Weight Of Soybean Oil Research Articles

Superhydrophobic porous polyvinylidene fluoride monolith with outstanding environmental suitability for high-efficient continuous oil/water separation under harsh conditions

The actual cleanup of oil spill and chemical leakage is usually implemented in harsh environments, thus oil absorbents possessing excellent environmental suitability are urgently required for high-efficiency oil/water separation. Herein, a novel three-dimensional porous polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) monolith with multi-environmental tolerance was facilely prepared via thermally impacted nonsolvent-induced phase separation method. In view of its unique pore structure and low surface energy, the PVDF monolith owned super-hydrophobicity (water contact angle = 154°) and super-oleophilicity (oil contact angle = 0°) without any modification. As an oil absorbent, the porous monolith exhibited outstanding oil/water separation performance for various oils/organic solvents, such as preeminent separation efficiency, high saturation absorption capacity (21.3 g g−1) and rapid absorption speed (reaching saturation state within 15 s). More importantly, the monolith revealed stable and prominent oil/water separation capability under harsh conditions involving intense ultraviolet radiation (72 h), rapidly alternating temperature (−20 to 65 °C), extreme pH, oil-water emulsion, strongly turbulent water, suspended solids (sand and tea leaf). It is worth noting that the monolith was capable of continuously and efficiently separating oil/organic solvent from water by a simple pump-assisted system (soybean oil flux reached 3520 L m−2 h−1 at 0.06 MPa). A small piece of PVDF monolith (0.132 g) was able to continuously separate at least 16,000 times its own weight of soybean oil and could be reused for 5 cycles. Based on the superior environmental suitability and continuous oil/water separation capability, the porous PVDF monolith has a tremendous potential to clean up large-scale oil contaminants in leakage accidents.

Enzymatic epoxidation of soybean oil in the presence of perbutyric acid

Enzymatic epoxidation of vegetable oils using a long chain fatty acid as an active oxygen carrier could produce a desirable epoxy oxygen group content (EOC); however, the acid value (AV) of final epoxidized oil is too high. The present study was to investigate the effect of different fatty acids with varying length of carbon chain on EOC and AV of the final epoxidized soybean oil (ESO); finding butyric acid was the choice of active oxygen carrier when hydrogen peroxide was used as an oxygen donor in the presence of lipase Novozyme 435. And in situ IR was used to monitor the epoxidation process, which revealed that the formation of perbutyric acid was the key step in the whole reaction. The epoxidation process was optimized as follows: molar ratio of butyric acid/C=C bonds of 0.19:1, 8% of immobilized lipase Novozyme 435 load (relative to the weight of soybean oil) and molar ratio of H2O2/C=C bonds of 3.5:1, reaction time of 4 h and reaction temperature of 45 °C. Under these conditions, ESO with a high EOC (7.62 ± 0.20%) and a lower AV value (8.53 ± 0.18 mgKOH/g) was obtained. The oxriane conversion degree was up to 97.94%.

Transesterification of soybean oil for biodiesel production over CaAlSi mixed oxide nanoparticles

CaAlSi mixed metal oxide nanoparticles with formula Ca2Al2SiO7 and CaAl2O4 (with molar ratio of 70:30) was prepared by sol–gel method and used as a basic heterogeneous catalyst for transesterification of soybean oil with methanol to methyl esters (biodiesel). The catalyst was characterized using X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscope, Fouier Transform Infrared, and Termal Gravimetric Analysis techniques. Effect of important reaction parameters such as methanol to oil molar ratio, reaction time, and amount of catalyst were examined. It was found that reaction of methanol and soybean oil with the molar ratio of 30 in the presence of 6 % catalyst (based on soybean oil weight) affords biodiesel almost quantitatively at 60 °C within 6 h. The catalyst can be easily recovered and reused for four cycles without significant loosing activity.

Mixed and ground KBr-impregnated calcined snail shell and kaolin as solid base catalysts for biodiesel production

Mixed and ground activated snail shell and kaolin catalysts impregnated with KBr were investigated. The snail shell and kaolin were calcined, mixed, and ground prior to immersion with KBr solution and subsequent activation at 500 °C for 3 h. The precursor and catalysts were characterized by thermal gravimetric analysis, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and Brunauer–Emmett–Teller surface area. The catalytic performance of the prepared catalysts was evaluated by transesterification of soybean oil with methanol. The effects of various parameters on biodiesel yield were investigated. A biodiesel yield of 98.5% was achieved using the catalyst prepared by 40% KBr-immersed, mixed, and ground snail shell and kaolin, which were activated at 500 °C. The transesterification conditions were as follows: reaction temperature, 65 °C; reaction time, 2 h; methanol-to-soybean oil molar ratio, 6:1; and catalyst amount (relative to the weight of soybean oil), 2.0 wt%. The solid catalyst could be reused for four times, and biodiesel yield remained over 73.6% for the fourth time.

