and lipid profile parameters, antioxidant defense system, malondyaldehyde (MDA) and histopathological examinations in liver, kidney and pancreas were evaluated.ResultsApigenin, luteolin, quinic acid, cosmosiin and epigallocatechin were determined to be the major phenolic compounds in the SPE. Administration of the highest dose of SP extract (400 mg/kg) resulted in a significant reduction in FBG levels and glycosylated hemoglobin levels in STZ-induced diabetic rats, indicating an antihyperglycemic effect. SPE (200 and 400 mg/kg) and glibenclamide significantly improved MDA in liver and kidney tissues. In addition, SPE contributed to the struggle against STZ-induced oxidative stress by stimulating antioxidant defense systems. STZ induction negatively affected liver, kidney and pancreas tissues according to histopathological findings. Treatment with 400 mg/kg and glibenclamide attenuated these negative effects.ConclusionsIn conclusion, the extract of the aerial part of Scutellaria pinnatifida subsp. pichleri has hepatoprotective, nephroprotective and insulin secretion stimulating effects against STZ-induced diabetes and its complications due to its antidiabetic and antioxidant phytochemicals such as apigenin, luteolin, quinic acid, cosmosiin and epigallocatechin.

Exploring the Potential of Roselle Calyx and Sappan Heartwood Extracts as Natural Colorants in Poly(butylene Succinate) for Biodegradable Packaging Films.

Recently, there has been a growing concern among consumers regarding the safety of packaging products, particularly due to the presence of potentially harmful substances like synthetic pigments and inorganic dyes. These substances, which are often used to attract consumer attention, can migrate and contaminate products over extended shelf storage periods. To address this issue, the focus of this research was the development of a biodegradable packaging film using poly(butylene succinate) (PBS) incorporated with natural colorants extracted from roselle (RS) and sappan heartwood (SP). RS and SP serve as non-toxic and alternative pigments when compared to synthetic colorants. The biodegradable packaging films were prepared using blown film extrusion, encompassing different weight percentages of RS and SP (0.1%, 0.2%, and 0.3%). The films exhibited distinct colors, with RS films appearing pink to purple and SP films exhibiting an orange hue. The water vapor transmission rate slightly decreased with an increasing content of RS and SP extracts, indicating improved barrier properties. Additionally, the films showed reduced light transmittance, as evidenced by the UV-Vis light barrier results. The degree of crystallinity in the films was enhanced, as confirmed by X-ray diffraction and differential scanning calorimetry techniques. Regarding mechanical properties, the PBS/RS and PBS/SP films exhibited slight increases in tensile strength and elongation compared to neat PBS films. Moreover, the blended films demonstrated higher stability after undergoing an aging test, further highlighting their potential for use in biodegradable packaging applications. The key advantages of these films lie in their non-toxicity, biodegradability, and overall environmental friendliness.

Cellular assays combined with metabolomics highlight the dual face of phenolics: From high permeability to morphological cell damage

The Caco-2 cellular permeability of phenolic aqueous extracts from blackcurrant press cake (BC), Norway spruce bark (NS), scots pine bark (SP), and sea buckthorn leaves (SB) was evaluated by combining high-resolution mass spectrometry and atomic force microscopy. Besides, Caco-2 and HepG2 cells allowed the study of intracellular oxidative stress assessed in both apical and basolateral domains. Overall, BC and NS showed the highest total phenolic contents, 4.38 and 3.76 µg/mL, respectively. Multivariate statistics discriminated NS and BC from SP and SB extracts because of their phenolic profile. Polyphenols were classified as highly permeable, thus suggesting their potentially high bioavailability through the gastrointestinal tract. All the phenolic subclasses showed efflux ratio values < 1, except for BC flavonols, flavan-3-ols, and stilbenes. Regarding cellular damage, NS and BC extracts, when acting on the basolateral cellular side, caused epithelial leakage and morphological shape cell damage on Caco-2 cells associated with ROS production.

Eggs Quality of Japanese Quails Gave Fermented Dragon Fruit Peel (Hylocereus Sp.) Extract in Drinking Water

This 10-week study aims to examine the performance and egg quality of Japanese quail given a fermented dragon fruit peel (Hylocereus sp) extract in their drinking water. The research methodology employed was a completely randomized design (CRD) consisting of 5 treatments, each treatment with 4 replications and each replication comprised of 10 quails, total of 200 quails of 6-weeks-old. R0 = drinking water without dragon fruit peel extract; R1 = drinking water containing 2% dragon fruit peel extract; R2 = drinking water containing 3% fermented dragon fruit peel extract; and R3 = drinking water containing 4% dragon fruit peel extract. The factors measured were eggs quality of Japanese quail. The findings of the investigation showed that treatment R1, R2 and R3 enhanced eggs quality (eggs weight % HDP, and eggs yolk colour) significantly (P<0,05) than R0. It may be stated that treatment of 2%,3% and 4% of fermented dragon fruit peel extract in drinking water increased eggs quality ( eggs weight, %HDP, eggs yolk colour) of the quail 6-16 week.

