Soybean Protein Concentrate Research Articles

Soybean impairs Na(+)-dependent glucose absorption and Cl- secretion in porcine small intestine.

Recent evidence indicates that soybean, which is widely used in animal nutrition, could directly alter intestinal ion and nutrient transport. However, the mechanisms involved are still unknown. The aim of the study was to investigate the effect of three differently treated soybean products on the glucose and Cl- transport capacity in porcine small intestine by the Ussing chamber technique. Jejunal and ileal piglet epithelial tissues were pre-incubated with extracts of raw soybean flour (RSF), heated soybean flour (HSF), or ethanol heat-treated soybean protein concentrate (SPC). The Na(+)-dependent glucose co-absorption capacity was then measured as an increase in the short-circuit current (ISC) after luminal addition of D-glucose. The effect of the soybean products on cAMP-dependent Cl- secretion was measured as the increase in ISC after the addition of the phosphodiesterase inhibitor, theophylline, while nervous regulation of Cl- secretion was investigated by the addition of the enteric neurotransmitters; 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT), substance P and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP). Incubation with RSF and HSF induced a 30% decrease of the Na(+)-dependent glucose absorption capacity in the jejunum. The effect was similar for RSF in the ileum. Theophylline-induced secretion was decreased by 30% after incubation with RSF, HSF and SPC but only in the jejunum. 5-HT-, substance P- and VIP-induced secretion were not altered by incubation with soybean extracts except in the HSF-incubated where the substance P-induced secretion was significantly reduced. In conclusion, soybean contains ethanol-sensitive heat-insensitive compounds impairing Na(+)-dependent glucose absorption in the jejunum and ileum, and ethanol- and heat-insensitive compounds causing an acute impairment of cAMP-dependent jejunal secretion.

Influence of Dietary Protein Level and Source on the Course of Protein Digestion Along the Small Intestine of the Veal Calf

The objective of this study was to examine the effect of the dietary crude protein (CP) content and source on the distribution of digesta proteins and peptides according to their molecular mass along the small intestine of veal calves. Diets contained 14, 104, 205, and 279 g/kg of CP supplied by skim milk powder (SMP) in experiment 1. Diets contained only SMP or SMP plus proteins (1:1 on digestible CP basis) from either a soybean protein concentrate (SPC), an isolated soy protein partially hydrolyzed (HSPI), or a potato protein concentrate (PPC) in experiment 2. Duodenal, jejunal, and ileal digesta were collected from calves fitted with simple cannulae and continuously infused the milk replacers into the abomasum. The distribution of molecular mass (Mr) of proteins and peptides was studied by gel filtration chromatography. Increasing the dietary CP level of milk replacers increased the flow of oligopeptides and free amino acids in ileal digesta. Incorporating plant protein increased the flow of proteins with Mr>20,000 in the duodenum and that of proteins and peptides with Mr<10,000 in the ileum. Hydrolysis of oligopeptides and absorption may be a limiting step in the digestion of plant protein in the veal calf.

The Effect of Spray Dried Plasma, Lactose and Soybean Protein Sources on the Performance of Weaned Pigs

【A total of 371 weaned pigs were used in three experiments to evaluate the effects of spray dried plasma (SDP), soybean protein sources, and lactose on growth performance. In Exp. 1, 128 pigs (5.99 kg, $18{\pm}2d$ ) were used to evaluate the effect of SDP (0 vs 7%), lactose (0 vs 30%), and two soybean protein sources [soybean meal (SBM) and extruded soybean protein concentrate (ESPC)] in phase I (d 0 to 14) diets on pig performance in a $2{\times}2{\times}2$ factorial arrangement. Spray-dried plasma increased phase I ADG (p $17{\pm}3d$ ) were used to evaluate the effect of SDP (0 vs. 3.5%) and three soybean protein sources [SBM, ESPC, and soybean protein concentrate (SPC)] in phase I diets, and the effects of two different phase II (d 14 to 28) diets (simple vs complex) in a $2{\times}3{\times}2$ factorial arrangement of treatments. In phase I, SDP increased ADG (p $17{\pm}3$ d) were used to evaluate the effect of SBM, ESPC, and ESPC with SDP in the phase I diets. Pigs fed SBM with no blood product in the diet had the lowest ADG (p】

Soybean protein concentrate as a protein source for turbot Scophthalmus maximus L.