Zn(II) coordination polymer as a bifunctional catalyst for biodiesel production from soybean oil

In this study, a Zn coordination polymer with formula [Zn(4,4′-bipy)(OAc)2]n, designated as compound 1 was prepared with Zn acetate and 4,4′-bipyridine in ethanol. It was characterized using X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, NH3 and CO2-TPD techniques. Compound 1 was found to be an efficient catalyst for biodiesel production. The effect of reaction parameters on the yield of fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs or biodiesel) including the reaction temperature, time, molar ratios of methanol to oil and catalyst amount were investigated. Obtaining the highest biodiesel yield up to 98 % within 2 h in the presence of 2 % of compound 1 as catalyst (based on the soybean oil weight) together with its stability and reusability is promising. Due to insolubility of compound 1 in methanol and methyl esters, it can be easily separated and reused as catalyst. Therefore, the stability and reusability of 1 makes it a good alternative for biodiesel production.

Enzymatic Epoxidation of Soybean Oil Using Ionic Liquid as Reaction Media

An ionic liquid (IL) system for the enzymatic epoxidation of soybean oil was studied. The effects of active oxygen carriers (different fatty acids) and ILs ([Bmim]PF6 and [Bmim]BF4) on the enzymatic epoxidation were investigated. Response surface methodology (RSM) was used to study and optimize the effects of variables (reaction time, reaction temperature, molar ratio of H2O2/C=C-bonds, and molar ratio of fatty acid/C=C-bonds) on the epoxy oxygen group content (EOC) of epoxidized soybean oil (ESO). Results showed that the enzymatic epoxidation of soybean oil can be enhanced using tetradecanoic acid (C13H27COOH) as active oxygen carrier and [Bmim]PF6 as reaction medium. The optimum EOC of ESO was 5.9 ± 0.3% under the following conditions: reaction temperature 46°C, reaction time 11 h, enzyme load 3% (w/w, relative to the weight of soybean oil), molar ratio of H2O2/C=C-bonds 1.8:1, and molar ratio of C13H27COOH/C=C-bonds 0.5:1.

Transesterification of soybean oil catalyzed by Sr–Ti mixed oxides nanocomposite

Sr–Ti mixed oxides as nanocomposite was prepared by sol–gel method and used as a basic heterogeneous catalyst for transesterification of soybean oil with methanol to methyl esters (biodiesel). The catalyst was characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA/DTA) and CO2-TPD techniques. It was found that reaction of methanol and soybean oil with the molar ratio of 15 in the presence of 1% Sr–Ti (based on the soybean oil weight) with the molar ratio of 0.8 and calcined at 965°C as catalyst affords biodiesel in excess of 98% at 60°C within 15min. Effect of catalyst calcination temperature, Sr to Ti molar ratio, reaction temperature, catalyst amount, methanol to oil molar ratio and reaction time along with the key role of Sr2TiO4 phase in nanocomposite as an important factor on transesterification efficiency will be discussed in this presentation.

Synthesis of Biodiesel by Phase Transfer Catalysis

Biodiesel was synthesized starting soybean oil and methanol using K2CO3 and phase-transfer catalysis TBAB. It was studied that the yield of biodiesel can be changed with reaction factors such as the kind and the amount of phase-transfer catalysis, the amount of K2CO3, reaction time, molar ratio between methanol and soybean oil, reaction temperature. The results show that the reaction conditions are as following: mass ratio of TBAB to soybean oil weight 0.6%, mass ratio of K2CO3 to soybean oil weight 1.5%, molar ratio between methanol and soybean oil 6∶1, reaction time 20 min, reaction temperature 40 °C. The yield of biodiesel reached 95% under the optimum reaction conditions.

