Soybean Oil Extraction Research Articles

Antioxidant activity and anti-exercise-fatigue effect of highly denatured soybean meal hydrolysate prepared using neutrase.

Highly denatured soybean meal is a by-product of soybean oil extraction obtained through high-temperature desolventization. High-temperature treatment can result in soybean protein denaturation. Compare with ordinary soybean meal, the protein structure of highly denatured soybean meal has changed. Highly denatured soybean meal was pretreated with thermal treatment or ultrasonication, and then hydrolyzed with neutrase. The ultrasonicated hydrolysate exhibited better antioxidant activity than the thermally treated hydrolysate. The ultrasonication increased 1,1-diphenyl-2-pycryl hydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity by 8.31% and reduction capacity by 10.19%. The highly denatured soybean meal hydrolysate ultrasonicated at 400W exhibited the highest antioxidant activity. The DPPH radical scavenging activity was 56.22% and reduction capacity was 0.717. The ultrasonicated hydrolysate at 400W was fractionated using ultrafiltration into three fractions: I (>10kDa), II (5kDa to 10kDa), and III (<5kDa). The in vitro antioxidant activity and others in vivo anti-exercise-fatigue effect of the three fractions (I, II, and III) were determined. Fraction III exhibited the highest DPPH radical scavenging activity and reduction capacity, improved the hemoglobin and hepatic glycogen content and reduced blood urea nitrogen and blood lactic acid. Fraction III improved the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-PX) and reduced the malonaldehyde (MDA) content in mouse livers. Therefore, the highly denatured soybean meal hydrolysate has an anti-oxidative effect and it significantly alleviates exercise-fatigue in mice. Amino acids of hydrolysate were determined. Results showed that the antioxidant activity and anti-exercise-fatigue effect were related to the amino acid compositions.

Optimization of Ethanol‐Ultrasound‐Assisted Destabilization of a Cream Recovered from Enzymatic Extraction of Soybean Oil

AbstractA novel method using ethanol and ultrasound to extract oil from cream obtained from enzyme‐assisted aqueous extraction of soybean oil was developed. To evaluate the relationships between operating variables and free oil yield and to maximize the free oil yield, response surface methodology was introduced in this work. The developed regression model was fitted with R2 = 0.9591. Optimized variables were: ethanol concentration of 73 %, ethanol addition volume of 0.55 L/kg, ultrasound power of 427 W, ultrasound time of 47 s, and ultrasound temperature of 53 °C. The free oil yield from the cream under the above conditions was 92.6 ± 3.4 %. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to evaluate the effect of ultrasonic treatment on ethanol‐treated cream, and the SEM images clearly showed that the ultrasound treatment affected dispersing and fracturing of the microstructure of ethanol‐treated cream.

Alkaline-catalyzed ethanolysis of soybean oil ethanolic miscella

The rich-in-oil miscella obtained from the soybean oil extraction using ethanol shows chemical and physical characteristics that allow production of biodiesel by direct transesterification. It may be a promising raw material for skipping the oil refining process, thereby reducing the biodiesel production steps, as well as increasing the environmental sustainability of the process by replacing the hexane by ethanol from renewable source. The aim of this work was to perform alkaline-catalyzed (NaOH) ethanolysis of soybean oil ethanolic miscella and assess the biodiesel quality according to the Brazilian legislation. The molar ratio 1:12, NaOH 0.6% and temperature 30°C were the best conditions which leads to 97.2% of ethyl esters yield. The meal resulting from ethanol oil extraction was suitable for animal feed due to the lower reduction of antinutritional compounds. The rich-in-oil miscella proved to be a technically viable feedstock for biodiesel production due to its high yield reaction under alkaline-based catalysis.

Free radical scavenging activity of peptide fractions from defatted soybean meal hydrolysates evaluated by electron spin resonance

Defatted soybean meal, a by-product of soybean oil extraction, was pretreated by ultrasonic and hydrolyzed with neutrase. The DSMH pretreated at 400 W of ultrasonic power, identified to possess the strongest antioxidant activity, was fractionated according to molecular weight into three fractions of DSMH-I (>10 kDa), DSMH-II (5-10 kDa), and DSMH-III (<5 kDa) using ultrafiltration. The fraction, DSMH-III (<5 kDa), exhibited the highest antioxidative activity and was further purified using ion-exchange chromatography. The DSMH-III was separated into five fractions (A, B, C, D, and E). Fraction C with molecular weight of 2434 Da exhibited the strongest free radical scavenging, which was evidenced by the electron spin resonance of 1,1-diphenyl-2-pycryl hydrazyl and hydroxyl radicals. Fraction C was subjected to reverse-phase high performance liquid chromatography and the sequences of the highest activity peptide were determined by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. The strongest antioxidant activity peptide had the amino acid sequence of Glu-Glu-Gln-Glu-Trp-Pro-Arg-Lys-Glu-Glu-Lys. In conclusion, ultrasonic treatment and ultrafiltration could enhanced antioxidant activity of DSMH.