Antiviral activity and active components of the leaves from Sabia parviflora Wall. ex Roxb

Sabia parviflora ( SP , “xiao hua qing feng teng” in Chinese) was recorded as an important ethnic medicine to be used for treating viral hepatitis. The antiviral activity of four SP extracts and potent antiviral compounds evaluated with cathepsin L protease (Cat L PR) and HIV-1 protease (HIV-1 PR). UPLC-HRMS was used for identifying the bioactive components. In addition, the possible inhibitory mechanism of the identified compounds on viral protease was further discussed by molecular docking. As a result, four extracts of SP exhibited inhibitory activity of HIV-1 PR and Cat L PR with IC50 range from 0.015 to 0.80 mg/mL. Meanwhile, six compounds inhibited HIV-1 PR with IC50 range from 0.032 to 0.80 mg/mL. Moreover, procyanidin B2 had good affinity for HIV-1 PR and CatL PR protein, respectively. These findings suggest S. parviflora leaves can be used for treating HIV and procyanidin B2 may play a role in antiviral protease.

Application of Sargassum sp extract on juvenile sandfish nursery

Sea cucumbers are a high-value fauna that can be found on Kei Island’s coastal area. Because of overexploitation and poor management, the sea cucumber population on Kei Island has declined dramatically. To solve this problem, the cultivation activities (breeding, nursery and growth out) of sea cucumbers need to be developed immediately. The aim of this study was to utilize the brown algae Sargassum sp to support the production of sandfish seeds in Household-Scale Hatchery. This study took place from April - May 2022 at Tual Teripang Center, Tual. Juveniles of sandfish are used as research objects with measuring between 3 - 15 mm in size and have a stocking density of 800 juveniles per tub. The feed used as treatment was included Sargassum sp extract 300 gr/tub (Treatment A), 400 gr/tub (Treatment B), and 500 gr/tub (Treatment C). Feeding has given every day and water changes was 50 - 60% per day. The calculation of growth and survival rate is the variable that observed in this study. As supporting data, water quality test measures were carried out. Three treatments have different effects on juvenile growth. The best result was obtained in Treatment C. For survival, showed all treatments had same effect on the survival rate of juvenile sandfish. It was concluded that Treatment C was better for the growth of juvenile sandfish than Treatment A and Treatment B.

Evaluation of alpha-glucosidase inhibition activity and glycosides in the Syringa pubescens Turcz from different geographical origin

Inhibition of α-glucosidase is an attractive strategy for the control of hyperglycaemia. Naturally occurring bioactive compounds are potential sources of α-glucosidase inhibitors. The Syringa pubescens Turcz (SP) is commonly used as Chinese folk medicine for treatment of hepatitis and cirrhosis. However, the anti-hyperglycemic activity of SP was lack of study and the report on compounds of α-glucosidase inhibitory activity of SP was also insufficient. In this study, the α-glucosidase inhibitory activity of SP extract was firstly assessed in vitro. The quantification analysis of bioactive glycosides in SP collected at different geographical origins and its correlation with α-glucosidase inhibitory activities were investigated. As the results, six glycosides including salidroside, echinacoisde, forsythoside B, verbascoside, isoacteoside and oleuropein were simultaneously determined using HPLC-DAD method. Moreover, SP collected from different geographical origins exhibited different concentrations of bioactive glycosides and had potential α-glucosidase inhibitory activity. The results of correlation analysis indicated that the amounts of glycosides were positively correlated with the α-glucosidase inhibitory activities of SP. Then, the evaluation of α-glucosidase inhibitory activity of six glycosides was performed. And docking study was conducted to predict the possible binding sites of forsythoside B. Forsythoside B might be the most possible α-glucosidase inhibitor in SP.

Formulation and Evaluation of Catfish ( Calias Sp ) Albumin Extract Ointment with Variations of Basis

Catfish (Clarias sp) contains albumin which is an important protein needed by the human body, especially in the process of healing diseases. Giving this catfish extract functions as a nutrient, it is hoped that this nutrition can improve nutrition, increase the immune system and speed up the wound healing process or post surgery. This research is an experimental research, in which the albumin ointment formulation of catfish (clarias sp) extract was carried out, with variations of vaselin flavum and adeps lanae ointment bases in three formulations namely formulation 1, formulation 2 and formulation 3. The results of catfish extract (clarias sp) were then formulated in the form of an ointment. Then an evaluation of physical properties was carried out including organoleptic evaluation, homogeneity test, spreadability test, adhesion test, pH test. The results showed that the albumin extract ointment for catfish (Clarias sp) with variations in ointment base made a difference to the evaluation of albumin extract for catfish (Clarias sp) which included organoleptic tests (soft shape, white to yellow), homogeneity test (has round particles, irregular, no foreign particles), spreadability test (FI, 5.16cm: FII, 5.23cm: FIII, 5.06cm), adhesion test (FI, 3.19 seconds, FII 2.27 seconds, FIII 3.24 seconds), pH test (FI 6, FII 6, FIII 6). The conclusion that the vaseline flavum ointment combined with adeps lanae from catfish albumin extract meets the quality consists of an evaluation. homogeneity test, organoleptic test, adhesion test, spreadability test and pH test.