In the first of two experiments, the effect of a gradual substitution of dietary fish meal with soybean protein concentrate (SPC) on growth, feed consumption and protein digestibility was examined in 13 g turbot Scophthalmus maximus. Five isonitrogenous and isoenergetic diets (50% protein and 22 kJ g−1) containing SPC at protein replacement levels of 0, 25, 50, 75 and 100% were offered by hand twice daily. Growth rates of fish fed diets with zero and 25% replacement were not significantly different, with SGRs of 2.47 and 2.28, respectively. At higher replacement levels, growth rates decreased significantly with SGRs of 2.00, 1.33 and 0.68, respectively. Feed conversion ratios increased with soya replacement, with values of 0.68, 0.75, 0.89, 1.27 and 2.32, respectively, although there was no significant difference between the first two. Feed consumption rates remained constant up to 50% replacement, above which they decreased significantly, possibly because of reduced diet palatability. Apparent protein digestibility (APD) was not affected by the incorporation of SPC and ranged from 82.8 to 87.5%. Results suggest that protein catabolism increases in SPC-rich diets, possibly because of rapid assimilation and utilization of the methionine supplement. In the second experiment, the importance of amino acid supplements and the beneficial effects of protecting these, either by coating them in protein or incorporating them in a protein–lipid emulsion, was investigated. Growth data provided some indication that the utilization of SPC may be improved by incorporating the methionine and lysine supplement in a protein–lipid emulsion prior to diet preparation, although this finding was not found to be statistically significant (0.1 < P < 0.2).

Influence of Dietary Protein Level and Origin on the Flow of Mucin Along the Small Intestine of the Preruminant Calf

The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of the dietary crude protein (CP) content and origin on the flow of mucin protein along the small intestine of the preruminant calf. Diets contained 1, 10, 20 and 28% of CP supplied by skim milk powder (SMP) in experiment 1. Diets differed by the nature of protein [soybean protein concentrate (SPC), partially hydrolyzed soybean protein isolate (HSPI) or potato protein concentrate (PPC)] in experiment 2. Duodenal, jejunal, and ileal digesta were collected from calves fitted with simple cannulae and continuously infused the milk replacers into the abomasum. In experiment 1, the basal flow of mucin protein was 1.1, 1.8, and 4.0 g/kg of dry matter intake at the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum, respectively. Mucin protein contributed to 19 and 40% of ileal loss of CP and lysine, respectively. When dietary CP rose from 1 to 28%, the flow of mucin protein increased at the duodenum (+300%). In experiment 2, the flow of mucin protein increased by 70% at the duodenum and at the jejunum when SMP was partially replaced by SPC and HSPI. With PPC, this flow increased at the duodenum (+24%) and ileum (+52%). These data demonstrate the importance of mucin as a source of endogenous nitrogen and the impact of dietary protein content and origin on this flow.

Digestibilidade (aparente) de sucedâneos do leite com bezerros

Foram utilizados oito bezerros machos da raça Holandesa preta e branca (puros por cruzamento) em um ensaio de digestibilidade de quatro sucedâneos usados como únicas fontes alimentares e que variaram apenas quanto à natureza da proteína digestível empregada: A) 100% proveniente de proteína láctea; B) 20% de concentrado protéico de soja (CPS); C) 40% de CPS; e D) 60% de CPS. Os bezerros começaram a receber os sucedâneos a partir do 7° dia de vida, e a partir do 21a dia foram arreiados com bolsas coletoras de fezes e permaneceram em baias individuais por sete dias, considerados de adaptação. A partir do 28e dia de experimento deu-se o período de coleta total de fezes com cinco dias de duração. Foram determinadas a digestibilidade da matéria seca, proteína bruta e ainda a absorção de matéria mineral. O delineamento estatístico foi inteiramente casualizado. Os coeficientes de digestibilidade aparente para matéria seca, proteína bruta e absorção da matéria mineral foram: A) 87,63, 85,39 e 69,97%; B) 83,73, 79,82 e 52,54%; C) 80,95, 71,37 e 65,35%; D) 75,87, 69,03 e 42,86%, respectivamente, os quais tiveram comportamento linear (p &lt; 0,01), (p &lt; 0,05) e (p &lt; 0,05), piorando à medida que CPS ingressou na dieta em maiores quantidades.

Improved soybean protein sources for early-weaned pigs: II. Effects on ileal amino acid digestibility.