Enzymatic transesterification of soybean ethanolic miscella for biodiesel production

AbstractBACKGROUNDBiodiesel production is not economically competitive with petroleum diesel particularly when using virgin and refined vegetable oils. Rich‐in‐oil miscella obtained from the extraction of soybean oil with ethanol may be a promising feedstock for taking off the refining process, simultaneously introducing an environmental friendly step by replacing hexane by ethanol as a renewable solvent in the oil extraction process. The aim of this study was to investigate the production of biodiesel from the oil–ethanol miscella by direct transesterification using Novozym®435 as catalyst and ethanol as acyl acceptor; simultaneously optimizing the process by response surface methodology and enzyme reuse.RESULTSThe best experimental conditions indicated by the empirical model were temperature 40 °C, oil:ethanol molar ratio 1:4.5 and catalyst concentration 9.5% for 24 h, reaching 85.4% fatty acid ethylic esters (FAEE) yield. Tert‐butanol used as co‐solvent increased the ethyl esters yield from 18%, keeping a high FAEE yield (over 70%) for more than 3 cycles of enzyme reuse.CONCLUSIONSRich miscella has great potential as a low cost feedstock for biodiesel production when Novozym®435 is used as catalyst, simultaneously introducing an environmentally friendly step by using the renewable solvent ethanol in the extraction and transesterification. © 2013 Society of Chemical Industry

Supercritical CO2-purification of waste cooking oil for high-yield diesel-like hydrocarbons via catalytic hydrodeoxygenation

Waste cooking oil (WCO) was purified by supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO2) extraction and catalytic hydrodeoxygenation of fresh soybean oil, WCO and scCO2-purified oil were studied for the synthesis of diesel-like hydrocarbons. The chemical compositions of the scCO2-purified oils were very similar to those of fresh oil. Hydrotreating of WCO over the Pd and Ni catalysts showed lower conversions when compared to the NiMo and CoMo catalysts. The hydrotreating of scCO2-purified oil using a Pd/Al2O3 catalyst resulted in 85.7% conversion, which is comparable to the 91.0% conversion from fresh oil whereas only 41.8% of WCO was converted under identical conditions. Hydrotreating of the scCO2-purified oil with other catalysts including Ni/SiO2–Al2O3, CoMo/Al2O3 and NiMo/Al2O3 resulted in similar conversions in the range 84.4–92.9% compared to that from fresh oil. The scCO2-purification was effective for removing the various impurities in WCO, that were responsible for the detrimental effects on catalytic activity especially for the Pd and Ni catalysts. The origin of catalyst deactivation caused by the impurities in WCO is discussed.

Effects of frying on polar material and free fatty acids in soybean oils

SummaryThe purpose of this study was to investigate the quality deterioration of pressed soybean oil (PSBO), first grade solvent extracted soybean oil (FG‐SESBO) and third grade solvent extracted soybean oil (TG‐SESBO) with respect to time at 180 °C. It was found that there was a significant increase in total polar material (PM; P &lt; 0.01) and free fatty acids (FFA; P &lt; 0.05) in PSBO, FG‐SESBO and TG‐SESBO with increased time of frying. After forty‐five frying cycles, the final concentration of total PM was significantly higher in TG‐PSBO (30.39%) than in PSBO (21.10%) and FG‐SESBO (25.93%; P &lt; 0.05). During frying cycles, the final acid value (AV) was significantly higher in PSBO (0.84 ± 0.02 mg KOH/g fat) than in TG‐SESBO (0.59 ± 0.01 mg KOH/g fat) and FG‐SESBO (0.56 ± 0.03 (mgKOH/g oil; P &lt; 0.05). The content of saturated fatty acids in the three types of frying oils was significantly increased after forty‐five cycles of frying. However, even larger changes were observed in the content of unsaturated fatty acids, with decreases in C18:2, 9 c 12 c and C18:3, 9c 12c 15c and increase in C18:1, 9 c. The highest increasing slopes of PM and AV were observed in the TG‐SESBO.

