Soybean Hulls Research Articles

Combined Effect of Soybean Hulls and Enzyme (β-Mannanase) on the Production Performance and Economics in Golden Brown Laying Hens (RIR×Fayoumi) During the Mid-Peak Production Period

Combined Effect of Soybean Hulls and Enzyme (β-Mannanase) on the Production Performance and Economics in Golden Brown Laying Hens (RIR×Fayoumi) During the Mid-Peak Production Period

Effect of Dietary Inclusion of Soybean Hulls in Basal Diet on Digesta Viscosity, Fecal Consistency, Hematology, Serum Biochemistry, and Intestinal Morphometric Parameters in the Laying Hens During Peak Egg Production Stages

Effect of Dietary Inclusion of Soybean Hulls in Basal Diet on Digesta Viscosity, Fecal Consistency, Hematology, Serum Biochemistry, and Intestinal Morphometric Parameters in the Laying Hens During Peak Egg Production Stages

Potential use of cellulose soybean hulls as a source of carboxymethyl cellulose for coating bean seeds

Potential use of cellulose soybean hulls as a source of carboxymethyl cellulose for coating bean seeds

Evaluation of orally administered Megasphaera elsdenii in steer calves abruptly transitioned from a receiving diet with 4% dietary starch to a growing diet with 38% dietary starch.

The objective of this experiment was to evaluate the effects of orally administered Megasphaera elsdenii NCIMB 41125 as a microbial supplement in steers abruptly transitioned from a receiving diet with 4% dietary starch (dry matter [DM] basis) to a growing diet with 38% dietary starch (DM basis). Steers (n = 192; initial shrunk body weight [SBW] = 309 ± 20.6kg) were assigned to microbial supplement treatment in a randomized complete block design. Treatments were control (CON): no microbial supplement prior to diet transition, and (DFM): microbial supplement orally administered prior to diet transition (20mL of microbial supplement [Lactipro NXT, Axiota Animal Health, Fort Collins, CO] containing 1 × 1010 colony forming units Megasphaera elsdenii NCIMB 41125). Steers were sourced from a previously conducted 49 d feedlot receiving period experiment and abruptly transitioned from a receiving diet including soybean hulls and wheatlage containing 4% dietary starch (DM basis) to a growing diet including high-moisture ear corn, dry-rolled corn, and wheatlage containing 38% dietary starch (DM basis). Diets were switched on an equal DM intake basis to achieve the abrupt change and steers were fed the 38% starch diet for 49 d until experiment completion. Prior to experiment initiation, steers (n = 72; n = 3/pen) were fitted with wireless rumination tags to track daily activity and rumination time. No differences (P ≥ 0.20) were observed between treatments for final SBW, average daily gain, DM intake, feed efficiency, calculated net energy (NE) for maintenance and gain, or observed-to-expected ratio of NE for maintenance and gain. Additionally, no treatment × day or treatment differences (P ≥ 0.12) were observed for activity or rumination measures. Minutes ruminating and active both differed (P < 0.01) for the main effect of day. Compared to non-supplemented steers, oral administration of Megasphaera elsdenii NCIMB 41125 did not improve growth performance or efficiency of dietary NE utilization in steers transitioned from a receiving diet containing 4% starch (DM basis) to a growing diet containing 38% starch (DM basis).

Comprehensive experimental study of microbial respiration during self-heating in biomass storage piles

