Soybean Protein Content Research Articles

Ozone Induced Loss of Seed Protein Accumulation Is Larger in Soybean than in Wheat and Rice

We investigated the effects of ozone (O3) on seed protein accumulation in soybean, rice, and wheat based on existing literature. We identified 30, 10, and 32 datasets meeting the requirements for soybean, rice, and wheat, respectively. Data for each crop were combined in response regressions for seed protein concentration, seed protein yield, and seed yield. Although seed yield in rice was less sensitive to O3 than in wheat, there was a significant positive effect of O3 on the seed protein concentration of the same magnitude in both crops. Soybean, an N-fixing high-protein crop, responded differently. Even though the effect on seed yield was similar to wheat, there was no indication of any effect of O3 on seed protein concentration in soybean. The negative influence of O3 on seed protein yield was statistically significant for soybean and wheat. The effect was larger for soybean (slope of response function: −0.58% per ppb O3) than for wheat (slope: −0.44% per ppb) and especially compared to rice (slope: −0.08% per ppb). The different response of protein concentration in soybean, likely to be associated with adverse O3 effects on N fixation, has large implications for global protein production because of the much higher absolute protein concentration in soybean.

In Silico Study of Alkaline Serine Protease and Production Optimization in Bacillus sp. Khoz1 Closed Bacillus safensis Isolated from Honey

Protease is a kind of enzyme with different applications in medicine and industry. The limitation of the enzymes in industry is lack of tolerance for harsh conditions (high temperature, pH, and low water condition). This study intends to evaluate in silico study and screen the alkaline serine protease producing bacteria from honey and optimize the production of low water active alkaline serine protease. Plackett–Burman method was applied to improve effective factors on protease production, including pH, inoculum size, temperature, time, soybean protein, KH2PO4, MgSO4, CaCl2, NaCl, Glycerin and glucose concentration. Further, the Box–Behnken method was used to optimize the significant level of selected factors. Besides, in silico study was utilized to create the enzyme structure and investigate the stability in harsh conditions. The results showed that the highest protease production belongs to Bacillus sp. Khoz1 closed Bacillus safensis, Also temperature, glucose and soybean protein concentration were three significant factors for protease production and the optimized level for them were 35 °C, 0.5 g/l, and 38.32 g/l, respectively. The microorganism was able to produce protease until 98.36 U/ml and it was 98.68% similar to B. safensis. The stability of microbial alkaline serine protease was also determined in high pH and temperature conditions. The best stable condition for isolated protease was pH 9 and temperature at 50 °C. The in silico data showed that this protease has similar 3D structure to Bacillus subtilis Subtilisin E and highly charge amino acids on its surface were that caused this enzyme still activate and stable in low water condition.

Effects of Projected Climate Change on Quantity and Quality of Soybean Yield under Different Emission Scenarios

Soybean is one of the most important oilseed crops in the world. Its economic value is based on the concentration of protein and oil produced in the seeds. However, in climate change studies, a crop simulation model like AquaCrop is unable to predict the qualitative yield of crops. Therefore, this study aims to simulate qualitative soybean yield based on regression models between observed dry grain yield (Yd) from 12 treatments as independent variables with their corresponding observed values for oil and protein contents as dependent variables. The P-value (<0.05) and R 2 value of the linear regression model showed that oil content was positively regressed with yield, whereas protein content was negatively regressed with yield. On the other hand, predicted values of Yd from the calibrated AquaCrop model over general circulation models based on weighted multi-model ensemble means of five emission scenarios have been used for simulation of soybean oil and protein contents in the future. The results obtained by comparing historical period (1985–2010) to the future period (2020–2039) centred on the 2030s, showed that soybean oil content increased similarly as yield increased in the future period while protein content decreased inversely with yield. Overall, statistical indicators showed that the linear regression model performed well to predict the soybean oil and protein content when AquaCrop model not able to simulate the qualitative yield.

An Artificial Neural Network Model to Predict the Phenology of Early-Maturing Soybean Varieties from Climatic Factors

Abstract—Soybean phenology is strongly influenced by temperature and day length, and phenological records clearly reflect the changes in climatic conditions. A model including three artificial neural networks was designed to predict the time intervals between sowing, emergence, flowering, and maturity as dependent on climatic factors. Ensemble regression models were constructed to predict the yield, seed protein, and oil content in soybean. Data on maturation were analyzed for early-maturing soybean accessions phenotyped at two experimental stations of Vavilov Institute of Plant Genetic Resources in the North-Caucasian and Northwestern regions of Russia. The model was implemented in Python using the Keras and TensorFlow packages.