Early-weaned gilts fitted with simple ileal T-cannulas were used to determine the effect of protein source on N and amino acid (AA) digestibility. The digestibilities of N and AA in 25- to 53-d-old pigs fed either dried skim milk (DSM), isolated soybean protein (ISP), soybean protein concentrate (SPC), or soybean meal (SBM) as the only protein source were determined. The pigs were fed semipurified diets formulated to contain 22% CP. Digestibility of N and overall essential amino acids (EAA) and nonessential amino acids (NEAA) both at the terminal ileum and over the total digestive tract of early-weaned pigs was greater (P < .01) by pigs fed the DSM, ISP, and SPC diets than by those fed the SBM diet. The ileal and total tract digestibilities for N and all AA except glutamic acid (P < .05) increased with increasing age of pigs. Digestibility both at the ileum and total digestive tract for lysine was greater (P < .01) in pigs fed the DSM diet than in those fed any of the soybean protein diets. Digestibility values over the total tract were greater than values estimated at the ileum, indicating a net disappearance of both N and AA in the hindgut. This study suggests that low digestibility of the first-limiting AA, lysine, may limit performance of pigs fed a SBM diet.

Evaluating protein quality of model meat/soybean blends using amino acid compositional data

The contents of total protein, amino acids including 5-hydrorylysine and 4-hydroryproline, and calculated collagen of 10 experimental blends of bovine diaphragm (BD) and soybean protein concentrate (SPC) were determined using quantitative chromatographic method. As the SPC increased, glutamic acid increased while the lysine and methionine contents decreased, but the percent of total essential amino acids and calculated protein efficiency ratios (PER) decreased only marginally. The negative linear decrease in protein-bound 5-hydrorylysine indicated that total collagen in meat blends could be accurately calculated from the amounts of 5-hydrorylysine in 96-h acid hydrolysates

Effects of soybean-containing diets on the proximal and distal intestine in Atlantic salmon ( Salmo salar): a morphological study

The morphology of the proximal and distal intestine of Atlantic salmon ( Salmo salar) was studied after prolonged feeding with diets containing full-fat soybean meal (FFSB) or soybean protein concentrate (SBPC) and compared with fish fed a standard herring meal (HM) diet. To avoid possible changes due to decreased food intake, dietary inclusions of FFSB and SBPC were chosen at such levels that weight gain, and protein and lipid digestibility values were similar for all three groups. The proximal intestine showed no differences among the groups, except for an increased number of goblet cells in the fish fed SBPC. In the distal intestine, the SBPC group showed no abnormalities and was identical to the HM group. In the FFSB group, the epithelium had an increased number of goblet cells and a marked decrease or even absence of absorptive vacuoles. The microvilli of the enterocytes were shortened, with increased microvillar vesicle formation. These changes may be due to the presence of antinutritional factors in the FFSB diet. The possible role of the various antinutritional factors in soybeans for the development of the intestinal lesions, and their effect on growth and performance are discussed.

Formulation, acceptability, chemical composition and in vitro digestibility of novel snack food and meat ball analogue.

Potato purée and wheat flour were blended at a ratio of 7:1 w/w with 2 parts per weight of soybean protein concentrate (SPC) and/or faba bean-protein micellar mass (PMM). Two snack foods were formulated and deep fried. Spices, onion, parsley and chicken stock were added to the aforementioned two recipes to formulate meat ball analogues. Data revealed good acceptability of all products. Moreover, they can be considered as a good source for some essential amino acids; protein (approximately 26%); lipids (approximately 20%); carbohydrates (approximately 48%) and minerals. The in vitro digestibility ranged between 61.0% and 66.9%.

Enzymatic Hydrolysate fo Fish, Spray-Dried Fish Solubles, and Soybean Protein Concentrate in Milk Replacers for Calves1,2

Holstein calves (120) were fed milk replacers as the only nutrients from 4 to 46 days of age. All milk replacers contained 20% crude protein and differed in protein source: 1) 100% milk protein; 2) 67% milk protein, 33% soybean protein concentrate; 3) 67% milk protein, 33% enzymatic hydrolysate of fish; 4) 67% milk protein, 16.5% soybean protein concentrate, 16.5% enzymatic hydrolysate of fish; 5) 67% milk protein, 16.5% soybean protein concentrate, 16.5% spray-dried fish solubles; 6) 67% milk protein, 24.75% soybean protein concentrate, 8.25% spray-dried fish solubles.Substitution up to 33% of dietary protein with soybean protein concentrate or combinations of soybean, enzymatic hydrolysate of fish, or spray-dried fish solubles produced 14% lower weight gains than all milk protein, but 33% replacement with enzymatic hydrolysate of fish produced 27% lower weight gains. Feed consumed per kilogram of gain was least for all milk, most for 33% fish hydrolysate, and intermediate for other rations. Scour scores did not differ between diets.

