Soybean Saponins Research Articles

Preparation of in vivo intermediate metabolites of soybean saponins with improved bioactivity by in vitro deacetylation and deglucosylation

Unlike natural soyasaponins and their aglycones formed by enzymatic hydrolysis in the human intestine, in vivo intermediate soyasaponin metabolites are difficult to prepare. Therefore, the pharmacological activities of in vivo intermediate soyasaponins remain uninvestigated. Herein, in vivo intermediate soyasaponins with purities of >90% were prepared by in vitro deacetylation (alkaline treatment) and deglucosylation (β-glucosidase treatment) of natural soyasaponins using preparative high-performance liquid chromatography. These compounds exhibited higher anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities than natural soyasaponins in in vitro bioassays, suggesting that the intermediate soyasaponins can be used as improved bioactive food supplements. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study reporting the in vitro preparation and bioassays of in vivo intermediate soyasaponin metabolites formed in the human intestine.

Soybean Saponin Content Detection Based on Spectral and Image Information Combination

Soybean saponin is a natural antioxidant and is anti-inflammatory. Hyperspectral analysis technology was applied to detect soybean saponin content rapidly and nondestructively in this paper. Firstly, spectral preprocessing methods were studied, and standard normal variable (SNV) was used to remove noise information. Secondly, a two-step hybrid variable selection approach based on synergy interval partial least squares (SiPLS) and iteratively retains informative variables (IRIV) was proposed to extract characteristic variables. Then, the ensemble learning model was constructed by back propagation neural network (BPNN), deep forest (DF), partial least squares regression (PLSR), and extreme gradient boosting (EXG). Finally, image information was combined into spectral data to improve model accuracy. The prediction coefficient of determination (R2) of the final model reached 0.9216. It can provide rapid, nondestructive, and accurate detection technology of soybean saponin content. A combination of spectral and image information will provide a new idea for application of hyperspectral.

Method for the Separation of Soybean Saponins from Soybean Meal by a Macroporous Adsorbent Resin: Optimization and Property Characterization

Method for the Separation of Soybean Saponins from Soybean Meal by a Macroporous Adsorbent Resin: Optimization and Property Characterization

Performance and deactivation mechanism of a carbon-based solid acid catalyst in the esterification of soybean saponin acid oil

In this study, a bamboo charcoal-based solid acid catalyst (BC) was generated by one-step carbonization and sulfonation at 150 °C for 4 h in the presence of sulfuric acid. The BC was characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectrometry, elemental analysis, X-ray powder diffraction, and Brunauer-Emmet-Teller specific surface area analysis. The BC had a specific surface area of 4.54 m2/g, pore volume of 0.0142 cm3/g, and acid density of 1.476 mmol/g. Subsequently, the catalytic activity and deactivation mechanism of the BC in the esterification of soybean saponin acid oil (SAO) and methanol were investigated. The results showed that the conversion yield of esterification reached 98.28% under optimal reaction conditions (i.e., catalyst addition of 10 wt%, methanol/oil molar ratio of 10:1, temperature of 65 °C, and time of 8 h). The conversion yield decreased as reuse batches increased, and was below 80% after three batches. The loss of sulfonic acid groups from the BC occurred mainly in the first esterification batch, caused by residual sulfuric acid leaching and chemical derivatization of sulfonic acid groups. In the second to fourth esterification batches, chemical derivatization was the main reason for deactivation, where the generation of sulfonate esters and exchange of metal cations with hydrogen ions accounted for more than 75% of the chemical derivatization loss. Therefore, without impurity purification of SAO, reducing the amount of sulfonate ester generated on the catalyst was found to be essential for increasing the reuse performance of the BC and reducing the cost of biodiesel production.

Phylogenetic analysis, computer modeling and catalytic prediction of an Amazonian soil β-glucosidase against a soybean saponin.

