Levels Of Soybean Meal Research Articles

Effects of replacement soybean meal with fermented cassava pulp by Saccharomyces cerevisiae in DIETS on Rumen fermentation in growing goats.

The aim of this study was to determine the effect of replacing soybean meal (SBM) with fermented cassava pulp by Saccharomyces cerevisiae (FCSC) in the diet of growing goats. Growing goats were randomly assigned to five dietary treatments according to replicated 5 × 5 Latin square design. Dietary treatments were five levels of replacement SBM to FCSC at 0, 25, 50, 75, and 100% of crude protein in concentrates. The results showed that total dry matter intake (DMI, g/day) was increased (P < 0.05) with increasing FCSC. The highest for body weight change was found in 75% replacement of SBM by FCSC. The results suggested that FCSC could replace up to 75% of SBM in concentrate of growing goats fed rice straw as roughage. Based on this result, using 75% FCSC as the main source of protein to completely replace soybean meal was beneficial to growing goats in terms of feed intake and productive performance.

TLR2/TLR5 Signaling and Gut Microbiota Mediate Soybean-Meal-Induced Enteritis and Declined Growth and Antioxidant Capabilities in Large Yellow Croaker (Larimichthys crocea)

Soybean meal, renowned for its high yield, cost efficiency, and protein richness, serves as a pivotal plant-based alternative to fish meal. However, high soybean meal inclusion in Larimichthys crocea diets is linked to enteritis and oxidative damage, with unknown mechanisms. Our study aims to elucidate the molecular basis of soybean-meal-induced enteritis and its impact on intestinal microbiota in L. crocea. To this end, four isonitrogenous and isolipidic diets with varying soybean meal levels (0% FM, 15% SBM15, 30% SBM30, and 45% SBM45) were administered to L. crocea for 8 weeks. The results indicated that the SBM30 and SBM45 treatments significantly hindered fish growth, digestive efficiency, and protein utilization. Furthermore, high soybean meal levels (SBM30 and SBM45) activated intestinal Toll-like receptors (TLR2A, TLR2B, TLR5, and TLR22), stimulating C-Rel and mTOR protein expression and elevating ERK phosphorylation. This led to increased pro-inflammatory cytokine production (IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α) and decreased anti-inflammatory cytokine expression (IL-4/13A, IL-4/13B, and TGF-β), suggesting a potential signaling pathway for soybean-meal-induced enteritis. Furthermore, enteritis induced by high soybean meal levels led to oxidative damage, evident from increased MDA levels and decreased antioxidant enzyme activities (SOD and CAT). The SBM30 and SBM45 treatments increased Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes abundance in fish gut microbiota, while Proteobacteria abundance decreased. This microbiota shift may enhance soybean meal nutrient utilization, yet high soybean meal concentrations still impair growth. A soybean-meal-rich diet promotes harmful bacteria like Rhodococcus and depletes probiotics like Ralstonia, increasing disease risks. L. crocea has limited tolerance for soybean meal, necessitating advanced processing to mitigate anti-nutritional factors. Ultimately, exploring alternative protein sources beyond soybean meal for fish meal replacement is optimal for L. crocea.

Efficacy of phytase and/or chromium tripicolinate supplementation on dry matter and nitrogen digestibility and blood metabolites in grower pigs.

Phytase supplementation is widely used throughout the world for enhancing nutrient use efficiencies in pigs, while added chromium has been shown to help stabilize glucose metabolism by enhancing insulin sensitivity. Therefore, the objectives of this metabolism study were to examine the potential synergies of these additives to see if nutrient digestibilities and/or blood metabolites could be improved in grower pigs. A total of 12 Genesus terminal genetics grower pigs (20.7 kilograms (kg)) were allotted randomly in a crossover experiment with four periods and four dietary treatments based on a 2 x 2 factorial design via two groups. This provided 12 replicates per dietary treatment. Treatment (Trt) 1 consisted of a control diet without phytase while Trt 2 had decreased levels of soybean meal, calcium (Ca) and phosphorus (P) with added phytase (1,500 phytase units (FYT)/kg, HiPhorius®; dsm-firmenich, Plainsboro, NJ). The nutrient release values for amino acids, calcium and phosphorus were via standard recommendations from dsm-firmenich for the phytase. Treatment 3 consisted of the control diet without phytase with 200 parts per billion (ppb) of added chromium from chromium tripicolinate (Chromax®, Kent Nutrition Group, Inc., Muscatine, IA) while Trt 4 consisted of the diets with decreased levels of soybean meal, Ca and P with added HiPhorius (1,500 FYT/kg) and Chromax (200 ppb). With six metabolism crates available, four, one-week-long periods were utilized to evaluate each of the four treatments with each pig with two groups evaluated and pooled for data analysis. The pigs were allowed a 4-d acclimation period followed by a 3-d collection period with the experimental diets fed at 4% body weight each day. Water was administered to each pig at 2.5 times the amount of feed fed each day. On the last day of the collection period, blood samples were collected before the meal (fasting) and then two h after the meal (postprandial). There were no significant differences among treatments for both fasting and postprandial glucose and insulin levels. Added phytase resulted in a reduction (P < 0.05) in fasting blood urea nitrogen (N). Nitrogen digestibility and retention and dry matter (DM) digestibility were all improved (P < 0.01) with pigs fed supplemental phytase. Supplemental chromium was without effect on any of the N and DM digestibility measurements. These data suggest that supplemental phytase has positive effects for improving N and DM digestibilities.

