Soybean Seeds Research Articles

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As a result of the study of existing methods and devices for drying seeds, their poor adaptation for drying soybean breeder seeds was revealed, namely: the impossibility of effective drying of small batches of seeds (1–5 kg); increased injury during loading and unloading; unsuitable regime of specific moisture removal, which leads to loss of sowing qualities of valuable breeding seed samples. Analysis of the designs of previously developed dryers, as well as research carried out in the mechanization department at the V.S. Pustovoit All-Russian Research Institute of Oil Crops, made it possible to develop a new method for drying soybean breeder seeds and a device for its implementation – a chamber dryer for soybean breeder seeds in fabric bags. Drying seeds in fabric bags prevents direct contact of seeds with the structural elements of the dryer, which prevents damage from mechanical influences, as well as local overheating of the surface of the seeds. This saves the breeder seeds from mechanical trauma, leading to micro- and macrocracks in the seed shells and the surface tissues of the cotyledons located directly under the shell, and the axial organs of the embryos – the embryonic root, which leads to their death, which is extremely undesirable in breeding work. Blowing bags with seeds from two opposite sides provides the possibility of a softer drying mode – at a coolant temperature of 38 ºС, smoother removal of seed moisture, a more productive drying process, ensuring the absence of seeds cracking, which is very important in breeding. This is explained by the fact that when blowing bags with seeds from two opposite sides of the bags, the removal of moisture from the entire volume of seeds will be smoother and at the same time more productive than when blowing the same volume of seeds with a coolant. Analyzing the experimental data obtained, we can draw the following conclusion: a dryer design was created for soybean breeder seeds, which implements a soft drying mode, ensuring uniform drying with smooth moisture removal, preventing cracking of soybean seeds, as well as their mechanical damage.

Genetic Diversity and Pathogenicity of the Fusarium Species Complex on Soybean in Serbia.

Using morphological and cultural characteristics for identification, 36 Fusarium isolates were recovered from diseased roots, stems, and seeds of soybean from several localities throughout Vojvodina Province, Serbia. Based on molecular characterization, 12 Fusarium species were identified: F. acuminatum, F. avenaceum, F. commune, F. equiseti, F. graminearum, F. incarnatum, F. oxysporum, F. proliferatum, F. solani, F. sporotrichioides, F. subglutinans, and F. tricinctum. The elongation factor 1-α-based phylogeny grouped the isolates into 12 well-supported clades, but polymorphisms among sequences in some clades suggested the use of the species complex concept: (i) F. incarnatum-equiseti species complex (FIESC)-F. incarnatum and F. equiseti; (ii) F. oxysporum species complex (FOSC)-F. oxysporum; (iii) F. solani species complex (FSSC)-F. solani; and (iv) F. acuminatum/F. avenaceum/F. tricinctum species complex (FAATSC)-F. acuminatum, F. avenaceum, and F. tricinctum. Pathogenicity tests showed that the most aggressive species causing soybean seed rot were F. sporotrichioides, F. graminearum, FIESC, and F. avenaceum. Furthermore, F. subglutinans, FSSC, and F. proliferatum showed a high percentage of pathogenicity on soybean seeds (80 to 100%), whereas variability in pathogenicity occurred within isolates of F. tricinctum. FOSC, F. commune, and F. acuminatum had the lowest pathogenicity. To our knowledge, this is the first study of the characterization of Fusarium species on soybean in Serbia. This study provides valuable information about the composition of Fusarium species and pathogenicity that will be used in further research on soybean resistance to Fusarium-based diseases.

Co‐inoculation of Azospirillum brasilense and late nitrogen fertilization for no‐till soybean production

AbstractSoybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] is highly efficient in the biological N2 fixation (BNF) process through the association of bacteria of the genus Bradyrhizobium in the root nodules of the plants. However, there are still doubts about the need to complement soybean N demand through N fertilization in high‐yield environments. In addition, the real impact of co‐inoculation of soybean with Azospirillum brasilense and Bradyrhizobium spp. is not yet clear in such environments. A field experiment was conducted from 2012 to 2021 with six soybean cropping seasons in a crop rotation scheme with black oat (Avena strigosa Schreb), maize (Zea mays L.), and wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) under no‐till (NT) in Southern Brazil. Soybean seeds were co‐inoculated with A. brasilense (strains Ab‐V5 and Ab‐V6) shortly after inoculation with Bradyrhizobium japonicum, and different levels of N fertilization were used in top dressing at the start of pod formation (R3). Soybean nutritional status and grain yield were not benefited by co‐inoculation with A. brasilense. Since the increased inoculum rate of A. brasilense co‐inoculated with rhizobia in soybean compromised both N nutrition and grain yield, this practice should not be encouraged. There was no need to complement soybean N demand through N fertilization during the reproductive stage. Soybean achieved grain yields of 5.0–5.7 Mg ha−1 and, even so, there was no need to complement N demand through N fertilization. The results suggest that soybean N demand in a high‐yielding environment under NT could be satisfied exclusively through the optimization of BNF.

Physiological and Molecular Analysis of Soybean Seed Longevity and Validation of Candidate Markers

Background: Seed longevity is a major constraint in soybean seed production. The major focus of this study is to analyze the physiological and molecular changes associated with seed longevity and identify promising germplasm which are good storers for soybean breeding program. Methods: Nineteen genotypes were studied for seed longevity using accelerated ageing test and genetic integrity based on SSR marker data. Genotypes were clustered into distinct groups based on seed morphological and physiological parameters (Mahalanobis D2 analysis). SSR markers for seed longevity were validated in the germplasm. Result: Per cent reduction in germination after accelerated ageing was significantly and positively correlated with traits associated with seed storability such as seed length, seed width, seed thickness and 100 seed weight and negatively correlated with seedling vigour indices. Hence, it would be worthwhile to rely upon these parameters for enhancing the seed storability in soybean. Genetic integrity of the germplasm was evaluated based on SSR markers in accelerated ageing seeds. SSR markers (Satt 285, Satt 534, Satt 538, Satt 281, Satt 162, Satt 631 and Satt 371) revealed significant association for the seed longevity characters such as seed length, seed width, seed thickness and seed weight. Candidate markers (Satt 371, Satt 281, Satt162, Satt 285, Satt 534) which can differentiate the soybean genotypes for storability have been identified in this study. The genotypes were grouped into seven clusters with monogenotypic cluster III (PSPB23) having minimum reduction in germination after accelerated ageing.

Multi-Omics Analysis of a Chromosome Segment Substitution Line Reveals a New Regulation Network for Soybean Seed Storage Profile.

Soybean, a major source of oil and protein, has seen an annual increase in consumption when used in soybean-derived products and the broadening of its cultivation range. The demand for soybean necessitates a better understanding of the regulatory networks driving storage protein accumulation and oil biosynthesis to broaden its positive impact on human health. In this study, we selected a chromosome segment substitution line (CSSL) with high protein and low oil contents to investigate the underlying effect of donor introgression on seed storage through multi-omics analysis. In total, 1479 differentially expressed genes (DEGs), 82 differentially expressed proteins (DEPs), and 34 differentially expressed metabolites (DEMs) were identified in the CSSL compared to the recurrent parent. Based on Gene Ontology (GO) term analysis and the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes enrichment (KEGG), integrated analysis indicated that 31 DEGs, 24 DEPs, and 13 DEMs were related to seed storage functionality. Integrated analysis further showed a significant decrease in the contents of the seed storage lipids LysoPG 16:0 and LysoPC 18:4 as well as an increase in the contents of organic acids such as L-malic acid. Taken together, these results offer new insights into the molecular mechanisms of seed storage and provide guidance for the molecular breeding of new favorable soybean varieties.