Saponins are amphipathic glycosides with detergent properties present in vegetables. These compounds, when ingested, can cause difficulties in absorbing nutrients from food and even induce inflammatory processes in the intestine. There is already some evidence that saponins can be degraded by β-glucosidases of the GH3 family. In the present study, we evaluated, through computational tools, the possibility of a β-glucosidase (AMBGL17) obtained from a metagenomic analysis of the Amazonian soil, to catalytically interact with a saponin present in soybean. For this, the amino acid sequence of AMBGL17 was used in a phylogenetic analysis to estimate its origin and to determine its three-dimensional structure. The 3D structure of the enzyme was used in a molecular docking analysis to evaluate its interaction with soy saponin as a ligand. The results of the phylogenetic analysis showed that AMBGL17 comes from a microorganism of the phylum Chloroflexi, probably related to species of the order Aggregatinales. Molecular docking showed that soybean saponin can interact with the catalytic site of AMBGL17, with the amino acid GLY345 being important in this catalytic interaction, especially with a β-1,2 glycosidic bond present in the carbohydrate portion of saponin. In conclusion, AMBGL17 is an enzyme with interesting biotechnological potential in terms of mitigating the anti-nutritional and pro-inflammatory effects of saponins present in vegetables used for human and animal food.

Effect of dietary soybean saponin Bb on the growth performance, intestinal nutrient absorption, morphology, microbiota, and immune response in juvenile Chinese soft-shelled turtle (Pelodiscus sinensis).

Soybean meal is widely applied in the aquafeeds due to the limitation of fish meal resources. Numerous studies have manifested that dietary soybean saponin, an anti-nutrient factor in soybean meal, may slow growth and induce intestinal inflammation in aquatic animals, but the possible causes are unclear. The juvenile Pelodiscus sinensis (mean initial body weight: 6.92 ± 0.03g) were fed basal diet (CON group) and 2.46% soybean saponin Bb-supplemented diet (SAP group) for 35 days to further explore the effects of dietary soybean saponin Bb on the growth performance, apparent digestibility coefficients, intestinal morphology, the gut microbiota, intestinal transporters/channels, and immune-related gene expression. The results indicated that dietary soybean saponin Bb significantly decreased final body weight, specific growth rate, protein deposition ratio, and apparent digestibility coefficients (dry matter, crude protein, and crude lipid) of nutrients in Pelodiscus sinensis, which may be closely correlated with markedly atrophic villus height and increased lamina propria width in the small intestine. In addition, plasma contents of cholesterol, calcium, phosphorus, potassium, lysozyme, and C3 were significantly decreased in the SAP group compared with the control group. Soybean saponin Bb significantly downregulated the mRNA levels of glucose transporter 2, fatty acid binding protein 1 and fatty acid binding protein 2, amino acid transporter 2, b0,+-type amino acid transporter 1, and sodium-dependent phosphate transport protein 2b in the small intestine. At the same time, the expressions of key transcription factors (STAT1, TBX21, FOS), chemokines (CCL3), cytokines (TNF-α, IL-8), and aquaporins (AQP3, AQP6) in the inflammatory response were increased by soybean saponin Bb in the large intestine of a turtle. Additionally, dietary supplementation of SAP significantly reduced the generic abundance of beneficial bacteria (Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium, and Bacillus) and harmful bacteria (Helicobacter and Bacteroides). In a nutshell, dietary supplementation of 2.46% soybean saponin not only hindered the growth performance by negatively affecting the macronutrients absorption in the small intestine but also induced an inflammatory response in the large intestine possibly by damaging the intestinal morphology, disturbing the intestinal microbiota and decreasing intestinal epithelial cell membrane permeability.

Anti-Colon Cancer Activity of Dietary Phytochemical Soyasaponin I and the Induction of Metabolic Shifts in HCT116.