Impacts of replacing soybean meal with processed soybean meal on intestinal health and growth of nursery pigs challenged with F18+ Escherichia coli.

This study aimed to investigate the impact of different level of soybean meal (SBM) replaced by soy protein concentrate on intestinal health and growth performance of nursery pigs under F18+ Escherichia. coli (E. coli). Forty-eight newly weaned pigs (6.6 ± 0.3 kg) were randomly allotted to 4 treatments arranged by 2 × 2 factors using randomized complete block design with initial body weight and sex as blocks. Two factors were F18+ E. coli challenge (0 or 2.1 × 1010 CFU) and the level of SBM (24% or 12% in phase 1 and 26% or 14% in phase 2). Pigs were fed for 25 d in 2 phases (phase 1 for 11 d and phase 2 for 14 d). At the end of study, all pigs were euthanized to collect jejunal mucosa and tissues to measure parameters related to intestinal health. Data were analyzed using a MIXED procedure in SAS. The F18+ E. coli challenge decreased (p<0.05) overall average daily gain (ADG) and average daily feed intake (ADFI) and decreased (p<0.05) gain to feed ratio on d 7 to 11. The High SBM tended to have a greater overall ADG (p=0.054) and ADFI (p=0.078) compared with low SBM under F18+ E. coli challenge, but not in unchallenged conditions. The F18+ E. coli challenge increased (p<0.05) fecal score on d 7 to 18. The tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin-1β in jejunal mucosa were decreased (p<0.05) in High SBM treatments. The High SBM tended to increase (p=0.085) occludin expression in jejunum. High SBM increased crypt depth in jejunum under F18+ E. coli challenge, but not in unchallenged conditions (p<0.05). High SBM in nursery diets could alleviate the detrimental effects of F18+ E. coli challenge on growth performance of pigs under compared to low SBM inclusion, which might be attributed to decreased intestinal inflammation and improved intestinal integrity.

Serum Biochemical Profile, Intestinal and Liver Histomorphometry of Captive Broad-Snouted Caiman (Caiman latirostris) Fed With a Diet Enriched With Soybean (Glycine max).

The impact of plant-based diets on crocodilians is unclear. Serum profiles and histomorphometry provide valuable insights into their nutritional and physiological status. This study aims to elucidate the impact of three levels of soybean meal substitution combined chicken by-product minced on the growth and health of broad-snouted caiman (Caiman latirostris). The research assesses the effects of diets supplemented with soybean meal on the blood biochemical profile, intestinal histomorphometry, and hepatic parameters of C. latirostris, providing essential information for understanding on the implications of dietary changes in this species. Forty-eight 6-month-old broad-snouted caimans were assigned to three dietary groups (0%, 25%, 40% soybean meal). Over a period of 90 days, data on growth, food consumption, serum biochemical analysis, intestinal and hepatic morphometry were recorded. The results showed that diets containing higher levels of soybean meal did not significantly affect growth, feed intake or serum profiles of total protein, albumin and cholesterol. However, changes in intestinal morphology were observed, with longer and wider villi in the animals feed with diets with soybean meal, indicating a gradual adaptation to new feeding diets. The presence of soybean meal reduced serum glucose and triglyceride profiles and hepatic lipid accumulation without affecting macronutrient digestion and absorption, considered beneficial for the caiman's health. This study provides valuable insights into the inclusion of soybean meal in the diet of Caiman latirostris and its effects on the intestines, liver, and physiology. It also highlights the importance of considering nutritional management as a key tool in improving the well-being and health of crocodilians in captivity.

Replacing soybean meal with fermented rapeseed meal in diets: potential effects on growth performance, antioxidant capacity, and liver and intestinal health of juvenile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus).