Effect of Desiccants and Packaging Materials on Seed Storability in Soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merrill

Background: Seeds are characterized by rapid deterioration during storage under hot and humid coastal conditions. Physiological changes that occur in seeds during storage are manifested as reduction in seedling vigour indices and percentage germination. This study aimed in prolonging the longevity of soybean seed through packaging materials with or without desiccants. Methods: Each 10 kilograms of soybean seeds treated with Vitavax 200 (2 g/kg of seed) were stored with or without desiccants viz., Calcium Chloride @ 10 g/kg of seeds, Silica gel @ 10 g/kg of seeds and ‘Zeolites’ drying beads @ 35 g/kg of seeds, packed in two different containers viz., Cloth bag and Super grain bag and stored under ambient conditions of coastal environment of Karaikal district, Puducherry (UT). Seed samples were drawn at three months intervals and tested for seed vigour and viability up to nine months. Result: The results revealed that that vitavax treated soybean seeds stored in Super grain bags with desiccants viz., CaCl2 or drying beads exhibited the highest seed germination, seedling length, seedling dry weight, vigour index-I and II than cloth bags after nine months of storage. The loss in seed vigour during storage was only 12 per cent in Super grain bags as compared to 83 per cent in cloth bags indicated that Super grain bag has the potential to effectively contain the influence of environment on seeds stored in it. Hence, it is suggested that the vigour and viability of soybean seeds could be very well prolonged by storing fungicide treated seeds in Super grain bag instead of cloth bags under coastal environment.

Moringa Leaf Powder as Environmentally Friendly Repellent Agent for Controlling the Warehouse Insect Pest for Black Soybean Grain

Black soybean grain (Glycine max L. Merril.) storage is susceptible to insect pests such as Callosobruchus analis (F.), which feeds on soybeans. Steroids/triterpenoids, phenolics, alkaloids, tannins, and terpenoids found in moringa leaf powder can be employed as insect repellents in black soybean grain warehouses. The purpose of this study was to ascertain how applying plant-based insecticides made from powdered moringa leaf will affect the amount of C. analis (F.) that died, the severity of the damage, and the weight loss of black soybean seeds of the Detam 4 Prida varieties. The study took place from August to October 2019 at an elevation of 878 meters above sea level in the Biology Laboratorium of the Agriculture Faculty, University of Winaya Mukti. An experimental design including five treatments and five replications was employed as the research methodology. A was not given any moringa leaf powder; B, C, D, and E each received 0.25, 0.75, and 1 grams of moringa leaf powder, fine powder, and so on. 10 pairs of C. analis (F) per jar were used in each treatment, which involved 100 g of black soybean grain. In the storage of black soybean grain, the percentage of seed damage, weight loss, the number of eggs, larvae, pupae, and images, and mortality of C. analis (F) were all impacted by 0.75 g of moringa leaf powder, according to the findings. According to this research, C. analysis, a warehouse insect pest, is effectively repelled by powdered moringa leaf (F.).

Soybean seedlings development under different water levels inoculated with PcO6 and different application ways of synthetic ZnO NPs

Zinc oxide nanoparticle (ZnO NPs) has been used as a fertilizer alternative, although some applications technique and metal-microbial effects should be studied. This research evaluated the bioefficiency of synthetic ZnO NPs in soybean seedlings combined with different water status and with or without PcO6 bacteria. ZnO NPs performed in sand inhibited growth and fluorescence parameters. Still, when soybean seeds were exposed to ZnO NPs seed priming the root mass was increased, mainly in non-drought conditions. Soybean plants cultivated in drought conditions will have compromised development, although was demonstrate soybeans seed inoculation with PcO6 may decrease undesired effects from drought. Also, PcO6 soybean inoculation mitigate metal ZnO toxicity. Here, one of the first positive report about soybean interaction with PcO6 by drought and metal mitigation of toxicity. In addition, the best way to apply ZnO was through seed priming, while sand application was toxic and foliar application had no effects.

Phytochemical studies in some varieties of soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] and their hybrids

In the present investigation, an attempt has been made to congregate the phytochemical studies done on intervarietal F1 hybrids of soybean (Glycine max L.) along with their parents. The eleven F1 hybrids were obtained by intervarietal crossing done using five varieties of soybean viz Bragg(BG), NRC7(NR), Punjab1(PN), PUSA98-14(PU) and JS9560(JS).Estimation of phenols was done by FCR Method using Gallic acid as standard. The total phenolic content was found highest in the cross JSXNR and lowest in BGXNR. Total tannin content was determined using FCR method. Total tannin content was highest in NRXJS and least in BGXPN. In addition, total flavonoids were determined using Alcl3 reagent and antioxidant activity by DPPH method. Total flavonoids was found maximum in PNXNR and least in PUXPN respectively. Highest Antioxidant Activity was 50.31% in JSXPN and lowest was 39.08% in NRXJS. The results suggested that besides protein and oil contents, the phenolic contents should also be considered as an important characteristic feature of soybean seeds, and as a potential selection criterion for antioxidant activity in soybean.