Oxidative Stabilities of Enzymatically Interesterified Fats Containing Conjugated Linoleic Acid

Interesterified fat was produced from soybean oil (SBO) and palm stearin (PS) using two different weight ratios of substrates. Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA; 10 wt% on the weight of SBO and PS) was used as a functional fatty acid. Interesterification and acidolysis was simultaneously carried out to exchange fatty acids and incorporate CLA in the triacylglycerol (TAG) backbone, respectively, using immobilized lipase. Comparative study was carried out between interesterified fats and blends (before interesterification) for the quantification of physical properties (i.e., solid fat content, melting and crystallization behavior) and oxidative stability. In the interesterified fat 5.2–6.1 % CLA was incorporated in the TAG backbone. Blends showed higher solid fat content (SFC) and melting point than interesterified fat at each measured temperature. The Rancimat test was performed for the oxidative stability where the interesterified fat showed significantly lower induction time than physical blends. After the addition of antioxidants such as butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), rosemary extract, tertiary butylhydroquinone (TBHQ), propyl gallate (PG), etc. into the interesterified fat, the induction time was significantly increased. On the other hand, different deacidification methods (alkaline, batch deodorized and short path distillation) were performed after interesterification to remove the free fatty acids. After deacidification, oxidative stability of alkaline deacidified sample showed significantly (P ≤ 0.05) longer induction time compared to short path distillation (SPD) and physically deacidified samples. In this study, interesterified functional fat that may have a potential functionality for the margarines and shortenings were produced and their oxidative stability was observed.

Biodiesel production catalyzed by cinder supported CaO/KF particle catalyst

This study aimed to explore base catalysts with high transesterification efficiency to be used for heterogeneous biodiesel production. Cinder, a solid waste from coal burning industry, with 0.9–2.0mm diameter, served as the support for CaO/KF to prepare base catalyst particle. The catalyst was characterized by base strength, X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) with energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) surface area, and the triglyceride (TG) conversions were determined using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The effects of various parameters such as catalyst loading, molar ratio of methanol to oil and reaction time on the activity of catalyst were determined. The reusability and stability of the catalyst were investigated. Results showed that a maximum TG conversion of 99.9% catalyzed by 2.1% catalyst (based on the weight of soybean oil) in 20min was obtained with methanol/oil molar ratio of 12:1. TG conversions were from 99.9% to 96.6% from the first to the fourth time use of the catalyst particle. The formed KCaF3 and K2O were the main active components for the catalyst activity. The leakage of K and Ca to the water and methanol and the occupation of the active sites by oleic acid were the main reasons for the decrease of TG conversion during repeated use of the catalyst. Fluoride leached into soybean oil, oleic acid, water, and biodiesel were negligible. However, about 3.0 and 1.5mg F were dissolved into methanol and glycerol. It should be considered in the processes of recycling methanol and purifying glycerol.

A synergistic effect of microwave irradiation and ionic liquids on enzyme-catalyzed biodiesel production

Under microwave irradiation (MW), an ionic liquid (IL) was used as reaction medium to produce biodiesel (fatty acid methyl ester, FAME) with soybean oil and methanol through transesterification by Novozym 435. [EMIM][PF6] was proved to be a good reaction medium for biodiesel production because the enzyme exhibited excellent transesterification activity in it. Under MW, the enzyme activity in [EMIM][PF6] was about 1.8 folds higher than that in tert-butanol, and under conventional heating, about 1.2 folds higher than that in tert-butanol. Under the optimum conditions (microwave power of 480 W, [EMIM][PF6]/oil volume ratio of 2 : 1, methanol/oil molar ratio of 6 : 1, 6% amount Novozym 435 based on soybean oil weight, water activity of 0.33, agitation speed of 200 rpm, and 60 °C), a 92% yield of FAME was achieved in 6 h in [EMIM][PF6] under MW, whereas the yield of FAME in [EMIM][PF6] without MW and in a solvent-free system with MW was 70% and 28%, respectively. The results suggested that MW and IL might have a synergistic effect on improving enzyme activity. The enhancement of enzyme activity might be that the microwave acted directly on the IL because of its excellent microwave-absorbing ability, which created a compatible system for both the substrate and the product, and prevented the deactivation of enzyme with methanol and glycerol. The introduction of IL in microwave system might also increase the velocity of transacylation, and increase the enzyme activity indirectly. Furthermore, recovered IL and enzyme were used for five successive reaction cycles without any significant loss of enzyme activity.