Genetic dissection of 2-heptenal content in soybean (Glycine max) seed through genome-wide association study

Association analysis is an alternative to conventional, family-based methods for detecting the location of gene(s) or quantitative trait loci (QTLs), and provides relatively high resolution in terms of defining the genome position of a gene or QTL. Flavour is an essential quality characteristic of soymilk; however, soymilk contains volatile compounds unacceptable to consumers. One of main constituents in the volatiles of normal soymilk is 2-heptenal, which is thought to be a degradative oxidation product of polyunsaturated acids. In this study, a genome-wide association study using 24651 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) was performed to identify quantitative trait nucleotides (QTNs) controlling 2-heptenal content in soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) seed from a natural population of 110 soybean germplasm accessions. We detected 62 significant QTNs located on 18 different chromosomes that are significantly associated with 2-heptenal content in soybean seed. Among these, 17 QTNs co-localised with QTLs previously found to be related to protein, oil and/or fatty acid content in soybean seed. We also identified some candidate genes involved in lipid metabolism. These findings further our understanding of the genetic basis of 2-heptenal content in soybean seed and the improvement of marker-assisted breeding efficiency, which will be important for breeding soybean cultivars with low 2-heptenal content.

The impact of a pulsed electromagnetic field on the seed protein content of soybean

Many studies show that in the last 20 years, the increase in production per hectare has been achieved mainly due to the creation of new varieties and the development of plant breeding. Innovations in plant breeding are the main way to find new traits, values and tolerances, which are the only ones that can respond to the increased demand for yield and more efficient production. In addition to high and stable yields, it is very important that the soybean seed has a satisfactory technological quality. Therefore, the aim of this study was to examine how the application of pulsed electromagnetic fields (PEMFs) affected the protein yield of soybean seed depending on the year, exposure time and frequency. The field trials were conducted in the experimental field of the Institute of Field and Vegetable Crops in Novi Sad, Serbia in 2010-2013. For this research, the seeds of a medium-sized variety Valjevka exposed to a pulsed electromagnetic field (PEMF) using a pulse generator and a strip applicator were used. A low frequency pulsed electromagnetic field (16, 24, 30, 72 Hz) was used at the exposure times of 0, 30, 60, and 90 minutes. The results of the research show that the application of this method can increase the yield of protein in soybean seed for more than 20%, which is a significant increase, especially in organic production, where the use of seed treatment agents is very restricted. However, this measure can also have an inhibitory effect if an adverse combination of exposure time and frequency strength is selected.

Effect of sowing density on grain yield, protein and oil content and plant morphology of soybean (Glycine max L. Merrill)

To find out exactly how sowing density and sowing pattern affect soybean grain yield, quality and its components in non-traditional soybean growing regions, such as Germany, two field trials have been conducted at two locations in Bavaria in 2016 and 2017. The experiments were carried out with four sowing densities (30, 50, 70, 90 seeds/m&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;) and four cultivars from different maturity groups (Viola 000, Lissabon 000, ES Mentor 00, Orion 00) as randomized complete block design with four replicates. Almost all evaluated traits varied significantly depending on year × location. There was no interaction between the main factors (cultivar × sowing density). The results revealed that grain yield and height of the first pod increased with increase of sowing density. The number of pods per plant and branching decreased with increasing sowing density. At higher sowing densities at flowering leaf area index was significantly higher than at lower sowing densities. The cv. ES Mentor (00) with 70 seeds/m&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; has proved to be a suitable cultivar in terms of yield and quality in southern Germany (&amp;gt; 3.6 t/ha grain yield and 40% protein).

Utjecaj genotipa, godine i lokacije na prinos, udio ulja i proteina u soji - Glycine max (L.) Merr.