As a critical renewable energy source, biomass has substantial potential for reducing carbon emissions and promoting sustainable development. However, its long-term storage in large volumes for modern bioenergy poses challenges due to inherent self-heating driven by exothermic microbial, physical and chemical processes, which can lead to spontaneous ignition and severe fire incidents. While physical and chemical aspects of self-heating in biomass piles greatly benefit from extensive research and experience borrowed from coal pile self-heating, microbial activities in biomass self-heating have received less attention. To address this knowledge gap, we conduct a series of comprehensive studies to gain a deeper understanding of microbial activities in biomass self-heating, aiming to develop a numerical model for reliably predicting biomass self-heating and minimizing fire risks in stored biomass. This paper presents the results of our experimental investigation into microbial respiration during biomass storage. Six commonly used biomass feedstocks with varying initial moisture content are subjected to different storage conditions over a seven-day testing period, during which the main metabolic byproduct (CO2) released from microbial degradation of the biomass is continuously measured. Our findings reveal that an increase in feedstock moisture content significantly enhances microbial activity when the initial moisture content is below 136 %. However, further increases in initial moisture content do not notably enhance, and in some cases, may even weaken microbial activity. Additionally, a temperature range of 25 °C to 45 °C is identified as conducive to rapid microbial decomposition for different biomass materials, and deviation from this range results in a significant reduction in microbial activity. Furthermore, under identical temperature and initial moisture content conditions, the order of carbon dioxide evolution rate is as follows: corn stalk > soybean hull > rice straw > wheat straw > cotton stalk > pepper stalk. Our respiration intensity test results also create a fundamental experimental database for model development and validation, and contribute to the broader understanding of biomass storage and its associated challenges.

Few case studies as ideas for zero-waste from food production and processing

Globally, the amount of agricultural waste is huge but not properly utilized yet. Precisely, about one billion tons of food produced for human consumption is wasted each year. This wastage global economy costs are estimated at US$ 1 trillion on annual level. The definition of food waste varies globally depending on where food waste occurs in the food supply and consumption chain, how it is generated, and what it covers. This review is a compilation of few different approaches in the context of zero waste from food production and processing. Soybean hull exploitation due to mass production of tofu, soymilk, edamame, tofu sausages and burgers, soy breads, soy pasta and soymilk yoghurts and cheeses, animal feed leads to a formation of high waste load. There are several available ways for soybean hull valorization: as a biofertilizer, as a substrate for microbial growth, as an adsorbent, for extraction of antioxidants and in our case for extraction of enzymes. The global consumption of coffee is approximately 10 million tons, resulting in a substantial production of spent coffee grounds (SCG) worldwide. However, this by-product has recently gained attention as a valuable source of usable compounds, particularly in our case for essential oils. During the cheese production process, the whey obtained as a by-product can be used as a raw material for development of new dairy products and in the same time to prevent the potential pollution of natural watercourses. The valorisation of the waste whey obtained in the cheese production by using it in the development of new products also contributes in the environment protection. In N. Macedonia, about 1000 tons of blood waste from industrial slaughterhouses flow into natural watercourses every year and it can find application in various industries. These are just a few examples that show that the possibilities for the implementation of the zero-waste concept are unlimited.

Soybean hull polysaccharides affect the physicochemical properties and lactic acid bacteria proliferation in plant‐based yogurt

AbstractAs a by‐product of soybean processing, soybean hulls contain soybean hull polysaccharides (SHPS). This study aims to develop a plant‐based yogurt with SHPS addition and assess the consequences of SHPS on the physicochemical properties and growth of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) in yogurts. The study investigated the water holding capacity (WHC), microstructure, rheological properties, texture, pH, organoleptic attributes, volatile compounds, flavor profile, and LAB population. The findings reveal that the addition of SHPS significantly impacted these properties. SHPS improved the physicochemical properties, increased the level of flavor compounds, and improved the organoleptic properties of yogurt. Yogurt with 0.6% SHPS demonstrated superior WHC, texture, rheological properties, and the highest organoleptic evaluation scores. However, when SHPS additions exceeded 0.6%, WHC, texture, and rheological properties of the yogurts decreased. Furthermore, SHPS‐added yogurts contained more LAB compared to yogurt without SHPS. LAB grew better in media with SHPS than in media without glucose. Streptococcus thermophilus grew best among the LAB strains. This study highlights the potential of SHPS in yogurt production and its promising applications in fermented food products.