This study aims to evaluate the effects of substituting soybean meal with fermented rapeseed meal (FRM) on growth, antioxidant capacity, and liver and intestinal health of the genetically improved farmed tilapia (GIFT, Oreochromis niloticus). A total of 450 tilapia (7.22 ± 0.15g) were fed with five experimental diets, including a basal diet containing 40% soybean meal (CP0), which was subsequently replaced by 25% (CP25), 50% (CP50), 75% (CP75), and 100% (CP100) FRM in a recirculated aquiculture system for 9weeks (30 fish per tank in triplicates). The results showed that the weight gain, specific growth rate, feed intake, feed efficiency, hepatosomatic index, and viscerosomatic index of fish in both CP75 and CP100 groups were significantly lower than those in CP0 group (P < 0.05). The fish in CP100 group had the lower content of muscle crude protein while the higher level of muscle crude lipid (P < 0.05). Activities of serum aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase along with total triglyceride in CP100 group were significantly higher than those in CP0 group (P < 0.05). There were no significant differences in the contents of liver protease, amylase, and lipase among five groups (P > 0.05). The activities of liver total antioxidant capacity and superoxide dismutase exhibited the increased tendency with the increase of FRM replacement levels from 25 to 50% (P < 0.05), while then significantly decreased from 75 to 100% (P < 0.05). Histological morphology indicated that the fish in between CP75 and CP100 groups had poor liver and intestine health. Intestinal microbial diversity analysis showed that the relative abundance of Cetobacterium and Alcaligenaceae in both CP75 and CP100 groups were lower than that in other three groups. In conclusion, the maximum replacement level of soybean meal with FRM in the diet was determined to be 50% without compromising the growth performance, antioxidant status, and liver and intestinal health of tilapia under the current experimental conditions. The observed decrease in food intake and subsequent retarded growth performance in the CP75 and CP100 groups can be attributed directly to a reduction in feed palatability caused by FRM.

Coated Crystalline Amino Acid Supplementation May Assist Higher Soybean Meal Inclusion in Diets for Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis Niloticus) With Improved Protein Assimilation and Retention

The aquaculture industry has previously relied on high-quality fishmeal (FM) to fabricate diets of excellent standards. However, plant-based proteins such as soybean are more economic for low-value fish species, for example, tilapia and carp, and fishmeal use has been significantly lessened. Previous studies have addressed standard soybean meal (SBM) sources in aquafeeds seldom addressing essential amino acid correction. An eight-week feeding trial was conducted to evaluate the replacement of fish meal with soybean meal concentrate in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) using a semi-purified diet against a Low Temperature (LT) fishmeal as a primary reference protein. Four diets with varying levels of soybean meal were evaluated and compared to a control diet of 100 % fish meal. Three diets containing 20, 40, and 80 % soybean protein concentrate (SBPC) were examined. The fourth diet consisted of 80 % SBPC and supplementation with two essential amino acids: lysine and methionine (80SBPCAA) in a coated form. Daily growth values highlight similar rates when tilapia was fed 100FM and 40SBPC diets. No differences were observed in the final mean weights for all soybean-fed tilapia, but they were marginally lower than the 100FM control diet group. The 80SBPC diet showed the poorest feed conversion ratio (FCR) at 1.31 and protein efficiency ratio (PER) at 2.19. However, the 80SBPCAA diet showed a significantly improved percent weight gain for tilapia compared to the 80SBPC-fed tilapia. PER was significantly higher at 2.47 and had a better Apparent Net Protein Utilization (ANPU) value of 28.51 % compared to un-supplemented 80SBPC-fed tilapia (25.48 %). These results confirmed that high-quality fishmeal can be substituted by up to 40 % SBPC alone and without any detrimental effects on growth or carcass composition in juvenile tilapia. Crystalline coated essential amino acid supplementation showed marginal improvement of performance for tilapia at high SBPC inclusion level.

Assessment of Bacillus species capacity to protect Nile tilapia from A. hydrophila infection and improve growth performance.

The present study evaluated the capacity of three Bacillus species to improve health status and growth performance of Nile Tilapia fed with high levels of soybean meal and challenged with Aeromonas hydrophila. In vitro experiments showed that β-hemolysin and metalloprotease enzymes were produced by A. hydrophila throughout the exponential growth phase. In vivo experiments showed that 107 colony-forming units (CFUs)/ml of this pathogen killed 50% of control group fishes in 13 days. To evaluate the influence of Bacillus strains on health status and growth performance in Nile Tilapia, 180 fishes (33.44 + 0.05 g) were distributed in 12 tanks of 200 L each, and animals were fed twice per day until satiety. 1) Control group without Bacillus, 2)Bacillus sp1, 3) Bacillus sp2, and 4) Bacillus sp3 groups were formulatedcontaining 106 CFU/g. After 40 days of feeding, the fishes were intraperitoneally injected with 1 ml of A. hydrophila at 2 × 107 CFU/ml, and mortality was recorded. The results showed that cumulative mortality rate was significantly (p< 0.05) lower in the Bacillus sp1 (25%), sp2 (5%), and sp3 (15%) groups, than the control group (50%). Weight gain was also significantly better (p< 0.05) in the Bacillus sp1 (36%), sp2 (67%), and sp3 (55%) groups with respect to the control group (30%). In conclusion, functional diet formulated with high levels of soybean meal and supplemented with Bacillus sp2 could be an alternative to protect Nile tilapia cultures from A. hydrophila infections and improve fish growth performance.