Dietary phytochemicals play an important role in the prevention and treatment of colon cancer. It is reported that group B of soyasaponin, derived from dietary pulses, has anti-colonic effects on some colon cancer cell lines. However, it is uncertain which specific soybean saponins play a role. In our study, as one of the group B soyasaponin, the anti-colon cancer activity of soyasaponins I (SsI) was screened, and we found that it had the inhibitory effect of proliferation on colon cancer cell lines HCT116 (IC50 = 161.4 μM) and LoVo (IC50 = 180.5 μM), but no effect on HT29 between 0–200 μM. Then, nine potential targets of SsI on colon cancer were obtained by network pharmacology analysis. A total of 45 differential metabolites were identified by metabolomics analysis, and the KEGG pathway was mainly enriched in the pathways related to the absorption and metabolism of amino acids. Finally, molecular docking analysis predicted that SsI might dock with the protein of DNMT1, ERK1. The results indicated that the effect of SsI on HCT116 might be exerted by influencing amino acid metabolism and the estrogen signaling pathway. This study may provide the possibility for the application of SsI against colon cancer.

Effect of Soymilk on the Nutritional, Textural and Sensory Quality of Pudding

Soy milk is an attractive alternative to cow's milk because of its high protein content, lower fat content and being free of cholesterol and lactose (milk sugar), which millions of lactose-intolerant people are incapable of digesting properly. Nowadays, plant-based food products are gaining more popularity due to several health benefits. Soybean saponins are phytosterols found in soybeans, leading to an increase in excretion and preventing absorption, resulting in body cholesterol depletion. This study aimed to develop pudding by incorporating soymilk and assed its quality. Soybean was soaked, blanched, ground, and filters to extract soy milk. The chemical composition of soymilk and cow milk was analyzed. Five formulae were developed for soy pudding using 0, 25, 50, 75,and 100% soymilk and named A, B, C, D, and E, respectively. Processed soy pudding was analyzed for nutritional, textural, and sensory quality. The moisture and protein content was higher in soymilk whereas ash, fat, and carbohydrate content were higher in cow milk. Pudding containing soy milk had a higher amount of protein than the control samples. The level of protein content for soy pudding was E>D>C>B>A. Sample A showed the lowest hardness compared with the others. Calcium, phosphorous, sodium, and zinc content decreased (p<0.05) with the addition of soy milk. However, the opposite scenario was observed for iron, magnesium, and potassium. Moreover, soymilk fortification decreased L*-value of soy pudding and lessened viscosity relative to the control. Sensory analysis suggested that sample C (50% soymilk and 50% cow milk) and sample B (25% soymilk and 75% cow milk) were equally acceptable to consumers. So, it can be said that soymilk could be used for processing pudding at 25 and 50% levels.

Colorimetric Detection of Class A Soybean Saponins by G-Quadruplex-Based Hybridization Chain Reaction.

Soybean saponin is one of the important secondary metabolites in seeds, which has various beneficial physiological functions to human health. GmSg-1 gene is the key enzyme gene for synthesizing class A saponins. It is of great significance to realize the visual and rapid detection of class A saponins at the genetic level. The hybridization chain reaction (HCR) was employed to the visual detection of GmSg-1 gene, which was implemented by changing the length of the target fragment to 92 bp and using the hairpin probes we designed to detect the GmSg-1a and GmSg-1b genes. The best condition of HCR reaction is hemin (1.2 μM), Triton X-100 (0.002%), ABTS (3.8 μM), and H2O2 (1.5 mM). It was found that HCR has high specificity for GmSg-1 gene and could be applied to the visual detection of different soybean cultivars containing Aa type, Ab type, and Aa/Ab type saponins, which could provide technical reference and theoretical basis for molecular breeding of soybean and development of functional soybean products.