Separation of Soybean Oil/n-hexane Miscellas Using Polymeric Membranes

Separation of refined soybean oil/n-hexane miscellas was studied using different commercial ultra- and nanofiltration membranes, with cut-offs in the range of 1 to 5 kDa and salt rejection higher than 97% (MgSO4). Commercial soybean oil and n-hexane miscellas with 1:3 and 1:1 mass ratios were permeated in a dead-end module. The effects of the feed pressure (2-25 bar) on oil and n-hexane fluxes and rejection were investigated. Oil rejection ranged from negative values to 30.8%, soybean oil flux from 28.9 to 617.8 g/m -2 h -1 and n-hexane flux from 8.5 to 1,078.5 g m -2 h -1 . Membrane fouling was observed at all experimental conditions studied. The membrane separation process has proven to be a promising alternative to solvent recovery in soybean oil extraction.

Chemical characterization of liquid residues from aqueous enzymatic extraction of soybean oil

The aim of this study was the chemical characterization of liquid residues obtained from the extraction of soybean oil, through enzyme processing. Protein content was approximately 32 g/100 g at dry weight basis (dwb) with pH adjustment and 52 g/100 g (dwb) without pH control, and the total carbohydrate content was around 31 g/100 g. The methionine concentrations in the liquid waste were between 23 and 66 mg/L. The electrophoretic profile of the total protein showed the presence of several peptides with molecular weight (MW) lower than 25kD when enzymatic extraction was carried out at pH 4.5. These characteristics suggest important nutritional applications to this by-product.

Effects of supercritical CO2 extraction parameters on soybean oil yield

A series of operational parameters of supercritical fluid extraction of soybean oil (pressure: 300–500bar, temperature: 40–60°C, CO2 mass flow rate: 0.194–0.436kg/h and characteristic particle size: 0.238–1.059mm) were investigated in a laboratory scale apparatus. The results show that the extraction yields were significantly affected by applied operational extraction parameters. The increase in pressure, temperature and solvent flow rate improved the extraction yield. The extraction yield increased as the particle size decreased depending on decreasing intra-particle diffusion resistance. To describe the extraction process Sovova's model was used and very good agreement with the experimental results was obtained. Based on the experimental data the internal and external mass transfer coefficients were estimated. To explore the influence of the extractor size on this process, soybean samples were extracted using different extraction basket volumes (0.2L and 5L) and related model parameters were examined. The mass transfer coefficient in the fluid phase increased with the increase in extractor size, while the mass transfer coefficient in the solid phase was independent of the extractor size.

Combined effect of ohmic heating and enzyme assisted aqueous extraction process on soy oil recovery.

This research describes a new technological process for soybean oil extraction. The process deals with the combined effect of ohmic heating and enzyme assisted aqueous oil extraction process (EAEP) on enhancement of oil recovery from soybean seed. The experimental process consisted of following basic steps, namely, dehulling, wet grinding, enzymatic treatment, ohmic heating, aqueous extraction and centrifugation. The effect of ohmic heating parameters namely electric field strength (EFS), end point temperature (EPT) and holding time (HT) on aqueous oil extraction process were investigated. Three levels of electric field strength (i.e. OH600V, OH750V and OH900V), 3 levels of end point temperature (i.e. 70, 80 and 90°C) and 3 levels of holding time (i.e. 0, 5 and 10min.) were taken as independent variables using full factorial design. Percentage oil recovery from soybean by EAEP alone and EAEP coupled with ohmic heating were 53.12% and 56.86% to 73% respectively. The maximum oil recovery (73%) was obtained when the sample was heated and maintained at 90°C using electric field strength of OH600V for a holding time of 10min. The free fatty acid (FFA) of the extracted oil (i.e. in range of 0.97 to 1.29%) was within the acceptable limit of 3% (oleic acid) and 0.5-3% prescribed respectively by PFA and BIS.