Tijekom 2017. i 2018. godine provedena su poljska istraživanja o utjecaju genotipa, godine, lokacije te interakcija na prinos, udio ulja i proteina u soji. U pokus je uvršteno dvadeset najzastupljenijih genotipova soje koji u strukturi sjetve zauzimaju 75% sjetvenih površina. Pokus je postavljen na lokacijama Osijek i Kutjevo u dva ponavljanja po slučajnom blok-rasporedu. U 2018. godini ostvaren je prosječno veći prinos zrna, udio ulja i proteina prvenstveno zbog pravilnog rasporeda oborina. Lokacija Osijek u svim godinama istraživanja imala je prosječno veće prinose zrna, udio ulja i proteina. Prema dobivenim rezultatima analize varijance za genotip, interakciju genotipa x lokacija i genotip x godina dobivene su statistički visoko opravdane razlike (P&amp;lt;0,01) za prinos zrna. Za genotip i interakciju genotip x godina dobivene su statistički opravdane razlike (P&amp;lt;0,05) za udio ulja i proteina. Dobiveni rezultati istraživanja doprinijet će pravilnom izboru genotipova ovisno o namjeni proizvodnje kako bi se iskoristio genetski potencijal genotipa koji je najpogodniji za određenu lokaciju.

Homogenization pressure and soybean protein concentration impact the stability of perilla oil nanoemulsions

Perilla oil (PO) nanoemulsions (PON) were prepared using different concentrations (2, 3, and 4%) of soybean protein isolate (SPI) at different homogenization pressures (80, 100, 120, and 140 MPa). The stability of the PON and the interaction between interfacial protein structure and stability were investigated. The results showed that SPI concentration changed the particle size, ζ-potential, and interfacial protein concentration of the PON, but the SPI concentration did not change the interfacial protein structure. The PON from the 3% SPI group had the smallest particle size, the highest absolute ζ-potential, and the highest interfacial protein concentration. Physical stability and oxidant stability of the PON were best with 3% SPI. However, homogenization pressure not only changed the stability but also changed the structure of the interfacial proteins. Taken together, the PON at 120 MPa of pressure were the most stable. As homogenization pressure increased, the α-helix and β-sheet contents of the interfacial protein decreased, and random coil content increased. The SPI unfolded on the surface of the oil droplets, increasing the flexibility of the SPI, so that the protein was more easily adsorbed on the surface of the oil droplets, thereby increasing the stability of the PON.

Mapping QTLs for protein and oil content in soybean by removing the influence of related traits in a four-way recombinant inbred line population

AbstractProtein content (PC) and oil content (OC) are important breeding traits of soybean [Glycine max(L.) Merr.]. Quantitative trait locus (QTL) mapping for PC and OC is important for molecular breeding in soybean; however, the negative correlation between PC and OC influences the accuracy of QTL mapping. In the current study, a four-way recombinant inbred lines (FW-RILs) population comprising 160 lines derived from the cross (Kenfeng14 × Kenfeng15) × (Heinong48 × Kenfeng19) was planted in eight different environments and PC and OC measured. Conditional and unconditional QTL analyses were carried out by interval mapping (IM) and inclusive complete IM based on linkage maps of 275 simple sequences repeat markers in a FW-RILs population. This analysis revealed 59 unconditional QTLs and 52 conditional QTLs among the FW-RILs. An analysis of additive effects indicated that the effects of 13 protein QTLs were not related to OC, whereas OC affected the expression of 13 and eight QTLs either partially or completely, respectively. Eight QTLs affecting OC were not influenced by PC, whereas six and 26 QTLs were partially and fully affected by PC, respectively. Among the QTLs detected in the current study, two protein QTLs and five oil QTLs had not been previously reported. These findings will facilitate marker-assisted selection and molecular breeding of soybean.

A Combined Linkage and GWAS Analysis Identifies QTLs Linked to Soybean Seed Protein and Oil Content.