Feasibility evaluation of cottonseed protein concentrate to replace soybean meal in the diet of juvenile grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idellus): Growth performance, antioxidant capacity, intestinal health and microflora composition

An investigation into the replacement of soybean meal (SBM) with cottonseed protein concentrate (CPC) in the diet of grass carp feed (Ctenopharyngodon idellus) was carried out. During a 56-day feeding trial, 750 grass carp were fed five experimental diets (isonitrogenous and isolipidic) with different levels of CPC: SBM (control group), CPC25, CPC50, CPC75, and CPC100, corresponding to dietary SBM replacements levels of 0%, 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100%. The results showed that dietary CPC inclusion significantly increased FW, WGR, and PER (P < 0.05) except CPC100 groups, which did not differ with SBM group (P > 0.05). FCR was remarkably increased when SBM replacement levels reached up to 100% (P < 0.05). Based on broken-line regression analysis of WGR against the dietary replacement of SBM with CPC, the optimal replacement level of SBM with CPC was estimated to be 75.11% for juvenile grass carp. Muscle texture parameters hardness, gumminess and chewiness were apparently elevated (P < 0.05), demonstrated an improved flesh quality followed CPC added. The CPC inclusion groups showed significantly higher serum IgM, C3 amd C4 contents, as well as ACP and AKP activities than SBM group except CPC100 groups (P < 0.05). The hepatic antioxidant capacity was enhanced followed CPC inclusion verified at enzymatic and transcriptional levels (P < 0.05). The intestinal inflammation was relieved evidenced by the down-regulated il-β, il-6 and tnf-α expressive abundance mediated through NF-κB pathway (P < 0.05). Additionally, the intestinal mucosal barrier function was enhanced by the up-regulation of tight junction proteins (occludin, claudin12, zo-1, and zo-2). The intestinal lipase and trypsin activities in CPC50 and CPC75 and intestinal folds height in CPC25, CPC50 and CPC75 were advanced (P < 0.05). The gut microbiota revealed no significant differences in the alpha diversity indices across treatments (P > 0.05). While the key bacteria of Aeromonas in the CPC100 group was increased leading intestinal dysbacteriosis. Besides, the ME1 of the microbial network has a negative correlation with pro-inflammatory gens and a positive correlation with antioxidant gens and tight linking proteins (P < 0.05). Summarily, CPC could partially replace SBM with positive influences on growth, antioxidant capacity, immunity, and intestinal microbiota in grass carp.

Hydrolysable tannin improves growth performance and liver health of largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides) fed high soybean meal diets

This study provided evidence that the inclusion of hydrolysable tannin (HT) in high soybean meal (SBM) diets improved growth performance and glycolipid metabolism of largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides). In vivo, various levels of HT were added to high SBM diets and fed to largemouth bass (initial weight: 6.00 ± 0.03 g) for 56 days. Results showed that a high level of SBM led to the reduction in growth performance, as evidenced by decreased weight gain rate and impaired hepatic function. Dietary supplementation with HT (1.0 g/kg) improved growth performance of largemouth bass, accompanied by the enhancements in hepatic antioxidant capacity and glycolipid metabolism. In vitro, HT facilitated glucose utilization in hepatocytes and positively influenced the modulation of crucial genes within the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway. Conversely, administration of LY294002 (a PI3K inhibitor) reversed the detrimental effects observed in hepatocytes exposed to high glucose levels. Overall, incorporating HT (1.0 g/kg) into the diet enhanced liver health and improved the absorption and utilization of SBM in largemouth bass, potentially achieved through modulation of the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway.

Effect of varying replacement levels of soybean meal with watermelon (Citrullus lanatus) seed meal on growth and feed utilization performance of Clarias gariepinus (Burchell, 1822)

Effect of varying replacement levels of soybean meal with watermelon (Citrullus lanatus) seed meal on growth and feed utilization performance of Clarias gariepinus (Burchell, 1822)

The Zootechnical Performance, Health State Modulation, Morphology, and Intestinal Microbiome of Nile Tilapia Juveniles Fed with a Functional Blend of Immunostimulants Associated with a Diet High in Soybean Meal