Soybean and wild soybean genetic diversity for new functional food resources, focusing on tocopherol, lutein, and saponin

Soybean has been a major protein source for people in East and Southeast Asia. It contains numerous secondary metabolites that are useful for human and animal health, such as isoflavones, polyphenols, tocopherols, lutein, carotenoids, and saponins. Isoflavones are the most popular nutraceutical compounds of soybean. Several soybean varieties having high isoflavones have been developed and utilized as functional food resources. Tocopherols, lutein, and saponins are also antioxidants present in soybean seeds. Tocopherols are known as vitamin E, whereas lutein has potential to prevent age-related macular degeneration. DDMP saponins in soybean is reported to inhibit HIV infection in vitro and prevent colon cancer. Screening of soybean germplasm showed that soybean holds a large genetic diversity of content and composition of tocopherols, lutein and saponins that can be utilized to breed new soybean cultivars. In addition, the wild counterpart of soybean (wild soybean) can also be source of genetic variations useful for soybean breeding. This review will summarize studies on genetic diversity of tocopherols, lutein, and saponins found in soybean and wild soybean.

Dietary Ala-Gln ameliorated growth suppression and intestinal injury induced by soya saponin in zebrafish

Our previous study showed that dietary soybean saponin (SA) consumption reduced growth performance and damaged the morphology of the intestinal mucosa in zebrafish (Danio rerio). Glutamine (Gln) plays an important role in ameliorating intestinal atrophy. Therefore, the present study tested the hypothesis that dietary alanine-glutamine (Ala-Gln) supplementation ameliorates the growth suppression and intestinal injury induced by dietary SA in zebrafish. Five experimental diets were prepared by supplementing the basal diet with either SA at 0, 5 or 10 g/kg, and Ala-Gln at 0 or 10 g/kg, with adjustment of Ala-Ala to maintain equal nitrogen levels among all diets. Fish with average initial body weight of (9.00 ± 0.13) mg were fed five diets for 4 weeks. The growth performance increased significantly and intestinal morphology was improved by supplementation of Ala-Gln at 10 g/kg. Ala-Gln supplementation improved growth via regulation of the growth hormone (GH)–insulin like growth factor I (IGFI) axis. The experimental diets significantly affected the mRNA expression levels of amino acid and peptide transporters. Dietary Ala-Gln upregulated the mRNA expression levels of glycolysis and fat synthesis-related factors, significantly reduced the activity of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), but stimulated the activity of target of rapamycin (TOR). Overall, Ala-Gln might be broken down into free amino acids, with Gln being absorbed by the intestinal mucosa cells. Dietary Ala-Gln supplementation ameliorated the intestinal injury induced by SA, and promoted the breakdown of carbohydrates and fats for energy, thereby improving the growth performance of zebrafish.

Colorimetric detection of class A soybean saponins by coupling DNAzyme with the gap ligase chain reaction.

Class A saponins are responsible for the taste of soybean products, and the rapid identification of class A saponins from soybean food is essential for both food safety and cultivar screening. In this study, we propose a colorimetric assay based on the coupling of gap ligase chain reaction (Gap-LCR) with DNAzyme to detect the target GmSg-1 genes of class A soybean saponins with the naked eye, without the involvement of expensive instruments. The limits of detection (LODs) for the GmSg-1a and GmSg-1b genes were determined to be 0.1618 and 0.1625 μM, respectively, with a linear range of 0.2-1.2 μM. The DNAzyme-based Gap LCR assay was successfully employed to identify the target genes from different soybean cultivars, providing a simple means for monitoring the quality of soybean products.

Characterization of a new sg-5 variant with reduced biosynthesis of group A saponins in soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.)