Soybean is an excellent source of vegetable protein and edible oil. Understanding the genetic basis of protein and oil content will improve the breeding programs for soybean. Linkage analysis and genome-wide association study (GWAS) tools were combined to detect quantitative trait loci (QTL) that are associated with protein and oil content in soybean. Three hundred and eight recombinant inbred lines (RILs) containing 3454 single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers and 200 soybean accessions, including 94,462 SNPs and indels, were applied to identify QTL intervals and significant SNP loci. Intervals on chromosomes 1, 15, and 20 were correlated with both traits, and QTL qPro15-1, qPro20-1, and qOil5-1 reproducibly correlated with large phenotypic variations. SNP loci on chromosome 20 that overlapped with qPro20-1 were reproducibly connected to both traits by GWAS (p < 10−4). Twenty-five candidate genes with putative roles in protein and/or oil metabolisms within two regions (qPro15-1, qPro20-1) were identified, and eight of these genes showed differential expressions in parent lines during late reproductive growth stages, consistent with a role in controlling protein and oil content. The new well-defined QTL should significantly improve molecular breeding programs, and the identified candidate genes may help elucidate the mechanisms of protein and oil biosynthesis.

Effect of Packaging Materials and Storage Periods on the Protein Content of Three Soybean Varieties from Makurdi, Benue State, Nigeria

Soybeans are the leguminous vegetable of the pea family that grows in a tropical, subtropical and temperate climate. Protein and oil are soybeans seed components of great economic value. This work was carried out at the Seed Science Laboratory in the Federal University of Agriculture Makurdi, Nigeria. It was aimed at assessing the protein content of soybeans stored under ambient condition. The experimental design was factorial in 3x5x6x factorial completely randomized design (CRD) comprising 3 varieties, 5 storage periods and 5 packaging materials by 3 replicates. The varieties investigated were TGx 932- 3F, TGx1904- 6F and TGx1448- 2E stored in cloth, glass bottle, plastic container, low-density polyethene and laminate paper. The storage periods were 0, 2, 4, 6 and 8months Least significant (LSD) at 5% was used to compare the treatment means. The seeds in storage were sampled periodically (2, 4, 6 and 8 months) to determine the protein content. The protein content of the samples was determined according to the standard method. TGx 1448- 2E (V3) had the highest protein content while TGx 1904- 6F (V2) had the least. The highest protein content was recorded in soybeans packaged in a plastic container (43.55) while the least was recorded in soybeans that were not packaged in anything (control). The investigation showed that soybeans stored for 8 months had the highest protein content of 44.01 and the lowest was in 0 months (36.47). It was observed that the protein content increased with increase in storage period. Significant differences ((P&lt;0.05) were observed in all the main effects. The result of the interaction between variety and storage period showed V3 (TGX-1448-2E) had the highest protein content when stored for 8 months and the lowest was V2 (TGX-1904-6F) at 0month (30.8) and the next lowest one was V2 at 2months (36.79). The interaction effect of storage period and packaging material on protein showed that the highest protein content was recorded at 8month and the lowest was recorded at the 0 months (36.467). The interaction effect of variety and packaging material on protein content showed variation. The highest protein content recorded was in V3 (44.795) while the lowest was for V2 (39.847). The highest interaction was between V3 x LDPE (44.795) and the lowest was V2 X laminate paper. However, there were significant differences (P&lt;0.05) in all the interaction effects. The present study revealed that the protein content of stored soybeans varied with storage period, packaging material and variety.

Influence of Herbicides Application as Desiccant on Protein and Sugar Content of Soybean Seed

Soybean, Glycine max is an annual crop belonging to the family Fabaceae, which has 40% protein, 20% oil and 30% carbohydrate and plays a very significant role in world agriculture. Some farmers hasten the maturity and desiccation of soybean crop by applying herbicides without giving attention to the effects on seed. This study was conducted to investigate the effect of herbicides as desiccant on protein and sugar content of soybean seed. For this, three cultivars of soybean seed SB 19, SB 25 and SB 3 were planted and applied with three types of herbicides Glyphosate, Paraquat, 2,4-D. The herbicides were sprayed at three stages of soybean seed development R6, R7, and R8. The herbicides effect was highly significant (P ≤ 0.001) on the protein content in two locations and were highly significantly different (P ≤ 0.001) on the sugar content in all locations. All the herbicides showed reduction in sugar content in all locations and were also lower in protein content as compared to the control. It is concluded that using herbicides as desiccant have negative effect on the protein and sugar content of soybean seed. Keywords: Herbicide, Stages of application, Protein, Sugar. DOI : 10.7176/JBAH/9-18-07 Publication date :September 30 th 2019

Inoculation with indigenous rhizobial isolates enhanced nodulation, growth, yield and protein content of soybean (Glycine max L.) at different agro-climatic regions in Ethiopia