Bioprocessing to upcycle agro-industrial and food wastes into high-nutritional value animal feed for sustainable food and agriculture systems

The ever-increasing demand of food and feed along with enormous amounts of losses, wastes, and discards from agricultural and food supply chain have caused numerous socioeconomic and sustainability challenges. Many of these agro-industrial by-products and food wastes have low nutritional and economic value. Examples of these types of feedstocks include biofuel co-products (e.g. distiller grains, sugarcane bagasse), agro-industrial processing wastes (e.g. oil seed meal, soybean hulls, sugar beet pulp), crop residues (e.g. wheat straw, corn stover) and fruit and vegetables discards. Using feed grade fungi, yeast, bacteria, and enzymes to process (bioprocess) low-valued feedstocks improves protein quality, degrades lignin and improves utilization of dietary fiber for energy, improves phosphorous digestibility, and reduces anti-nutritional factors (e.g., mycotoxins) to permanently change the composition of the feedstocks and improve their feeding value for livestock, and therefore, achieving a sustainable food supply system with reduced carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus footprint. The purpose of this paper is to provide a systematic review of the challenges and potential use of current agro-industrial and food wastes as animal feed ingredients using bioprocessing to improve their feeding value. Highlights from three case studies on bioprocessing of corn-distiller grains, oil seed meals, crop/wood residues with fruit and vegetable discards will be discussed relative to changes in feeding value and contributions toward achieving a more circular and sustainable food supply chain.

PSIX-22 Performance, Digestibility, and Blood Parameters in Pregnant Beef Cows Fed Total Mixed Ration Silages

Abstract The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of two total mixed ration (TMR) silages (low and high rumen undegradable protein; RUP) on digestibility, blood parameters, and performance in pregnant beef cows. Thirty-three mid-gestation (~130 d of gestation) Tabapua beef cows were randomly assigned to 1 of 2 treatments: 1) a TMR silage containing Brachiaria grass, soybean hulls, urea, and mineral mix (low RUP; n = 16) or 2) a TMR silage containing Brachiaria grass, DDG, and mineral mix (high RUP; n = 17). The concentration of A1 fraction was, on average, 12.9% and 34.0% of N in low and high RUP silages, respectively. A preservative with a blend of organic acids, surfactants, and activated propionates was applied in both silages. Pressed bag silos were used to conserve silages for 7 wk. Cows were housed in individual pens for 100 d. During a 4-d digestion period (at 50 d of housing), fecal samples were collected for measurement of nutrient digestibility using undigested neutral detergent fiber as a marker. Blood parameters were collected at the last day of housing. Statistical analysis of experimental data was performed using the GLM procedure of SAS 9.4. Diet, calf sex (male or female), and interactions between these factors were considered fixed effects. No differences were obtained for initial BW. High RUP diet showed greater final BW (P = 0.0004) and ADG (P = 0.0003). Cows fed high RUP gained 50 g/d, while cows fed low RUP diet lost 445 g/d. Dry matter intake was greater by 23% (P &amp;lt; 0.0001) in cows consuming high RUP silage. Dry matter, CP, and NDF digestibility did not differ between treatments. Regarding blood parameters, no differences were observed for glucose at 0 h and 4 h post-feeding. Plasma urea at 0 h post-feeding was greater in cows fed low RUP silage (P = 0.0003). However, no differences were observed for plasma urea at 4 h post-feeding. The plasma concentrations of non-esterified fatty acids (P = 0.017) and beta-hydroxy-butyric acid (P = 0.002) were greater in cows consuming low RUP diet. Overall, feeding pregnant cows during mid-gestation with TMR silage containing high RUP promotes greater performance.