Pengaruh Ekstrak Buah Bakau (Rhizophora sp) terhadap Ekspresi Monocyte Chemoattractant Protein-1 pada Aorta Tikus Aterosklerosis

Atherosclerosis is an atheromatous plaque that protrudes into and clogs blood vessels. This study aimed to analyze the effect of Rhizophora sp extract on the expression of Monocyte Chemoattractant Protein-1 (MCP-1) in the early stages of atherosclerosis in rats fed an atherogenic diet. Eighteen abdominal aortic paraffin blocks of white rats were used, consisting of 3 groups: normal diet (K1), atherogenic diet (K2), and atherogenic diet and Rhizophora sp extract (K3). The effect of Rhizophora sp extract was assessed by immunohistochemical examination. MCP-1 expression was calculated in 5 fields of view, then analyzed using Photoshop Image Analysis. The results of this study indicated that administration of Rhizophora sp extract reduced MCP-1 expression in K3 compared to K2 (0.155±0.075 vs 0.246±0.097) although this result was not statistically significant. In conclusion, Rhizophora sp extract has the ability to inhibit MCP-1 expression in the aorta of rats fed an atherogenic diet.

Anti-inflammatory effects of Solanum procumbens on a low dose complete Freund's adjuvant-induced arthritis rat model

Objective: To investigate the anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects of Solanum procumbens on complete Freund's adjuvant-induced arthritis rat models. Methods: We isolated and identified five compounds in the ethanol-soluble Solanum procumbens extract (SP) with anti-inflammatory effects, including ursolic acid, β-sitosterol, hexadecanoic acid, cis-vaccenic acid, and vanillic acid. Additionally, we investigated the anti-inflammatory effects of SP on rheumatoid arthritis symptoms, including paw volumes, local temperatures, withdrawal latency, and mechanical withdrawal threshold at the hind paw and white blood cell (WBC) number from complete Freund's adjuvant-induced arthritis rat models. Results: We have successfully established a complete Freund's adjuvant-induced arthritis rat model at a low dose (1 mg/mL). SP extract significantly reduced paw volumes (P&lt;0.05), prolonged withdrawal latencies (P&lt;0.05), decreased local temperature, and increased the mechanical withdrawal threshold (P&lt;0.05), but only SP extract at the dose of 300 mg/kg significantly decreased WBC numbers. Conclusions: SP extract could be a potential medication candidate with anti-inflammatory effects for arthritis, but it requires further investigation into the mechanism of the SP and its effectiveness on other models as well as clinical trials.

Antidepressant and Anxiolytic Potentials of the Chewing Stick, Salvadora persica.

Salvadora persica stem bark was extracted with two different solvents, i.e., ethyl acetate and water, and preliminary phytochemical screening was performed. Two behavioral models were used: an elevated plus maze test (EPM) and the light and dark model test for anxiolytic parameters, and a forced swim test (FST) for antidepressant effects. Healthy mice weighing 18-40 gms were treated orally in four groups (n = 6), i.e., negative control treated with normal saline and positive control with 1 mg/kg diazepam (EPM) and 30 mg/kg fluoxetine (FST), and the test groups were treated with 500 mg/kg of aqueous and ethyl acetate Sp extract. The number of entries and duration spent in the open arm for 5 minutes were the parameters for evaluating the anxiolytic activity (EPM). Duration of immobility was measured for 5 min in the FST model. In EPM, both the Sp extracts significantly (p < 0.005) increased the number of entries and the time spent in the open arms and was much similar to those of diazepam. Similarly, these extracts and fluoxetine significantly (p < 0.005) decreased the immobility time in FST. The results suggest the therapeutic potential of Salvadora persica an alternative in the management of comorbid anxiety and depression.

DIFFERENCES OF LEAVES SAMBILOTO (Andrographis paniculata Sp) EXTRACT ON THE PERFORMANCE AND MORTALITY OF LAYING BREED CHICKEN ON STARTER PHASE

The purpose of this study is to know the difference of sambiloto leaves (Andrographis paniculata Sp) extract on mortality and performance of the starter phase laying hens. Two hundred and forty laying hens (ages 1-6 weeks) were used in this experiment. It is divided into 4 groups and 6 replays. Treatment is divided into control P0, P1 + 2 gr / kg feed, P2 + 4 gr / kg feed and P3 6gr / kg feed. The observed variables are Mortality, Feed Consumption, Feed Weight Growth and Feed Conversion. Real different Mortality (P&gt;0.05) increased to 10.7037 (P0,P2 and P3) while decreased compared to 10 (P1). Feed Consumption differed very noticeablely (P&gt;0.01) decreased to 8,908 gr/ecr (P3) compared to control (P0), as did 9,438 gr/ecr (P1) and 9,550 gr/ekr (P2). Weight Growth is not affected by treatment (P&gt;0.05). It is very different Feed Conversions (P&gt;0.01) decreased to 3,684 (P3) compared to 4,003 (P2) as well as 3,956 (P0) and 3,978 (P1). There needs to be more research done from the sterter phase to the grower phase in order to know the further influence