Soybean cultivation in Ethiopia is dominated by smallholder farmers who use little or no inputs, often resulting in low yields. The use of effective rhizobia strains was considered as an ecologically and environmentally sound approach for soybean production. Field experiments were conducted during 2015/16 cropping seasons at two different agro-climatic regions in Ethiopia to investigate the effectiveness of local soybean isolates for improving nodulation, growth, yield and quality of soybean. Ten treatments comprising of seven indigenous rhizobia isolates, one exotic strain, nitrogen fertilized treatment and uninoculated control were arranged in randomized complete block design in three replications. Results of the experiment revealed that nodule number and nodule dry weight significantly increased from nil in the uninoculated control to 14–34 and 110–521 mg plant−1, respectively due to inoculation with different isolates. Furthermore, inoculation significantly increased shoot dry weight by 24–46%, shoot nitrogen concentration by 20–30%, shoot N content by 29–49%, plant height by 14–41%, pods per plant by 12–38%, seeds per pod by 7–19%, thousand seed weight by 15–24%, grain yield by 22–115% and protein content by 7–39% compared with the uninoculated control. Generally, isolates Jm-1-Bo, As-5-Aw, Bk-3-Aw, Cw-6-Aw and MAR 1495 performed better than the others in most yield parameters at both locations of which Jm-1-Bo and As-5-Aw were the local isolates performing best irrespective of location, and were superior to the effective exotic standard strain. Therefore, isolates Jm-1-Bo, As-5-Aw and Bk-3-Aw could be utilized as candidates for inoculant production at large scale in areas with similar agroecology.

Identification and characterization of a fast-neutron-induced mutant with elevated seed protein content in soybean.

Protein content of soybean is critical for utility of soybean meal. A fast-neutron-induced deletion on chromosome 12 was found to be associated with increased protein content. Soybean seed composition affects the utility of soybean, and improving seed composition is an essential breeding goal. Fast neutron radiation introduces genomic mutations resulting in novel variation for traits of interest. Two elite soybean lines were irradiated with fast neutrons and screened for altered seed composition. Twenty-three lines with altered protein, oil, or sucrose content were selected based on near-infrared spectroscopy data from five environments and yield tested at five locations. Mutants with significantly increased protein averaged 19.1-36.8gkg-1 more protein than the parents across 10 environments. Comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) identified putative mutations in a mutant, G15FN-12, that has 36.8gkg-1 higher protein than the parent genotype, and whole genome sequencing (WGS) of the mutant has confirmed these mutations. An F2:3 population was developed from G15FN-12 to determine association between genomic changes and increased protein content. Bulked segregant analysis of the population using the SoySNP50K BeadChip identified a CGH- and WGS-confirmed deletion on chromosome 12 to be responsible for elevated protein content. The population was genotyped using a KASP marker designed at the mutation region, and significant association (P < 0.0001) between the deletion on chromosome 12 and elevated protein content was observed and confirmed in the F3:4 generation. The F2 segregants homozygous for the deletion averaged 27gkg-1 higher seed protein and 8gkg-1 lower oil than homozygous wild-type segregants. Mutants with altered seed composition are a new resource for gene function studies and provide elite materials for genetic improvement of seed composition.

Effect of a Mutant Danbaekkong Allele on Soybean Seed Yield, Protein, and Oil Concentration

AbstractThere is a known negative correlation between soybean [Glycine max [L.] Merr.] seed protein and oil and between protein and yield. This challenges breeders to increase protein concentration while maintaining oil concentration and yield. The objective of this study was to determine if marker‐assisted selection for the Danbaekkong (Dan) protein allele on chromosome 20 influences seed yield and quality traits in near isogenic genetic backgrounds. A population of 24 F7‐derived near isogenic lines (NIL) of soybean was created by crossing G03‐3101 × LD00‐2817P. The 24 NIL consisted of 12 wild type (WT) and 12 mutant Dan type lines. These NIL were grown in 2016 and 2017 field seasons in replicated field trials in nine environments, with six in Tennessee and one each in Arkansas, Missouri, and North Carolina. There were significant (P &lt; 0.05) differences in yield, protein, and oil concentrations between the two experimental groups. The Dan group had significantly (P &lt; 0.05) more protein (421 g kg−1), less oil (192 g kg−1), and lower yield (3143 kg ha−1) than the WT group (390 g kg−1 protein, 210 g kg−1 oil, and 3281 kg ha−1 yield). These results support previous research and corroborate the overall negative genetic correlations. Nevertheless, seed yield of several higher‐protein Dan lines MC‐13, MC‐16, MC‐19, and MC‐24 exceeded seed yield of lower protein WT lines MC‐2, MC‐3, MC‐6, and MC‐10. The higher‐protein lines represent genetic resources for reducing the negative correlation between protein and yield.