Triterpenoid saponins are major secondary metabolites in soybean; they are classified into group A and DDMP saponins. Group A saponins cause bitterness and an astringent aftertaste, whereas DDMP saponins are less bitter and more beneficial to human health. Therefore, a need exists for genetic improvement to develop bitter-free soybeans without losing other beneficial saponins. In this study, an ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS)–induced mutant, PE1327, was isolated and characterized as having a reduced level of group A saponins by chromatography. The PE1327 phenotype, which exhibits no accumulation of group A saponins, resembles that of a previously reported sg-5 wild soybean mutant whose biosynthesis is controlled by the Sg-5 (Glyma.15G243300) gene. The Sg-5 gene sequence in PE1327 revealed a single-nucleotide polymorphism (G1036A) that causes an amino acid change from Glu346 to Lys346 in the sg-5 protein. Multiple alignment analysis of cytochrome P450 enzymes from numerous organisms revealed that Glu346 is highly conserved in eukaryotes, including plants and animals, but not in prokaryotes. The predicted 3D model of the Sg-5 protein showed that the Glu346 residue is located in the J helix and is likely involved in the linkage between the J and K helices and the stabilization of the J-K loop, suggesting that the amino acid substitution from Glu346 to Lys346 in the PE1327 mutant results in hypofunction of Sg-5. Co-segregation analysis revealed that the Sg-5 locus is tightly linked to reduced group A saponin biosynthesis in PE1327 and that the novel sg-5 variant is recessive to Sg-5.

Effects of long-term soaking on nutraceutical and taste characteristic components in Thai soybeans

Changes in nutraceutical and palatable components of Thai soybean (Chiang-Mai 60, CM60) and black soybean (Sukhothai 3, SK3) were investigated during long-term soaking at 35 °C for 48 h. Isoflavone, saponin, free sugar, free amino acid including γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and folate, and also antioxidant capacity (H-ORAC) were evaluated. Isoflavone composition in CM60, malonylglycoside and glucoside were degraded to their aglycone forms while components in SK3 did not change greatly during long-term soaking. Total amount of soybean saponins including DDMP-saponins and group B saponins (group B) did not change significantly but the ratio of DDMP-saponins and group B changed; DDMP-saponins decreased while group B increased with soaking longer than 24 h. The soaking process decreased the contents of free sugars; sucrose, stachyose, and raffinose. Total amount of free amino acids in CM60 showed a decreasing tendency especially for amino acid groups showing undesirable bitter taste characteristics after 48 h soaking. GABA increased after 12 h soaking in both samples. Folate content increased up to 12 h soaking but then reduced to the original amount or lower with long-term soaking. Antioxidative activities of SK3 decreased after 24 h soaking. Results showed that long-term soaking affected the amounts of isoflavones, group B saponins, GABA, stachyose, raffinose and folate.

Cytotoxic Effect of Soy Bean Saponin against Colon Cancer

Saponin is an important class of natural products that can be presented in many plants, it has a diverse range of properties, which include pharmacological and medicinal properties, antimicrobial, insecticidal, and anticancer activities. The aim of this study was to extract the saponin from different Egyptian legumes sources and evaluate the antitumor activity of partially purified saponin extracted from soybean in mouse colon cancer cells in vitro and compare its activity with cisplatin as reference chemotherapeutic drug. In this study saponin extracted from soybean and partially purified using silica gel column chromatography and then characterized by using IR and HPLC techniques. Antitumor activity of partially purified saponin was evaluated by using MTT assay, caspase-9 activity and apoptotic effect by flow cytometric analysis. Our results showed that the high saponin was present in soybean with concentration 94.8 mg/g dry weight. The partially purified soybean saponin inhibited the proliferation of colon cancer cell line in a dose-dependent manner with IC50 43.4 μg/ml after 48 hrs treatment. The proliferation inhibitory effect of soybean saponin was associated with its apoptosis-inducing effect by activation of caspase-9 and increasing the percent of apoptotic cells to 91.02% when compared with negative control after analysis by flow cytometry. In conclusion, soybean saponin had antitumor activity against mouse colon cancer cell line and its mechanism was mediated through apoptotic effect.

Biosynthesis of DDMP saponins in soybean is regulated by a distinct UDP-glycosyltransferase.