351 Effects of Replacing Soybean Hulls with Molasses During the Receiving Period of Feedlot Steers

Abstract An experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of replacing soybean hulls with molasses in the receiving diets of weaned feedlot steer-calves on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, enteric methane emissions, and blood inflammatory marker. Eighteen growing Angus crossbred steers (293 ± 11 kg body weight) were used in a completely randomized design with two diets, which were considered treatments. Diets consisted of (DM basis): 1) 46% corn silage, 25% dried distillers grains with solubles, 27% molasses, 0.5% limestone, and 1.5% vitamins and mineral packet (MOL), and 2) 46% corn silage, 22% dried distillers grains with solubles, 30% soybean hulls, 0.5% limestone and 1.5% vitamins and mineral packet (SBH). The experiment consisted of a 42-d period. On d -2 and -1, steers were weighed, and the average was considered initial body weight. On day -1, after weighing, steers were transported via truck and trailer for 12 h (6 h in one direction then 6 h back to the facility) to induce stress experienced by calves when shipped to another location as is standard in the beef industry. Steers were provided hay the evening they returned to the facilities. Steers were stratified by initial body weight and randomly assigned to individual pens, which were randomly assigned to one of the two treatments (MOL or SBH; n = 9 steers/treatment). Dietary treatments started on d 0. Other body weight measurements were recorded on d 7, 14, 21, 28, 35, 41 and 42. Final body weight was considered the average of two consecutive weights recorded on d 41 and 42. Blood samples were collected via venipuncture on days corresponding to body weight measurements. Feed intake data was collected daily by measuring dry matter of feed offered and orts refused. From d 14 to 20, breath samples were collected, using the sulfur hexaflouride technique, to determine enteric methane production, and feces were collected to determine apparent total tract nutrient digestibility. Data were analyzed using the MIXED procedure of SAS and steer as the experimental unit. The model included the fixed effect of treatment. Initial (P = 0.82) and final body weight (P = 0.64) were not affected by treatment. Additionally, no effects of treatment were observed on dry matter intake (P = 0.80) or average daily gain (P = 0.48). Data on enteric methane emissions, nutrient digestibility, and plasma LPS binding protein are still being analyzed. Preliminary data indicate that molasses can replace soybean hulls as an energy source in feedlot receiving diets without affecting animal performance.

PSII-23 Effect of Protein Supplementation Level and Degradability on N Balance in Steers Consuming Low-Quality Forage: Ii.Bos Taurus Indicus

Abstract Low-quality forage lacks the nitrogen (N) necessary for optimal forage utilization and animal performance. Supplemental protein improves forage utilization by increasing ruminally available N and energy supply to the animal. Together these two are expected to increase N absorption and balance. Therefore, our objective was to determine the effect of ruminal degradability and level of protein supplementation on N balance in Bos taurus indicus steers. Accordingly, six ruminally cannulated Brahman steers (BW 369 ± 51 kg) were used in a 5 × 5 Latin square to evaluate the interaction between level and degradability of protein supplementation when consuming King Ranch Bluestem hay (3.5% CP, 71.0% NDF). Treatments were arranged as a 2 × 2 factorial with steers receiving protein supplements (43% CP) with two ruminal degradable protein levels; 35% RDP (35%; 58% corn gluten meal and 42% soybean hulls) and 70% RDP (70%; 100% soybean meal). Supplements were fed at two levels, providing 1.26 or 2.53 g of supplement/kg BW (LOW and HIGH). A control (CON) provided no supplement. Five, 14-d periods, consisted of 9 d adaptation and 4 d to measure intake, digestion, and N balance, and 1 d for ruminal fermentation. No degradability × level interactions were significant (P &amp;gt; 0.10) for any measures of N balance. Forage organic matter intake increased (P &amp;lt; 0.01) in response to supplementation, forage N intake tended to increase (P = 0.06). Supplemental N intake increased with increased supplementation, as designed, (P &amp;lt; 0.01) resulting in a significant increase in total N intake (P &amp;lt; 0.01). Degradability tended (P = 0.09) to affect supplement N intake with 70% RDP being greater than 35% RDP. Fecal N excretion increased 50% for LOW and 68% for HIGH (P &amp;lt; 0.01) compared with CON but did not differ (P = 0.24) between RDP levels. Urinary N excretion increased with increasing level (P &amp;lt; 0.01) and degradability (P &amp;lt; 0.01) of the protein supplement. Urinary N excretion increased 250% for the 70% HIGH supplement and 84% for the 35% HIGH supplement. Nitrogen absorption increased from -3.8 g N/d for unsupplemented steers to 38.8 and 48.8 g N/d for the 35% HIGH and 70% HIGH, respectfully (P &amp;lt; 0.01). Nitrogen retention increased (P = 0.03) with level of supplementation from -19.1 g N/d for unsupplemented steers to 10.6 and 9.7 g N/d for 35% HIGH and 70% HIGH, respectfully. Providing supplemental N to Bos taurus indicus increased N intake, excretion, absorption, and retention. Level of ruminal degradability did not affect the amount of N retained or absorbed suggesting that protein supplementation regardless of ruminal N degradability will improve N balance in Bos taurus indicus consuming low-quality forage.