Dissecting the Genetic Architecture of Seed Protein and Oil Content in Soybean from the Yangtze and Huaihe River Valleys Using Multi-Locus Genome-Wide Association Studies.

Soybean is a globally important legume crop that provides a primary source of high-quality vegetable protein and oil. Seed protein and oil content are two valuable quality traits controlled by multiple genes in soybean. In this study, the restricted two-stage multi-locus genome-wide association analysis (RTM-GWAS) procedure was performed to dissect the genetic architecture of seed protein and oil content in a diverse panel of 279 soybean accessions from the Yangtze and Huaihe River Valleys in China. We identified 26 quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for seed protein content and 23 for seed oil content, including five associated with both traits. Among these, 39 QTLs corresponded to previously reported QTLs, whereas 10 loci were novel. As reported previously, the QTL on chromosome 20 was associated with both seed protein and oil content. This QTL exhibited opposing effects on these traits and contributed the most to phenotype variation. From the detected QTLs, 55 and 51 candidate genes were identified for seed protein and oil content, respectively. Among these genes, eight may be promising candidate genes for improving soybean nutritional quality. These results will facilitate marker-assisted selective breeding for soybean protein and oil content traits.

Genome-Wide Detection of Major and Epistatic Effect QTLs for Seed Protein and Oil Content in Soybean Under Multiple Environments Using High-Density Bin Map.

Seed protein and oil content are the two important traits determining the quality and value of soybean. Development of improved cultivars requires detailed understanding of the genetic basis underlying the trait of interest. However, it is prerequisite to have a high-density linkage map for precisely mapping genomic regions, and therefore the present study used high-density genetic map containing 2267 recombination bin markers distributed on 20 chromosomes and spanned 2453.79 cM with an average distance of 1.08 cM between markers using restriction-site-associated DNA sequencing (RAD-seq) approach. A recombinant inbred line (RIL) population of 104 lines derived from a cross between Linhefenqingdou and Meng 8206 cultivars was evaluated in six different environments to identify main- and epistatic-effect quantitative trait loci (QTLs)as well as their interaction with environments. A total of 44 main-effect QTLs for protein and oil content were found to be distributed on 17 chromosomes, and 15 novel QTL were identified for the first time. Out of these QTLs, four were major and stable QTLs, viz., qPro-7-1, qOil-8-3, qOil-10-2 and qOil-10-4, detected in at least two environments plus combined environment with R2 values >10%. Within the physical intervals of these four QTLs, 111 candidate genes were screened for their direct or indirect involvement in seed protein and oil biosynthesis/metabolism processes based on gene ontology and annotation information. Based on RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) data analysis, 15 of the 111 genes were highly expressed during seed development stage and root nodules that might be considered as the potential candidate genes. Seven QTLs associated with protein and oil content exhibited significant additive and additive × environment interaction effects, and environment-independent QTLs revealed higher additive effects. Moreover, three digenic epistatic QTLs pairs were identified, and no main-effect QTLs showed epistasis. In conclusion, the use of a high-density map identified closely linked flanking markers, provided better understanding of genetic architecture and candidate gene information, and revealed the scope available for improvement of soybean quality through marker assisted selection (MAS).