A new method based on melatonin-mediated seed germination to quickly remove pesticide residues and improve the nutritional quality of contaminated grains.

In the present study, we attempted to use melatonin combined with germination treatment to remove pesticide residues from contaminated grains. High levels of pesticide residues were detected in soybean seeds after soaking with chlorothalonil (10 mM) and malathion (1 mM) for 2 hours. Treatment with 50 μM melatonin for 5 days completely removed the pesticide residues, while in the control group, only 61-71% of pesticide residues were removed from soybean sprouts. Compared with the control, melatonin treatment for 7 days further increased the content of ascorbic acid (by 48-66%), total phenolics (by 52-68%), isoflavones (by 22-34%), the total antioxidant capacity (by 37-40%), and the accumulated levels of unsaturated fatty acids (C18:1, C18:2, and C18:3) (by 17-30%) in soybean sprouts. Moreover, melatonin treatment further increased the accumulation of ten components of phenols and isoflavones in soybean sprouts relative to those in the control. The ability of melatonin to accelerate the degradation of pesticide residues and promote the accumulation of antioxidant metabolites might be related to its ability to trigger the glutathione detoxification system in soybean sprouts. Melatonin promoted glutathione synthesis (by 49-139%) and elevated the activities of glutathione-S-transferase (by 24-78%) and glutathione reductase (by 38-61%). In summary, we report a new method in which combined treatment by melatonin and germination rapidly degrades pesticide residues in contaminated grains and improves the nutritional quality of food.

ENCAPSULATION OF SOYBEAN SEEDS WITH Actinomycetes AS A BIOCONTROL AGENT AGAINST Sclerotium rolfsii Sacc

This study evaluates the effectiveness of Actinomycetes in encapsulating soybean seeds to control damping-off disease caused by Sclerotium rolfsii. With national soybean demand reaching 22 million tons per year and domestic production only 1 million tons, increasing production is essential. One major constraint is the attack of plant pathogens such as S. rolfsii, which can cause significant losses. Actinomycetes were isolated from the rhizosphere of weeds and tested for their antagonistic activity in vitro. Seed encapsulation using various carriers (kaolin, talc, and zeolite) was conducted to determine the most effective formula. In vivo tests showed that the Actinomycetes isolate PM2 exhibited the best antagonistic activity, with the zeolite formulation reducing pre-emergence damping-off disease incidence to 12.50% and post-emergence damping-off to 8.25%, compared to the positive control. These results indicate that the use of Actinomycetes in soybean seed encapsulation is an effective and sustainable method for controlling damping-off disease. Zeolite as a carrier proved to provide a supportive environment for antagonistic microbes, maintaining moisture and supplying necessary nutrients. This research reveals the great potential of Actinomycetes as a biocontrol agent in plant disease management strategies, which can significantly enhance soybean production and support national food security.

Pengaruh Kombinasi Populasi Tumpangsari Kedelai-Singkong pada Pertumbuhan dan Hasil Benih Tanaman Kedelai dan Hasil Umbi Singkong

Intercropping soybeans with cassava can become one solution to increase the production of soybean in Indonesia. This research aimed to determine the most optimal population combination of soybean-cassava intercropping for the growth and yield of soybean seeds, cassava tuber yield, and land use efficiency (LUE).. The research was carried out on the farm land of the Main Seed Center in Sekincau District, West Lampung Regency, Lampung Province, Indonesia at -5°02’27” South and 104°18’16” East at elevation of 1173.1 meter from sea level and at the Seed and Plant Breeding Laboratory Faculty of Agriculture University of Lampung during June 2022 - February 2023. The four treatments of population combination of soybean-cassava intercropping were applied in a completely randomized block design (CRBD) and replicated five times in five blocks. The four population combination treatments of soybean-cassava intercropping were a) 100% soybean and 0% cassava (monoculture) (p₁), b) 67% soybean and 97% cassava (p₂), c) 67% soybean and 89% cassava (p₃), and d) 50% soybeans and 97% cassava (p₄). The growth and the seed yield per soybean stem of monoculture did not differ to those of the soybean-cassava intercropping, but the soybean seed yield per plot area of the intercropping was lower than those of monoculture. Its mainly due to the soybean population of the intercropping was lower compared to monoculture. All population combinations in soybean-cassava intercropping were effective in supporting the growth and yield of soybean seeds, but the population combination of 50% soybean and 97% cassava (p₄) was also effective in supporting cassava tuber yield, and had the highest land use efficiency among other population combinations. Key words: flowering age, plant height, seed weight, tuber weight of cassava