2,3-Dihydro-2,5-dihydroxy-6-methyl-4H-pyran-4-one (DDMP) saponins are one of the major saponin groups that are widely distributed in legumes such as pea, barrel medic, chickpea, and soybean. The steps involved in DDMP saponin biosynthesis remain uncharacterized at the molecular level. We isolated two recessive mutants that lack DDMP saponins from an ethyl methanesulfonate-induced mutant population of soybean cultivar Pungsannamul. Segregation analysis showed that the production of DDMP saponins is controlled by a single locus, named Sg-9. The locus was physically mapped to a 130-kb region on chromosome 16. Nucleotide sequence analysis of candidate genes in the region revealed that each mutant has a single-nucleotide polymorphism in the Glyma.16G033700 encoding a UDP-glycosyltransferase UGT73B4. Enzyme assays and mass spectrum-coupled chromatographic analysis reveal that the Sg-9 protein has glycosyltransferase activity, converting sapogenins and group B saponins to glycosylated products, and that mutant proteins had only partial activities. The tissue-specific expression profile of Sg-9 matches the accumulation pattern of DDMP saponins. This is the first report on a new gene and its function in the biosynthesis of DDMP saponins. Our findings indicate that Sg-9 encodes a putative DDMP transferase that plays a critical role in the biosynthesis of DDMP saponins.

Genetic and functional characterization of Sg-4 glycosyltransferase involved in the formation of sugar chain structure at the C-3 position of soybean saponins

Triterpenoid saponins are specialized metabolites, which are abundant in soybean seeds. They have a wide variety of effects on human health and physiology. The composition of sugar chain attached to the aglycone moiety of saponins can be controlled by genetic loci, such as Sg-1, 3, and 4. Among these, the homozygous recessive sg-4 impairs the accumulation of saponins that have an arabinose moiety at the second position of the C-3 sugar chain (i.e., saponins Ad and βa) in the hypocotyls. In this study, we found that sg-4 cultivars are disabled in Glyma.01G046300 expression in hypocotyls. This gene encodes a putative glycosyltransferase (UGT73P10) and is a homolog of GmSGT2 (UGT73P2) whose recombinant protein has been previously shown, in vitro, to conjugate the second galactose moiety at the C-3 position of soyasapogenol B monoglucuronide (SBMG). The sg-4 phenotype (absence of saponins Ad and βa in hypocotyls) was restored by introducing the Glyma.01G046300 genomic DNA fragment that was obtained from the Sg-4 cultivar ‘Ibarakimame 7’. Although Glyma.01G046300 is expressed in the cotyledons even in the sg-4 cultivars such as ‘Enrei’, the induced premature stop codon mutation (W244*) resulted in impaired accumulation of saponin βa in this tissue also in the ‘Enrei’ genetic background. Furthermore, the recombinant Glyma.01G046300 protein was shown to conjugate the second Ara moiety at the C-3 position of SBMG using UDP-Ara as a sugar donor. These results demonstrate that Sg-4 is responsible for conjugation of the second Ara moiety at the C-3 position of soybean saponins.

Molecular elucidation of a new allelic variation at the Sg-5 gene associated with the absence of group A saponins in wild soybean.

In soybean, triterpenoid saponin is one of the major secondary metabolites and is further classified into group A and DDMP saponins. Although they have known health benefits for humans and animals, acetylation of group A saponins causes bitterness and gives an astringent taste to soy products. Therefore, several studies are being conducted to eliminate acetylated group A saponins. Previous studies have isolated and characterized the Sg-5 (Glyma.15g243300) gene, which encodes the cytochrome P450 72A69 enzyme and is responsible for soyasapogenol A biosynthesis. In this study, we elucidated the molecular identity of a novel mutant of Glycine soja, ′CWS5095′. Phenotypic analysis using TLC and LC-PDA/MS/MS showed that the mutant ′CWS5095′ did not produce any group A saponins. Segregation analysis showed that the absence of group A saponins is controlled by a single recessive allele. The locus was mapped on chromosome 15 (4.3 Mb) between Affx-89193969 and Affx-89134397 where the previously identified Glyma.15g243300 gene is positioned. Sequence analysis of the coding region for the Glyma.15g243300 gene revealed the presence of four SNPs in ′CWS5095′ compared to the control lines. One of these four SNPs (G1127A) leads to the amino acid change Arg376Lys in the EXXR motif, which is invariably conserved among the CYP450 superfamily proteins. Co-segregation analysis showed that the missense mutation (Arg376Lys) was tightly linked with the absence of group A saponins in ′CWS5095′. Even though Arg and Lys have similar chemical features, the 3D modelled protein structure indicates that the replacement of Arg with Lys may cause a loss-of-function of the Sg-5 protein by inhibiting the stable binding of a heme cofactor to the CYP72A69 apoenzyme.