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of supplementing feed with a functional mixture of immunomodulators, including β-glucans, nucleotides, ascorbic acid, and alpha-tocopherol, associated with a diet with lower levels of animal protein (11.5%) and higher levels of soybean meal (43.5%), on the zootechnical performance, health, hematological and immunological parameters, intestinal morphology, centesimal composition, and intestinal microbiome of juvenile Nile tilapia (initial weight 1.88 g ± 0.25 g, mean ± standard deviation). Two isocaloric and isoproteic diets (35% crude protein) were formulated, one with the inclusion of the immunostimulant functional mixture (40 kg·t−1), composed of 150 mg·kg−1 of nucleotides, 1000 mg·kg−1 of β-glucans, 1000 mg·kg−1 of ascorbic acid (vitamin C), and 20 mg·kg−1 of alpha-tocopherol (vitamin E), and another without. The combined supplementation of nucleotides, β-glucans, ascorbic acid, and alpha-tocopherol resulted in a 59.95% increase in final weight, 64% weight gain, 66% daily gain, a 21.31% decrease in feed conversion rate, and double the retention of body protein. Supplementation also improved intestinal morphology and modulated the intestinal microbiome, increasing Chao-1 diversity. Transmission electron microscopy confirmed that fish fed with both diets exhibited intact intestinal mucosal membranes. Supplementation did not alter the hematological and immunological parameters, suggesting that there was no overstimulation of the fish’s immune system. This work allows us to evaluate the effect of reducing the use of animal protein in the diets of fish, along with the effects of nucleotides, β-glucans, ascorbic acid, and alpha-tocopherol. Together, these compounds can provide fish with the necessary tools to achieve optimal health and growth.

A study on the effects of replacing fishmeal with soybean meal in the feed of Procambarus clarkii: Assessing growth performance, immunity, and gut microbiota

The unstable supply and high cost of fishmeal have led to increased interest in low fish meal feed. As such, the present study aimed to investigate the effects of replacing fishmeal in feeds with soybean meal (SM) on the growth, immunity, and gut microbiota of crayfish. A total of 750 crayfish (4.00 g) were randomly divided into five groups (SS0, SS25, SS50, SS75, and SS100) with three replicates, and were fed diets with different levels of soybean meal substituted for fishmeal for six weeks. The results revealed that crayfish subjected to high SM diets experienced a significant decrease in the final body weight, weight gain rate, and specific growth rate (p<0.05), together with enzyme activities related to nutrient digestion and absorption. Of note, the groups with 25–50 % SM replacement exhibited decreased final body weight without significance compared to that in the SS0 group (p>0.05). Moreover, increasing SM inclusion exhibited the potential to impair the intestine, characterized by the increase in hemolymph LD content, decrease in the levels of TC content, T-AOC, and AKP, along with the observed edema of the lamina propria, and up-regulated mRNA expression levels of nfkb, alf, and tlr. Furthermore, high SM diets resulted in the emergence of new species and a shift in Firmicutes, Bacteroidota, Proteobacteria, and Fusobacteriota. Specifically, the abundance of lower Firmicutes and higher Proteobacteria was observed in the SS100 group, which was closely correlated with genus-level Candidatus Bacilloplasma, and RsaHf231 abundance alterations. MENAs demonstrated that the high SM diets led to a more complex, yet fragile and unstable microbial network. The global network further indicated that the microbes contributing more to crayfish were in module eigen 4, in which 9 OTUs were identified as major biomarkers and mainly classified into Proteobacteria. Taken above, SM could replace 25 % of fishmeal in crayfish diets without negatively affecting growth performance, nutrient utilization, immunity, and antioxidant capacity. Excessive SM levels contributed to gut dysfunction and weakened the immune system of crayfish.

Effect of high plant protein diet supplemented with Lysophospholipids-butyrate on the growth performance, liver health and intestinal morphology of Largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides)

This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of dietary supplementation with lysophospholipids-butyrate (LPB) in a high plant protein diet on the growth performance, liver health, and intestinal morphology of Largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides). Three experimental diets were formulated: a positive control diet (PC) containing 15.00 % soybean meal (SBM) and 13 % chicken meal；a high-plant-protein diet (HPP) with 28.00 % SBM; a diet (LPB) supplemented LPB at 0.1 % in HPP. Largemouth bass with an average initial body weight of 9.3 g were fed for 60 days, with 4 replicates per group and 20 fish per replicate. The results demonstrated that the HPP group exhibited significantly lower final body weight (FBW), weight gain rate (WGR) and specific growth rate (SGR) compared to the PC group. Moreover, the HPP diet induced a notable increase in liver collagen fiber and liver lipid content, which was alleviated by LPB supplementation. In comparison to the HPP group, the LPB group showed significant increases in serum albumin and albumin/globulin, along with a significant decrease in alanine aminotransferase activity (P < 0.05). Compared with the PC group, the mRNA levels of acetyl-CoA carboxylase-1 (ACC-1), diacylglycerol acyltransferase (DGAT), carnitine palmitoyl transferase-1 (CPT-1) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) in HPP group were increased significantly (P < 0.05), while adipose triglyceride lipase (ATGL), hormone-sensitive lipase (HSL) as well as apoptotic gene B-cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2) were significantly down-regulated. The mRNA levels of fatty acid synthase (FAS), ACC-1, peroxisome proliferator activated receptor-α (PPAR-α), ATGL, interleukin-1β (IL-1β), transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) and Bcl-2 were up-regulated (P < 0.05), while DGAT and TNF-α were down-regulated in the LPB supplemented groups than that in the HPP group (P < 0.05). In conclusion, the supplementation of 0.1 % LPB can alleviate liver lipid accumulation and fibrosis caused by high level of soybean meal.

