Introduction. Surfactant protein components are necessary and effective functionality of its parts. The greatest scientific interest among surfactant protein is the study of surfactant protein B. The main functions are to increase the surface tension in the alveoli, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. However, the final idea about its physiological role and content in various pathological conditions, has not yet formed. Materials and methods. Examination 58 newborns, including 42 newborns premature who had respiratory pathology in the neonatal period, average gestational age 32,18 ± 1,4 weeks, average weight at birth 1919,1 ± 123,4 g and 16 term infants . The content of surfactant protein in serum were determined on day 3-5 of life for ELISA set HumanHSP-27 / HSPB1 (HeartShockProtein 27) ELISAkit (Elabscience) according to the instructions of the manufacturer. Results and discussion.The level of SP-B in the serum of children of the main group showed significantly higher its content has averaged 58.5 ± 5,4 ng / ml, while children in the control group the average value was 22.06 ± 2,3 ng / ml (p <0,05) . Research SP-B content in blood serum of children of the main groups depending on the underlying disease of the respiratory system showed that the lowest levels of SP-B in the serum was observed in children with neonatal pneumonia (58,3 ± 5,6 ng / ml, p <0.05) while the main group of children who have suffered RDS, the figure was higher (65.1 ± 6,1 ng / ml, p <0.05) and in those children who subsequently was diagnosed with BPD. Analysis of the relationship of SP-B on the kind of ongoing oxygen therapy showed that patients who underwent oxygen therapy using the method of CPAP had a significantly higher average levels of SP-B in the serum, which was 51.7 ± 4,8 ng / ml, at the same time, those patients who underwent oxygen therapy by means of mechanical ventilation, the average level of SP-B in serum was 66.7 ± 5,9 ng / ml (p <0,05). Conclusions. The content of SP-B in the serum of premature infants with respiratory disorders in 2, 5 times higher than in healthy term infants, the highest content of SP-B was observed in premature suffering from respiratory distress syndrome and bronchopulmonary dysplasia, which exceeded the figure for children patients with pneumonia.