Effects of frying on the trans‐fatty acid formation in soybean oils

AbstractTo evaluate the effects of repeated deep‐frying on the trans‐fatty acid (TFA) formation in soybean oils, simultaneous frying experiments were carried out. French fries were prepared using three different types of soybean oil (pressed soybean oil, PSBO; first‐grade solvent extracted soybean oil, FG‐SESBO; and third‐grade solvent extracted soybean oil, TG‐SESBO). French fries were fried intermittently at 180–185°C for a total frying time of 32 h and at an interval time of 30 min. It was found that the initial amount of total TFAs was 0.29 g/100 g, 0.31 g/100 g, and 0.90 g/100 g in PSBO, TG‐SESBO, and FG‐SESBO, respectively. Before the frying started, the C18:1,t‐9, trans‐linoleic acid (TLA), trans‐linolenic acid (TLNA), and total TFA content of the PSBO and TG‐SESBO were significantly lower than in the FG‐SESBO (p&lt;0.05). However, in the frying oil samples, the final concentration of total TFA in the PSBO, TG‐SESBO, and FG‐SESBO were 1.79 ± 0.17 g/100 g, 1.12 ± 0.10 g/100 g, and 1.70 ± 0.07 g/100 g, which was 6.17‐, 3.61‐, and 1.89‐fold higher that in fresh oil, respectively. The highest increasing slopes of C18:1,t‐9, TLA, TLNA, and total TFA were observed in the PSBO.Practical applications: A high intake of TFAs has been shown to lead to an increased risk of coronary heart disease. Plant oils, particularly soybean oil, have been widely used in the food industry in China. Frying is one of the most common methods to cook food. The formation of TFAs during frying has been shown to be closely related to the temperature and duration of the frying process. However, the effects of frying on the formation of TFAs in different soybean oils have not been well studied. In the present study, we demonstrated that increasing the number of frying cycles can cause an intensive increase in the concentration of TFAs in different types of soybean oil, but especially in PSBO.

Chemical composition of solid waste and effect of enzymatic oil extraction on the microstructure of soybean (Glycine max)

The solid wastes were obtained from enzymatic extraction of soybean oil using four enzyme systems (Alcalase/Celluclast or Alcalase/Viscozyme L) each with two pH conditions: controlled or not controlled. This last option gave a better oil extraction, regardless of the enzymes used. The ash levels were higher for the enzyme systems subjected to controlled pH, depending on the buffer solutions used. The others constituents presented similar values between each other. The monosaccharides with highest concentrations were galactose, followed by glucose and arabinose. The physical analysis showed that the waste residues had good oil binding capacity. The SEM and epifluorescence microscopy revealed the microstructure of the beans and raw materials, as well as the changes caused by the extraction procedures.

Microbial Fermentation Extraction Processing of Protein from Soybean

Although hexane extraction of soybean oil has the high recovery，residual hexane in oil is noxious for consumer health. Crew pressing and extruding-expelling extraction processes denature protein to render functional properties poor for food and meal use. This processing employed microbial fermentation to extract protein from full fat soy flour so that denaturation degree of protein reduced. The results showed that low temperature flaking and extrusing soy flakes was beneficial to improving protein extraction, after optimizing the fermentation conditions with the Response Surface Methodology (RSM), total protein extraction yield achieved the highest value - 86.66% at optimal fermentation conditions - 6.6% extruded full fat soy flour, 5.4% inoculation volume, the initial pH8.1. These advances make the microbial fermentation extraction process of protein from soybeans attractive channel as the environmentally – friendly technology.

EVALUATION OF PROCESS PARAMETERS IN THE INDUSTRIAL SCALE PROCESS OF SOYBEAN OIL EXTRACTION USING EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN METHODOLOGY

ABSTRACT This work reports the use of experimental design for the assessment of the effects of process parameters of the soybean oil extraction in an industrial environment. A central composite rotatable design was carried out and the independent variables were soyflakes (27 to 41 mm), miscella concentration (25 to 39%) and solvent temperature (57 to 63C). The lowest concentration of residual oil was obtained with soyflakes of 34 mm, 32% of miscella concentration and solvent temperature of 60C, resulting in an average level of residual oil of 0.69%, corresponding to a 31% reduction related to the previous average level obtained in the extraction. The responses acidity and peroxide indexes, as well as color, were not significantly affected (P &lt; 0.05) by the independent variables evaluated, showing, therefore, that the efficiency of the soybean oil extraction was optimized without prejudice the quality of the soybean oil.PRACTICAL APPLICATIONSIn the industrial process, also called conventional (extraction by hexane), a deep study of the operational conditions involved to obtain soybean oil and bran, aim to improve the yield of the process. The oil extraction makes possible for the industry to establish, the best operational conditions, that results in energy saving and improvement of hexane recovery. In this sense, the experimental design methodology was used in order to optimize the process of soybean oil extraction in an industrial environment.

Solubility and kinetics of soybean oil and fatty acids in supercritical CO 2

Supercritical CO2 extraction of soybean oil was investigated. The fatty acid composition was determined using GC. The solubility and kinetic experiments were performed in the pressure range of 100–300 bar and in the temperature range of 313–323 K. The solubility data were correlated using empirical equation proposed by Gordillo et al. Mass transfer model described by Martinez et al. was used to describe the kinetic curves of soybean oil. The main fatty acids of soybean oil were linoleic, oleic, palmitic, stearic and linolenic acid. The improved Gordillo et al. equation was proposed to correct the effect of temperature on the solubility. The new equation was successfully applied for calculating the solubility of fatty acids and soybean oil in supercritical CO2.