110 Effects of increasing levels of soybean meal in nursery diets on growth performance and fecal dry matter of 10 to 25 kg pigs

Abstract With the recent Renewable Fuel Standard Program developed by the Environmental Protection Agency, soybean oil is expected to be in record demand by the fuel energy industry. As a result, there will be the potential opportunity for increased usage of soybean meal (SBM) in swine diets. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of different levels of SBM in late nursery diets on growth performance and fecal dry matter (DM). In Exp. pigs [n = 1,266; DNA 241 × 600; initial body weight (BW) = 10.1 ± 0.27 kg] were fed 1 of 4 dietary treatments which were corn-based with SBM levels of 25.0, 28.9, 32.5, or 36.2%. In Exp. pigs (n = 2,340; DNA 241 × 600; initial BW = 13.5 ± 0.29 kg) were fed 1 of 5 dietary treatments which were corn-based with SBM levels of 25.0, 28.9, 32.5, 36.2, or 40.0%. Both experiments lasted 21 d with 14 replicate pens/treatment and 4 or 5 pigs/pen. At d 21 and 26 postweaning for Exp. 1 and 2, respectively, pens of pigs were randomly allotted to treatments in a randomized complete block design with BW as the blocking factor. Additions of SBM replaced feed-grade amino acids to form experimental diets, and all diets were formulated to be nearly isocaloric with SBM NE considered to be 100% of corn NE. Dietary additions of feed-grade AA were adjusted to meet or exceed NRC (2012) AA requirements in relation to Lys for Ile, Met, Cys, Thr, Trp, and Val. In Exp. 1, increasing SBM from 25.0 to 36.2% decreased average daily gain (ADG; linear, P = 0.012), average daily feed intake (ADFI; linear, P &amp;lt; 0.001), and final BW (linear, P = 0.021), with the greatest change occurring when SBM increased from 28.9 to 32.5% (Table). No evidence for difference between treatments was observed for gain to feed ratio (G:F; P = 0.729). Fecal DM decreased (linear, P &amp;lt; 0.006) as SBM increased in the diet at d 7, but not on d 21. In Exp. 2, starting with a heavier initial BW, increasing SBM from 25.0 to 40.0% decreased ADFI (linear, P = 0.017), with the greatest change occurring when SBM increased from 32.5 to 36.2%. However, no evidence for treatment differences (P ≥ 0.198) was observed for ADG, final BW, or G:F. Fecal DM decreased (linear, P ≤ 0.046) at d 7 and 21 as SBM increased in the diet. In conclusion, feeding greater than 28.9% SBM for nursery pigs starting at 10 kg BW does compromise performance, but when pigs are closer to 13.5 kg BW, greater SBM diets did not affect ADG or G:F. Also, increasing the level of SBM reduced fecal DM more markedly a week after the transition to high SBM diets compared with 3 wk after the start of treatment feeding.

266 Evaluation of anchovy fish meal with or without added fish solubles on nursery pig performance

Abstract Two experiments were conducted in a commercial environment to evaluate anchovy fish meal with or without added anchovy fish solubles on nursery pig performance. In Exp. 1, pigs [n = 2,172; initial body weight (BW) = 5.2 kg] were randomly allotted to 1 of 6 dietary treatments. There were 25 or 27 pigs/pen and 14 replications/treatment. Dietary treatments were corn-soybean meal-based and consisted of: 1) diet containing 7.0% enzymatically treated soybean meal (HP 300; Hamlet Protein; Findlay, OH), 2) diet with 3.5% spray-dried bovine plasma (APC Inc, Ankeny, IA), 3) diet with 5.0% microbially enhanced soybean meal (MEPro, Prairie Aquatech, Brookings, SD), 4) diet with 5.2% microbially enhanced soybean meal with added anchovy fish solubles (TASA, Lima, Peru), 5) diet with 4.85% anchovy fish meal (TASA Prime, TASA, Lima, Peru), and 6) diet with 5.1% anchovy fish meal with added fish solubles (TASA Swine, TASA, Lima, Peru). In Exp. 2, pigs (n = 1,134; initial BW = 4.7 kg) were randomly allotted to 1 of 3 dietary treatments. There were 27 pigs/pen and 14 replications/treatment. Dietary treatments were corn-soybean meal-based consisting of a control diet containing enzymatically treated soybean meal at 7.0% of the diet, a diet containing 5.1% anchovy fish meal, and a diet containing 5.3% anchovy fish meal with added anchovy fish solubles. All protein sources in both trials were added on an SID Lys basis to maintain the same level of soybean meal across all dietary treatments. For both experiments, pigs were fed treatments for approximately 21 d in two phases based on feed budgets of 2.3 kg and 5.4 kg/pig in phases 1 and 2, respectively. For Exp. 1, diets contained 18.0 and 7.2% lactose for phase 1 and 2, respectively. For Exp. 2, diets contained 16.0 and 6.6% lactose for phase 1 and 2, respectively. Following experimental diets, all pigs were fed a common corn-soybean meal-based diet until the completion of the study. For Exp. 1, from d 0 to 21, pigs fed spray-dried bovine plasma or anchovy fish meal had increased (P &amp;lt; 0.05) average daily gain (ADG) and average daily feed intake (ADFI) compared with pigs fed anchovy fish meal with solubles with other treatments intermediate (Table). For Exp. 2, there were no differences in growth performance throughout the experimental period (d 0 to 21; P &amp;gt; 0.10); however, during the common period (d 21 to 42), pigs previously fed anchovy fish meal with added fish solubles had increased (P &amp;lt; 0.05) gain to feed ratio (G:F) compared with pigs fed the control diet with those fed anchovy fish meal alone intermediate. In conclusion, both experiments indicate anchovy fish meal can be used in nursery pig diets; however, further analysis is warranted to confirm the results of fish meal with solubles from Exp. 2.