PSII-22 Effect of Protein Supplementation Level and Degradability on N Balance By Steers Consuming Low-Quality Forage: I.Bos Taurus Taurus

Abstract Globally, cattle convert low-quality forage to beef and milk; therefore, understanding protein utilization in Bos taurus taurus is critical to enhancing sustainability as over and under-supplementation of protein are economically and environmentally costly. Low-quality forage lacks the N necessary for proper utilization and metabolic function. Supplemental protein improves low-quality forage utilization and is expected to increase N absorption and retention. Accordingly, our objective was to determine the effect of ruminal degradability and level of protein supplementation on N balance in Bos taurus taurus steers. To achieve this objective, six ruminally cannulated Angus steers (BW 294 ± 37.7 kg) were used in a 5 × 5 Latin square to evaluate the interaction between level and degradability of protein supplementation when consuming King Ranch Bluestem hay (3.5% CP, 71.0% NDF). Treatments were arranged as a 2 × 2 factorial steers receiving protein supplements (43% CP) with two ruminal degradable protein levels; 35% RDP (35%; 58% corn gluten meal and 42% soybean hulls) and 70% RDP (70%; 100% soybean meal). Supplements were fed at two levels, providing 1.26 or 2.53 g of supplement/kg BW (LOW and HIGH, respectively). A control (CON) provided no supplement. Five, 14-d periods, consisted of 9 d adaptation and 4 d to measure intake, digestion, and N balance, and 1 d for ruminal fermentation. No significant (P ≥ 0.14) degradability × level interactions were detected for any measures of N balance. Although forage organic matter intake increased (P &amp;lt; 0.01) in response to supplementation, forage N intake was not improved. Supplemental N intake increased linearly (P &amp;lt; 0.01) with increased supplementation, as designed, resulting in a significant linear (P &amp;lt; 0.01) increase in total N intake. In addition, 70% RDP supplement resulted in greater supplemental N intake than the 35% RDP supplement. Fecal N excretion increased linearly with supplementation. Supplementation at the HIGH level increased (P &amp;lt; 0.01) fecal N excretion 90% compared with CON. There was no significant (P = 0.94) effect of ruminal degradability. Urinary N excretion was greater (P &amp;lt; 0.01) when the 70% RDP supplement was fed than the 35% RDP. Nitrogen absorption linearly increased with supplementation (P &amp;lt; 0.01). Similarly, nitrogen retention linearly increased (P &amp;lt; 0.01) with level of supplementation but was not significantly affected by degradability (P = 0.87). In conclusion, providing supplemental N to Bos taurus taurus increased N intake, excretion, absorption, and retention. Level of ruminal degradability did not affect N retention or absorption suggesting that protein supplementation regardless of ruminal N degradability improves N balance in Bos taurus taurus consuming low-quality forage.

PSVI-7 Digestible Energy and Metabolizable Energy Concentrations of Corn, Oilseed Meals, and Fibrous Ingredients for Growing Pig

Abstract The objective of the present work was to determine digestible energy (DE) and metabolizable energy (ME) concentrations of corn, oilseed meals, and fibrous ingredients fed to growing pig. Twelve barrows with an initial body weight of 34.3 kg (SD = 2.9) were individually housed in metabolism crates. A 12 × 8 incomplete Latin square design with 12 animals, 12 experimental diets, and 8 periods was employed. A basal diet contained 76.7% corn, 19.0% soybean meal (SBM), and 2% soybean oil as the sole source of energy. Ten experimental diets were prepared by replacing 30% of the basal diet with SBM, rapeseed meal, rice bran, corn gluten feed, corn distillers dried grain with solubles (DDGS), wheat bran, sugar beet pulp, copra meal, soybean hulls, or palm kernel expellers. Additionally, a corn diet contained 97.7% of corn as a sole energy source. Each period consisted of a 5-day adaptation period and a 5-day collection period, and the marker-to-marker procedure was used for the quantitative collection of feces and urine. The gross energy concentrations in the experimental diets were close to the calculated values based on the ingredient gross energy values. The DE and ME concentrations in corn (3,911 and 3,866 kcal/kg DM) and SBM (4,004 and 3,780 kcal/kg DM) were greatest (P &amp;lt; 0.05) among the 11 test ingredients followed by DDGS (3,531 and 3,336 kcal/kg DM), rice bran (3,242 and 3,172 kcal/kg DM), soybean hulls (3,081 and 3,103 kcal/kg DM), palm kernel expellers (3,112 and 3,058 kcal/kg DM). The DE and ME concentrations in corn gluten feed (2,624 and 2,460 kcal/kg DM) were less (P &amp;lt; 0.05) than those in all other test ingredients. In conclusion, corn and SBM had the greatest energy values among the corn, oilseed meals, and fibrous ingredients, whereas corn gluten feed had the lowest energy values.