Use of experimental design to investigate biodiesel production by multiple-stage Ultra-Shear reactor

This work presents biodiesel production from soybean oil and bioethanol by multiple-stage Ultra-Shear reactor (USR). The experiments were carried out in the following conditions: reaction time from 6 to 12 min; catalyst concentration from 0.5% to 1.5% by weight of soybean oil; ethanol: soybean oil molar ratio from 6:1 to 10:1. The experimental design was used to investigate the influence of process variables on the conversion in biodiesel. The best ethyl ester conversion obtained was 99.26 wt.%, with ethanol:soybean oil molar ratio of 6:1, catalyst concentration of 1.35% and with 12 min of reaction time.

Effects of crude glycerin on ruminal metabolism and diet digestibility of flaked-corn finishing diets

Introduction Expansion of the biodiesel industry has increased supplies of crude glycerin available for livestock feeding. Catalyzed reactions between methanol and triglycerides from vegetable oils, such as soybean oil, yield biodiesel and a coproduct, crude glycerin. Approximately 10% of the weight of soybean oil used to produce biodiesel becomes glycerin. Limited work has been conducted to understand metabolism of glycerin in ruminant livestock. In previous studies at Kansas State University, feeding crude glycerin at 8% or less of the diet improved cattle performance. Subsequent laboratory experiments indicated that low levels of glycerin may improve ruminal fermentation. This study was conducted to determine whether adding low levels of glycerin to feedlot diets could affect diet digestibility.

Lipase-catalyzed transesterification of soybean oil for biodiesel production in tert-amyl alcohol

Lipase-catalyzed transesterification of soybean oil and methanol for biodiesel production in tert-amyl alcohol was investigated. The effects of different organic medium, molar ratio of substrate, reaction temperature, agitation speed, lipase dosage and water content on the total conversion were systematically analyzed. Under the optimal conditions identified (6 mL tert-amyl alcohol, three molar ratio of methanol to oil, 2% Novozym 435 lipase based on the soybean oil weight, temperature 40°C, 2% water content based on soybean oil weight, 150 rpm and 15 h), the highest biodiesel conversion yield of 97% was obtained. With tert-amyl alcohol as the reaction medium, the negative effects caused by excessive molar ratio of methanol to oil and the by-product glycerol could be reduced. Furthermore, there was no evident loss in the lipase activity even after being repeatedly used for more than 150 runs.

Pathological Changes Associated with the Feeding of Soybean Oil or Oil Extracted from Different Rapeseed Cultivars to Single Comb White Leghorn Cockerels

A total of 384 Single Comb White Leghorn cockerels of the Hyline strain were fed either a basal (control) diet containing no added oil or a diet supplemented with 20% by weight of soybean oil, rapeseed oil from cultivars Tower, Candle, a mixture of Echo and Arlo high erucic acid rapeseed (HEAR), or R-500. Levels of erucic acid (22:1) in the rapeseed diets varied from .03 to 10.31%. Three birds from each unit were killed at 28, 56, 84, and 112 days and a wide range of tissues were examined histologically. A number of birds in all dietary groups had healed lesions of avian encephalomalacia. Two cockerels fed HEAR oil and 12 fed R-500 developed marked ascites, firm shrunken livers, hydropericardium, and cachectic muscular atrophy. Marked periacinar necrosis was present in birds dying with ascites. A significantly higher number of birds fed the rapeseed oils developed hepatic sinusoidal distention than birds fed the basal or soybean oil diets. Degenerative myocardial changes were seen only in R-500 and HEAR oil-fed birds. This, coupled with hepatic changes, producing shrunken firm livers, led to development of ascites, cachectic muscular atrophy, and periacinar hepatic necrosis. These changes were probably produced by the high erucic acid content of the HEAR and R-500 oils and the resultant grossly imbalanced diet.

Interactions of Fats and Fatty Acids as Energy Sources for the Chick

FATS and fatty acids, like other feedstuff ingredients used as energy sources for the growing chick, have been assigned metabolizable energy (M.E.) values which are widely used in the formulation of rations. Experimental findings by Sibbald et al. (1960, 1961) seemed to raise doubts, however, about the applicability of published M.E. values for individual fatty substances in mixtures of different kinds of fats. They found that a 50/50 mixture by weight of soybean oil, having an M.E. value of 8.46 Cal./g., and tallow, M.E. 6.94 Cal./g., had an M.E. value of 8.41 Cal./g. Simple arithmetic indicated that the M.E. of the tallow in the mixture must have ben raised to 8.36 Cal./g., and it was postulated that the non-degummed soybean oil might have contained a factor, such as phospholipids, which increased the digestibility of the tallow.Although other reports (Pepper et al., 1962; Dangoumau and Debruyne, 1963) have failed to…