Diversity and Aggressiveness of the Diaporthe Species Complex on Sunflower in Serbia.

This study aimed to investigate the Diaporthe species associated with Phomopsis stem canker of sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) in Serbia. The significant increase in sunflower and soybean (Glycine max [L.] Merr.) cultivation may have created the bridge favorable conditions for the distribution of Diaporthe species in this region. The present study identified five Diaporthe species on sunflower: D. gulyae, D. helianthi, D. pseudolongicolla, D. stewartii, and the newly identified D. riccionae based on morphological, molecular, and pathogenic characteristics. The research emphasizes the importance of effective inoculation methods and evaluates the aggressiveness of isolates. Sunflower plants were inoculated using the stem wound method, while seeds of sunflower and soybean were inoculated using the standard seed method. Most of the tested isolates demonstrated high aggressiveness, resulting in more than 80% premature wilting of sunflower plants. Additionally, this research examined the aggressiveness of Diaporthe species on sunflower seeds, highlighting D. stewartii and D. pseudolongicolla as common pathogens of both sunflower and soybean. The most aggressive species on seeds was D. stewartii, causing seed decay of up to 100% in sunflower and 97% in soybean. The findings suggest the development of resilient sunflower genotypes through breeding programs and the implementation of strategies to manage cross-contamination risks between sunflower and soybean crops. Furthermore, this study provides insights into the interactions between Diaporthe species and the seeds of sunflower and soybean. Future research will enhance our understanding of the impact of Diaporthe species on sunflower and soybean.

Analysis of cultivar variability in arbuscular mycorrhizal responsiveness in soybean varieties

ABSTRACT In modern agricultural systems, high crop yields depend on the high input of orthophosphate-based fertilizers. Owing to the looming scarcity of rock phosphate in the near future, utilization of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) symbiosis for the efficient uptake of phosphorus is a necessary approach to maintain crop yield. Plant responsiveness to AM fungi is assessed based on the difference in biomass between plants with and without AM fungal inoculation. Soybean is a plant which establishes both mycorrhizal and rhizobial symbiosis. Therefore, it is difficult to eliminate the symbiotic effects of rhizobial nitrogen fixation during long-term cultivation until soybean harvest. In this study, Bradyrhizobium diazoefficiens USDA110 was inoculated at the same time as soybean seeds were sown, and soybean was grown under Rhizophagus irregularis inoculated and non-inoculated conditions to verify whether the mycorrhizal inoculation effect was observed at the yield level. In 2013, two soybean cultivars Tachinagaha and Williams 82, were grown at five levels of phosphate availability (0, 5, 10, 20, and 40 kg P 10a−1) in an open greenhouse in Tsukuba, Japan. Among the several growth indices analyzed, seed weight per plant was selected as a reliable indicator of plant response. Mycorrhizal inoculation showed a positive effect on soybean under 20 kg P 10a−1 phosphorus fertilization for Williams 82, while Tachinagaha showed almost no effect. This trend was replicated in 2014 and 2016, indicating that Tachinagaha has a lower AM responsiveness than Williams 82.