Immobilization and In vitro Evaluation of Soyasapogenol B onto Functionalized Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes

Context: Soyasapogenol B (SSB) has been shown to possess hepatoprotective, antiviral, anti-inflammatory, antimutagenic and anticancer activities. The goal of this work is to study the influence of functionalized multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) on the biological activity of the loaded soyasapogenol B.Methods: SSB was prepared by enzymatic hydrolysis of soybean saponin using Aspergillus flavus whole cells. While, the functionalization of MWCNTs was conducted using the adsorption technique in the presence of the modified montmorillonite (mMMT) with cetyltrimethyl ammonium bromide (CTAB). In vitro drug release profile, kinetics of release, cellular uptake and cytotoxicity were also investigated. The prepared materials were characterized using: FTIR, particle size distribution analysis and TEM.Results: The in vitro release and cytotoxicity of the SSB loaded and unloaded samples were carried out using the dialysis bag diffusion technique and sulphorhodamine B (SRB) assay, respectively. The results showed that SSB loaded MWCNTs, mMMT and MWCNTs/mMMT had particle size of 414, 1121 and 412 nm, respectively, and 338, 1071 and 268 nm, for the unloaded ones, respectively. FTIR proved that SSB was successful immobilized onto functionalized MWCNTs.Conclusions: Successful loading of SSB, as a bioactive material, onto functionalized MWCNTs with modified clay (montmorillonite) using CTAB exhibited very low cytotoxic behavior with human normal melanocyte (HFB-4), breast (MCF-7) and liver (Hep-G2) carcinoma cell lines relative to SSB and doxorubicin standard.

Study the Hemolytic and Cytotoxic Effects of Saponin Isolated from Soy Bean.

Saponin is an important class of natural products that can be found primarily in many plants, as well asin some marine animals. It has a diverse range of properties, which include pharmacological and medicinalproperties, strong hemolytic properties, as well as antimicrobial, insecticidal, and anticancer activities. Our studyaimed to isolate the saponin from different plant sources (legumes) and to evaluate its hemolytic and cytotoxicactivity in higher plant source. In this study the saponin was extracted from legumes using choloroform andethanol. The concentration of saponin was determined by colorimetric method. Soybean saponin source was loadedon silica gel column chromatography and was detected by thin layer chromatography (TLC), infrared spectroscopy(IR) and confirmed by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). In addition the hemolytic activity ofsoybean saponin was evaluated on human blood erythrocyte and the cytotoxic effect on human colon cancer cellline (Coca) was determined by using MTT assay. Our result showed the presence of blue violet spot on thin layerchromatography in soya been saponin and confirmed by IR spectrum by presence of C-H bond of at 2927cm-1, COstretching at 1059 cm-1,C=C bond at 1628cm-1 and OH bond at 3400cm-1. Hemolytic dose (HD50) that madehemolysis for 50% of erythrocyte was 0.412 mg /ml. MTT assay releaved that saponin extracted from soya beanhad IC50 43.4μg/ml against colon cancer cell line in 48hr treatment. In conclusion, Soya saponin inhibits theproliferation of colon cancer and thus it may have therapeutic application in future.