Microwave-Assisted Extraction of Soybean and Rice Bran Oil: Yield and Extraction Kinetics

Microwave-assisted solvent extraction has the potential to replace traditional solvent extraction of oils and fats from a variety of feedstock. The purpose of this study was to optimize oil extraction parameters for a batch microwave system from two feedstocks: soybeans and rice bran. Solvent-feedstock mixtures were exposed to microwave radiation for different time-temperature combinations ranging from 60C to 120C for up to 20 min with simultaneous magnetic stirring. The solvent (ethanol) to feedstock ratio used was 3:1. After extraction, solid-liquid separation was performed in a vacuum filter, and ethanol was evaporated from the filtrate in a vacuum centrifuge. Results showed that the oil yield changed with temperature and achieved a maximum value in a relatively short time (order of minutes). Continuous exposure after this time did not increase the oil yield. The results compared well with traditional solvent extraction, especially when accounting for the extremely short extraction times (min vs. h). Maximum oil yields of 17.3% and 17.2% at 20 min and 120C were achieved by microwave extraction as compared to 11.3% and 12.4% using control extraction for soybeans and rice bran, respectively. The major advantage of microwave-assisted solvent extraction is the reduced time of extraction required to obtain ~95% of total recoverable oil, with corresponding reduction in energy consumption costs per unit of oil extracted.

Thermodynamic and statistical analysis of soybean oil extraction process using renewable solvent

SummaryThe main goal of this work was to evaluate thermodynamic parameters of the soybean oil extraction process using ethanol as solvent. The experimental treatments were as follows: aqueous solvents with water contents varying from 0 to 13% (mass basis) and extraction temperature varying from 50 to 100 °C. The distribution coefficients of oil at equilibrium have been used to calculate enthalpy, entropy and free energy changes. The results indicate that oil extraction process with ethanol is feasible and spontaneous, mainly under higher temperature. Also, the influence of water level in the solvent and temperature were analysed using the response surface methodology (RSM). It can be noted that the extraction yield was highly affected by both independent variables. A joint analysis of thermodynamic and RSM indicates the optimal level of solvent hydration and temperature to perform the extraction process.

Bioethanol production potential from Brazilian biodiesel co-products

One major problem facing the commercial production of cellulosic ethanol is the challenge of economically harvesting and transporting sufficient amounts of biomass as a feedstock at biorefinery plant scales. Oil extraction for biodiesel production, however, yields large quantities of biomass co-products rich in cellulose, sugar and starch, which in many cases may be sufficient to produce enough ethanol to meet the alcohol demands of the transesterification process. Soybean, castor bean, Jatropha curcas, palm kernel, sunflower and cottonseed were studied to determine ethanol production potential from cellulose found in the oil extraction co-products and also their capacity to meet transesterification alcohol demands. All crops studied were capable of producing enough ethanol for biodiesel production and, in the case of cottonseed, 470% of the transesterification demand could be met with cellulosic ethanol production from oil extraction co-products. Based on Brazilian yields of the crops studied, palm biomass has the highest potential ethanol yield of 108 m(3) km(-2) followed by J. curcas with 40 m(3) km(-2). A total of 3.5 hm(3) could be produced from Brazilian soybean oil extraction co-products. (C) 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Analisis Sistem Proses Pindah Massa pada Ekstraksi Secara Mekanik Minyak Kedelai (Glycine Max Oil)

Abstract Soybean, a vegetable protein-rich commodity needed to improve public nutrition, safe to consume, and the price affordable. The purpose of this research are to: 1. determine the effect of pressure and time of extraction the mass balance, yield and level of soybean oil extraction, 2. G ain mass transfer coefficient value in soybean oil extraction process, and 3. analyze the mechanism of mass changes during the extraction process soybean oil is mechanically using hydraulic pressing. Oil obtained results indicate an increase due to the influence of a given amount of pressure and length of time silenced. The greater the pressure exerted, the more oil produced this shows soybean oil can come out with a maximum at the greatest pressure of 200 kg/cm 2 . Mass transfer coefficient in soybean oil extraction process at a pressure of 100 kg/cm 2 5.57x10 -5 gcm 3 /cm seconds. In the pressure is 200 kg/cm 2 15.39 x 10 -5 g cm 3 /cm seconds. Keywords: mass transfer, mechanical extraction, soybean oil Diterima: 12 Maret 2010; Disetujui: 7 September 2010