Moisture Transfer Characteristics and Microbiological Stability of Fermented Pre-gelatinized Plantain and Soybean Based Complementary Food Flours

The effect of gelatinization and fermentation on the moisture sorption characteristics and microbial stability of complementary foods from unripe plantain fruits and soybean seeds was evaluated. The plantain was heated to obtain 10%, 18%, 23%, 33%, 74% and 100% starch gelatinization. The samples were fermented, dried and ground to flour. Plantain and soybean flour were mixed by material balance to produce 16% protein complementary foods. Moisture sorption isotherms wereinvestigated at 10, 20, 30, and 40 ° C using the gravimetric method. The BET equation was fitted to the experimental sorption data, and the Clausius-Clapeyron equation was used to determine the isosteric heat of sorption. The microbial stability of the gruels was evaluated using the microbial challenge test with Staphylococcus aureus. With better results from fully gelatinized samples, gelatinization and fermentation reduced the hygroscopic properties of the dehydrated products, with the gelatinized fermented samples having the least equilibrium moisture contents, monolayer moisture values, surface area of sorbent, and net isosteric heats of sorption, an indication that these samples could be stored at temperatures as high as 40 ° C with extended shelf life. The microbiological stability of foods was enhanced by fermentation, since microbial growth was suppressed in fermented samples, offering perspectives for microbial stability of the products.

Quality Evaluation of Fermented Pre Gelatinized Unripe Plantain and Soybean Based Complementary Foods 1: Physicochemical, Sensory and Rheological Properties

Aims: This study aimed at evaluating the effect of the degree (%) of starch gelatinization (G) and fermentation (F) on the physicochemical characteristics of the flours and also the sensory and flow properties of the gruels of unripe plantain fruits and soybean seeds based complementary foods. Study Design: Completely randomized design Place and duration of the Study: This study was carried out in Makurdi, Benue State, Nigeria, between January and November 2023. Methodology: Plantain slices heated to obtain 10% to 100% starch gelatinization were subjected to accelerated natural fermentation followed by drying and milling to yield fermented (F) flours. Non-gelatinized (NG) and nonfermented (NF) lots served as controls. The flours were each combined with soybean flour to obtain 16 g protein/100 g of each mixture based on the proximate compositions of the inputs using material balancing technique. The flours’ oil absorption capacities (OAC), water absorption capacities (WAC), packed bulk densities (PBD), sensory attributes (taste, mouth feel, appearance, overall acceptability) and flow properties of their gruels were evaluated using standard methods. Significant differences and separation of the data means were achieved by Duncan multiple range and Turkey’s tests using an SPSS package, respectively. Results: Gelatinization and fermentation increased WAC and OAC, but decreased packed bulk density (PBD) of the flours with concomitant reduction in pH, viscosities and improved sensory attributes of the gruels. Generally, viscosities increased with increase in slurry concentration and decreased with increase in temperature and shear rates. The flow behavior indices ranged from 0.27 to 0.64, with lower values in gelatinized and fermented samples, showing more pseudoplastic behavior in pretreated samples. Conclusion: Gelatinization and natural fermentation are therefore adaptable technologies, especially at rural levels, to improve acceptability and bulk reduction of resistant starch-based complementary foods.

Anti-diabetic Potentials of Cookies from Wheat, Sweet Potato and African Yam Beans (Sphenostylis stenocarpa) Composite Flour Blends

The consumption of cookies offered reliable advantages to the consumers, which included but not limited to perfect eating ability, prolong shelf live and acceptability among all nations. This study thus, investigated the antioxidant and anti-diabetic properties of cookies obtained from wheat-African yam bean-sweet potato composite flour blends at different ratios. The African yam bean and sweet potato were thoroughly processed, milled, sieved thereafter mixed with the commercial wheat flour. Four blends were prepared by using the trial mixing ratio and 100% wheat flour and later used to bake cookies. The proximate, amino acid compositions, antioxidant, amylase and glucosidase inhibitory activities as well as physical properties of the composite cookies were examined while panelists were assigned to assess the cookie samples. The results of the proximate composition showed that the composite flour technology had significant (p<0.05) positive effects on the cookies. Meanwhile, the amino acid compositions of the cookies revealed that the cookie samples were of high aromatic and hydrophobic amino acids, respectively with optimum physical properties. No panelist showed a total dislike for the taste of any of the samples. The added soybean seeds flours showed no significant (p<0.05) effect on the acceptability and preference of the samples. Hence, it is possible to produce better protein and high nutritional cookies from these flour blends. We therefore concluded that the cookies rich in antioxidants and anti-diabetic potentials could be produced from wheat-African yam bean-sweet potato composite flour.