Nodulation and Genomic Capacity of a Novel High-Latitude Bradyrhizobium japonicum HLNEAU001

Rhizobium species are essential symbionts of legumes, participating in nitrogen fixation and having an important impact on the protein content of soybeans. In this study, we isolated Rhizobia from the soybean cultivar Suinong14 growing in a soybean field in Harbin (45.75° N, 126.53° E), which is situated within one of the three largest black soil belts in the world. One Bradyrhizobium japonicum strain (High-Latitude Northeast Agricultural University 001, HLNEAU001) was identified. Two hundred fifteen core soybean germplasms from Northeast China were screened for nodule traits, with the nodule number ranging from 0 to 95. Phylogenetic analysis showed that B. japonicum HLNEAU001 is closely related to B. japonicum USDA6 and B. diazoefficiens USDA110. A nodulation capacity analysis showed that B. japonicum HLNEAU001 formed more nodules than B. japonicum USDA6 or B. diazoefficiens USDA110, with 30 soybean germplasms being assayed for each strain. Using a draft genome sequence of B. japonicum HLNEAU001 to compare the genomic differences between B. japonicum HLNEAU001, B. japonicum USDA6 and B. diazoefficiens USDA110 showed that the three strains contain 5790 core genes. Because B. japonicum HLNEAU001 and B. japonicum USDA6 exhibited collinearity, the genomic differences between these two strains were further analysed. In addition to type IV and type VI secreted proteins, we hypothesize that type III effectors are the key factors underlying the nodulation capacity differences between B. japonicum HLNEAU001 and B. japonicum USDA6. The results of this study indicate that B. japonicum HLNEAU001 is a distinctive cold-region, slow-growing Rhizobium strain that is capable of effective symbiotic nitrogen fixation in cold regions and black soil and may play a pivotal role in sustainable agricultural production.

EFFECT OF DIFFERENT SOURCES OF PHOSPHORUS AND BIO FERTILIZERS ON YIELD AND SEEDS QUALITY OF SOYBEAN

Phosphorus (P) is the second important key plant nutrient after nitrogen. An adequate supply of P is therefore required for proper functioning and various metabolisms of plants. Majority of P in soils is fixed and hence, plant available P is scarcely available despite the abundance of both inorganic and organic P forms in soils. A group of soil microorganisms capable of transforming insoluble P into soluble and plant accessible forms across different genera, collectively called phosphate-solubilizing bacteria (PSB), have been found as best ecofriendly option for providing inexpensive P to plants. These organisms in addition to supplying soluble P to plants also facilitate the growth of plants by several other mechanisms, for instance, improving the uptake of nutrients and stimulating the production of some phytohormones. Two field experiments were conducted at EL-Gemmiza, Agric. Res. Station,(30o 47׳ 22.5״ N, 31° 07׳ 34״ E, elev. 10 m), Agric. Res. Centre., El-Gharbia Governorate, Egypt, during the two successive summer seasons of 2017 and 2018, to study the effect of different application sources and rates of phosphorus on the growth, productivity, yield characters and quality of soybean (Glycine max L.), c.v. Giza 111. The treatments consisted of four sources of phosphorus [single super phosphate (SSP), rock phosphate (RP), single super phosphate (SSP) + phosphate solubilizing bacteria (PSB) and rock phosphate (RP) + phosphate solubilizing bacteria (PSB)] at three levels of added P.i.e (0, 15 and 22.5 kg P2O5 fed-1).Results revealed that seed and straw yield and uptake of N, P and K increased significantly with both sources of P over control. Application of single superphosphate proved superior increases compared to rock phosphate in respect of yield and uptake of nutrients. There was a significant increase in yield and uptake of nutrients with increase in P application rate from 15 kg P2O5 fed-1 to 22.5 kg P2O5 fed-1 applied either as SSP or RP. Protein content in soybean seed increased significantly with both the sources of P.The application of SSP +PSB (T9) recorded higher yield (grain and straw) and uptake of nutrients than phosphorus alone. The maximum seed (1572 kg/fed) and straw (4473.33 kg/fed) yields were recorded with 22.5 kg P2O5 fed-1 as SSP+PSB. Significant differences among the treatments were noticed with respect to number of pods per plant, seed yield per plant, test weight and seed yield. Application of 22.5 kg P2O5 fed-1 with PSB (T9) produced maximum number of pods/plant (150.67), seed yield (74.23 g/plant) and hundred seed weight (18.77 g/plant) as SSP and the lowest was in the control. Regarding evaluation of phosphorus use efficiency had more pronounced effects on combined application of SSP+PSBfollowed by RP+ PSB. Quality parameters viz., oil content, oil yield and crude protein content differ markedly among different treatments with the application of levels of phosphorus and bio-fertilizer.