26 Effects of increasing net energy or standardized ileal digestible lysine in soybean meal-based diets on early and late finishing pig performance

Abstract A total of 2,265 finishing pigs [337×1050, PIC; initial body weight (BW) = 50.2 kg) were used in two 28-d trials to determine the effect of increasing net energy (NE) or standardized ileal digestible Lys in soybean meal (SBM) based diets on early and late finishing pig performance. There were 27 pigs/pen and 21 pens/treatment. Soybean meal NE value used in diet formulation was either 78% (2,087 kcal/kg) or 100% (2,672 kcal/kg) of corn NE. Four treatment diets were assigned to pens in a completely randomized design and consisted of: 1) high level of SBM estimated at 100% NE of corn (High SBM); 2) low level of SBM estimated at 100% NE of corn with added feed-grade AA (Low SBM); 3) low level of SBM estimated at 78% NE of corn with added fat (Low SBM w/fat) to equal the NE in diets 1 and 2; and 4) low level of SBM estimated at 100% NE of corn with increased feed-grade AA and increased Lys:NE (Low SBM w/AA). Following the early finishing 28-d growth trial (initial BW = 50.2 kg), pigs were fed a common diet for 30-d and pens were randomly reallotted to 1 of the same 4 treatments for the late finishing trial (initial BW 114.1 kg). In early finishing, there were no differences (P &amp;gt; 0.10) in average daily gain (ADG), but pigs fed Low SBM w/AA had increased (P &amp;lt; 0.05) average daily feed intake (ADFI) compared with pigs fed High SBM (Table). The increased ADFI without increased ADG resulted in decreased (P &amp;lt; 0.05) gain to feed ratio (G:F) in pigs fed Low SBM w/AA compared with pigs fed Low SBM w/fat. Pigs fed Low SBM w/fat had improved (P &amp;lt; 0.05) caloric efficiency (CE) compared with pigs fed Low SBM w/AA. In late finishing, there was a tendency (P = 0.099) for a treatment effect on G:F where pigs fed High SBM had the greatest G:F, but there was not a significant difference (P &amp;gt; 0.05) between any two treatments when using a Tukey multiple comparison adjustment. There was no evidence (P &amp;gt; 0.10) for a difference between treatments on ADG, ADFI, or CE. Based on the performance of pigs fed the Low SBM w/AA diet, the decreased growth performance of low SBM diets is not due to a low Lys:Calorie ratio that results when NE is underestimated. Using caloric efficiency, an estimate of the NE of SBM was calculated by adjusting NE of SBM used in formulation until CE for the High SBM and Low SBM treatments were equal. These results showed SBM was estimated to contain 94% the NE of corn in the early finishing period and 125% the NE of corn in the late finishing period.