Dopamine Hydrochloride Alleviates the Salt-induced Stress in Glycine max (L.) Merr. plant

The objective of this study is to evaluate the role of dopamine hydrochloride (DH) in alleviating the detrimental effects of salt stress on Glycine max (L.) plant. Soybean seeds were treated with 150 mM NaCl and DH (100 µM or 200 µM) after they had been grown in plastic pots then the growth parameters, physiological and molecular analyses were assessed. Data showed that salinity stress decreased the germination percentage by 63.6%, the tolerance index (TI) and the seedling vigor index (SVI) were highly decreased. Salinity stress led to a markedly decline in the photosynthetic efficiency and the content of chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b by 43.5%, 77.4% and 44.6%, respectively. Salinity stress increased MDA and activity of CAT, SOD, POD, APX, GST and GR by 150%, 39.8%, 75%, 160%, 77.7%, 50% and 57%, respectively. However, DH (100 µM or 200 µM) significantly alleviated the toxic effects of salinity stress, marinated ions absorption, and enhanced the molecular level. Wherein out of 30 ISSR amplified fragments were formed. There were 10 unique bands (587 bp, 453 bp, 393 bp, 435 bp, 157 bp, 679 bp, 473 bp, 675 bp, 758 bp and 531 bp) were appeared in response to DH (100 µM and 200 µM) compared with untreated plants. Our analysis suggests a constructive effect of DH (100 µM and 200 µM) in alleviating the toxic effects of salinity stress on Glycine max (L.) plant not only at the level of antioxidative defense but also by regulating the molecular response highlighting the potential use of DH to improve the sustainability of horticultural production under climate change.

Optimizing soybean biofuel blends for sustainable urban medium-duty commercial vehicles in India: an AI-driven approach

This article presents the outcomes of a research study focused on optimizing the performance of soybean biofuel blends derived from soybean seeds specifically for urban medium-duty commercial vehicles. The study took into consideration elements such as production capacity, economics and assumed engine characteristics. For the purpose of predicting performance, combustion and emission characteristics, an artificial intelligence approach that has been trained using experimental data is used. At full load, the brake thermal efficiency (BTE) dropped as engine speed increased for biofuel and diesel fuel mixes, but brake-specific fuel consumption (BSFC) increased. The BSFC increased by 11.9% when diesel compared to using biofuel with diesel blends. The mixes cut both maximum cylinder pressure and NOx\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$${{\ ext{NO}}}_{{\ ext{x}}}$$\\end{document} emissions. The biofuel-diesel fuel proved more successful, with maximum reduction of 9.8% and 22.2 at rpm, respectively. The biofuel and diesel blend significantly improved carbon dioxide (CO2\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$${{\ ext{CO}}}_{2}$$\\end{document}) and smoke emissions. The biofuel blends offer significant advantages by decreeing exhaust pollutants and enhancing engine performance.Graphical

Enhancing soybean classification with modified inception model: A transfer learning approach

The impact of deep learning (DL) is substantial across numerous domains, particularly in agriculture. Within this context, our study focuses on the classification of problematic soybean seeds. The dataset employed encompasses five distinct classes, totaling 5513 images. Our model, based on the InceptionV3 architecture, undergoes modification with the addition of five supplementary layers to enhance efficiency and performance. Techniques such as transfer learning, adaptive learning rate adjustment (to 0.001), and model checkpointing are integrated to optimize accuracy. During initial evaluation, the InceptionV3 model achieved 88.07% accuracy in training and 86.67% in validation. Subsequent implementation of model tuning strategies significantly improves performance. Augmenting the architecture with additional layers, including Average Pooling, Flatten, Dense, Dropout, and Softmax, plays a pivotal role in enhancing accuracy. Evaluation metrics, including precision, recall, and F1-score, underscore the model’s effectiveness. Precision ranges from 0.9706 to 1.0000, while recall values demonstrate a high capture rate across all classes. The F1-score, reflecting a balance between precision and recall, exhibits remarkable performance across all classes, with values ranging from 0.9851 to 1.0000. Comparative analysis with existing studies reveals competitive accuracy of 98.73% achieved by our proposed model. While variations exist in specific purposes and datasets among studies, our model showcases promising performance in soybean seed classification, contributing to advancements in agricultural technology for crop health assessment and management.