ALKALI TREATMENT OF SOYBEAN PROTEIN CONCENTRATE IN MILK REPLACERS: ITS EFFECTS ON DIGESTION, NITROGEN RETENTION, AND GROWTH OF LAMBS

Alkali treatment to disperse a soybean protein concentrate (SPC) was studied in two milk replacer experiments, in which the SPC supplied 50% of the total nitrogen. In experiment 1, six lambs were used in a double 3 × 3 latin square digestion and nitrogen balance trial. The three treatments of the SPC in the milk replacer were: control (no alkali), alkali 1 (0.05 N NaOH at 40 C, neutralized with HCl after 15 min), and alkali 2 (same as 1, but neutralized after 18 hr at 5 C). The remainder of the diet ingredients were homogenized with a Polytron. Alkali treatment increased digestibility of dry matter (91, 93, and 95%, P &lt; 0.01, on the three treatments, respectively), nitrogen, and energy, but tended to reduce the percent of absorbed nitrogen that was retained (63, 61, and 60%, P &lt; 0.20). The control (complete diet prepared with the Polytron) and alkali 1 treatments were compared in a growth and metabolism trial in experiment 2. Growth of a total of 19 lambs from about 4 days to weaning from milk replacer at 26 days of age tended to be lower on the alkali-treated than the control SPC milk replacer (179 vs. 215 g/day, P &lt; 0.20); however, growth to 10 weeks of age was similar for both groups and averaged 250 g/day.

EFFECTS OF MILK, FISH, AND SOYBEAN PROTEINS IN MILK REPLACEES, AND FEEDING FREQUENCY ON PERFORMANCE OF DAIRY CALVES

Two experiments were carried out with Holstein heifer calves to determine the effect of supplying a major portion of the protein in milk replacers by isopropanol-extracted protein concentrate from whole herring (FPC) or a mixture of FPC and soybean protein concentrate (SPC). Milk replacers were compared with whole milk in experiment 1. All calves were abruptly weaned when consuming 0.5 kg starter/day, or by 5 weeks of age. Calf performance was similar when the pre-weaning liquid diet was whole milk, or milk replacers containing either milk protein or 50% of the protein from FPC. Average daily gains to weaning and to 26 weeks of age for all calves were 377 and 692 g/day, respectively. Calves in experiment 2 were fed either an all-milk protein milk replacer or one containing 98% of the protein equally from FPC and SPC. Both milk replacers were fed once daily either six or seven times per week. Calf growth to weaning was lower on the FPC–SPC formula (283 vs. 364 g/day, P &lt; 0.01), but was not significantly different (P &lt; 0.05) to 15 weeks of age (618 vs. 643 g/day). Feeding milk replacer six vs. seven times per week had no significant effect on calf growth. Digestibility coefficients of dry matter, nitrogen, and energy were similar in bull calves fed the all-milk or FPC–SPC protein milk replacers, but retention of absorbed nitrogen was less on the latter diet (54 vs. 45%, P &lt; 0.10).

Growth and Nutrient Utilization by Calves Fed Milk Replacers Containing Milk or Soybean Protein-Concentrate Heated to Various Degrees

Four groups of six Israeli-Friesian calves each, 7 to 10 days old, were fed on all-milk replacer-Milkvit, and heated, partly heated, and raw soybean milk replacers for 46 days. The calves fed raw and partly heated replacers did not grow while on these diets. The growth rate of the calves fed the heated replacer was 35% that of those fed the Milkvit control during the first 10 days and 95% after the first month. Heating improved the digestibility of the soybean protein from 72% for the raw to 79 and 88% in the partly heated and heated soybean replacer groups. Blood urea was highest in the raw and partly heated, intermediate in the heated soybean replacer group and lowest in the Milkvit-fed calves. Blood glucose was highest in the Milkvit group shortly after feeding, and lowest in the raw and partly heated soybean replacer groups. Soybean diets diminished markedly the incidence and severity of diarrhea. Soybean concentrate, when included in the diets of suckling calves, should be properly heated.