290 Commercial farm evaluation of enzymatically processed soybean meal in lactating sows

Abstract Hyper prolific sows have a high nutritional demand during lactation to produce sufficient milk for their large litters. To meet those requirements, it is common practice to include increased levels of soybean meal (SBM) in lactation diets. Which, considering the amino acid profile of SBM is a good source of protein at a reasonable cost. However, SBM cannot be digested and absorbed very rapidly in the gastrointestinal tract due to the presence of anti-nutritional factors (ANF), like trypsin inhibitors. As most lactation diets are supplemented with synthetic amino acids the incorporation of slowly digestible protein sources causes an asynchrony in release of amino acids into the blood stream. Enzyme-treated soybean meal (ESBM) is a protein source in which ANF are removed and it has been found to be a fast digestible protein source (Bible et al., 2023). It is therefore expected that the replacement of a proportion of SBM by ESBM will result in improved productivity of lactating sows. To test this hypothesis, hyper prolific sows (n = 1,078; Danbred) were enrolled on a commercial farm in Denmark. Data were collected from January 2023 through June 2023. Sows were fed their normal lactation diet from January to March (CON). Then, sows were fed a diet containing ESBM. There was a one for one replacement rate of ESBM for SBM meal. The inclusion rate of ESBM was 3%. The replacement increased the total crude protein level of the diet by less than 0.3%. It should also be noted the ESBM was fed during the summer months, which was uncommonly hot for the area. Sows fed ESBM had 0.2 more pigs per litter born alive than CON sows (19.7 vs. 19.5 pigs, respectively). Sows fed ESBM also weaned 0.1 more pigs than CON sows (16.8 vs. 16.7 pigs, respectively). There was a 5% increase in ESBM sows serviced before d 7 compared with CON sows (82 vs. 77%, respectively). Farrowing rate increased by 1.5% when sows were fed ESBM (88.9 vs. 87.4%, respectively). When pigs per sow per year was calculated, there was an increase of 0.6 pigs per sow by feeding ESBM (37.1 vs. 36.5 pigs, respectively). This on-farm experiment resulted in a 3 to 1 return on investment by feeding ESBM. First indications were that the replacement of SBM with 3% of ESBM can increase sow productivity even in hyper prolific sows. However, more research is needed to further evaluate effects of feeding enzyme-treated soybean meal to sows to see if this increased nutritional support also can help to mitigate negative effects of lactation stress on sow lifetime productivity.

268 Effect of soybean gums and soybean soapstocks on weanling pig growth performance

Abstract Currently, the soybean processing industry has not fully characterized the composition or nutritional value of certain processing by-products (e.g., gums, phospholipid) and their effect on soybean meal (SBM) quality. Depending on the processing plant, soybean gums and soapstocks may be added back to SBM during manufacturing. There is potential for these by-products to serve as an affordable energy source for swine due to their residual oil content. For this study, pigs [n = 350; Line 241 × 600, DNA; initial body weight (BW) = 5.3 ± 0.02 kg] were weaned at approximately 19 d of age and used in a 42-d experiment. At weaning, pigs were randomly assigned to pens and allotted to 1 of 5 dietary treatments. There were 5 pigs per pen and 14 pens per treatment. Diets were fed in 3 phases: phase 1 from weaning to d 11, phase 2 from d 11 to 23, and phase 3 from d 23 to 42. Treatments included a control diet containing SBM with no added soybean by-products. Two additional diets contained gums or soapstocks at 4% of the SBM level in the diet. Another treatment diet contained SBM with 2% added soybean gums and 2% added soybean soapstocks. Lastly, a negative control contained 4% less SBM with no added by-products to have equal protein from soybeans as the diets with added gums or soapstocks. From d 0 to 11 (phase 1) and d 11 to 23 (phase 2), there was no evidence of differences (P &amp;gt; 0.10) for any growth response criteria (Table). From d 23 to 42 (phase 3), feeding SBM with added gums increased (P = 0.05) average daily gain (ADG). However, there was no evidence for differences (P &amp;gt; 0.10) in average daily feed intake (ADFI) or gain to feed ratio (G:F). For the overall experimental period (d 0 to 42), there was no evidence of differences (P &amp;gt; 0.10) due to dietary treatment in ADG, ADFI, or G:F. In summary, these data suggest that adding soybean processing by-products such as gums or soapstocks had minimal impacts on nursery pig growth performance. However, there is a potential for improved ADG in the late nursery period when SBM containing added gums is included in the diet.

Effects of dietary soybean meal levels on reproduction parameters, the growth and gonad, gut, hepatopancreas histology of female African Cichlids Pseudotropheus socolofi

This study was conducted to determine the effect of different soybean meal dietary supplementation levels on the growth, reproductive parameters, gonad, intestine and hepatopancreas histology of Pseudotropheus socolofi. Experimental groups were hand-fed to satiety with diets supplemented with soybean meal at levels of 3, 16, 27, 35, and 44% twice daily for 90 days. The results of this study showed that specific growth rate, weight gain, and survival rate were not affected by dietary soy proportions (P &amp;gt; 0.05). The worst FCR and final weight were found in those fed the diet containing 44% soy (P &amp;lt; 0.05). In female reproductive parameters, there was no significant difference between the groups in fertilization rate, egg production, hatching rate, egg diameter, gonadosomatic index and broodstock ovulation percentage (P &amp;gt; 0.05). However, due to pathological examinations in female individuals, a significant decrease was observed in the number of mature oocytes in the ovaries and goblet cells in the intestines with increasing soy levels in the diet (P &amp;lt; 0.05). As a result, using soybean meal up to 35% did not negatively affect growth. However, adding 44% soybean meal to diets caused histopathologically serious inflammatory reactions and decreased growth.