PSV-14 Effects of Forage or Coproduct-Based Transition Diets on the Rumen Microbiome and Ruminal Fermentation ex Vivo in Feedlot Steers

Abstract The objective was to determine the effect of replacing forage with coproducts in transition diets on rumen microbiome composition and ruminal fermentation ex vivo after steers consumed a common finishing diet. A random subset of 30 steers were selected from a larger, separate pen study. Steers were blocked by initial BW and allotted into 9 pens. Pens were then assigned to 1 of 3 dietary treatments for the 35 d adaptation period: a forage-based diet (FO; alfalfa and grass hay), a coproduct-based diet (CO; soybean hulls and modified wet distillers grains with solubles), and a coproduct-based diet pair-fed (CO-P) to isoenergetic levels of FO. Dry-rolled corn inclusion increased with either decreasing forage or coproduct inclusion. Both FO and CO were fed with slick bunk management. At d 35 and 63, rumen fluid was collected by esophageal tubing to determine differences in fermentation of the finishing diet as the substrate in an ex vivo model. Rumen fluid was also utilized for microbiome analysis using 16S rRNA sequencing on the Illumina MiSeq platform with 2 × 300 bp paired-end sequencing. Sequencing reads were analyzed within QIIME2. Statistical analyses were conducted using SAS 9.4. Fermentation data were analyzed using the MIXED procedure, while bacterial relative abundance data were analyzed in the GLIMMIX procedure. Correlations were analyzed using the CORR procedure. A treatment × sampling day interaction (P = 0.02) was observed for in vitro dry matter disappearance; on d 35, it was greater in steers fed CO compared with CO-P (58 vs. 53%, respectively), but no differences were observed on d 63. Within the rumen microbiome, there was a tendency (P = 0.06) for alpha diversity to have a treatment × day interaction. Specifically, CO steers had the greatest decrease in alpha diversity from d 35 to 63, but there was no change in alpha diversity in FO steers and CO-P steers over time. Final pH in from the ex vivo model was positively correlated (r = 0.32) with Bacteroidetes relative abundance but negatively correlated (r = -0.25) with Proteobacteria (P ≤ 0.05). In vitro dry matter disappearance was positively correlated (r = 0.38) with relative abundance of Firmicutes, but negatively correlated (r = -0.43) with Proteobacteria (P &amp;lt; 0.01). Dietary treatment did not affect (P ≥ 0.21) richness within the rumen microbiome. Rumen microbiome composition and ex vivo fermentation results suggest all treatments were adapted for the finishing diet at the conclusion of the 35-d adaptation period.

310 Evaluation of Orally Administered Megasphaera Elsdenii in Preconditioned Calves Abruptly Transitioned from a Receiving Diet with 4% Dietary Starch to a Growing Diet with 37% Dietary Starch

Abstract The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of orally administered Megasphaera elsdenii NCIMB 41125 (ME) in preconditioned calves abruptly transitioned from a receiving diet with 4% dietary starch [dry matter (DM) basis] to a growing diet with 37% dietary starch (DM basis). Preconditioned steers [n = 192; initial shrunk body weight (SBW) = 309 kg ± 20.6 kg] were assigned to microbial supplement treatment in a randomized complete block design. Treatments were CON: no ME; and LP: orally administered 20 mL of microbial supplement (2 × 1010 colony forming units ME/mL) immediately before diet change. Steers were abruptly changed from a receiving diet based upon soybean hulls and wheatlage with 4% dietary starch (DM basis) to a growing diet based upon high-moisture ear corn, dry-rolled corn, and wheatlage with 37% dietary starch (DM basis). Diets were switched on an equal DM basis to achieve abrupt change and steers were fed treatment diet for 49 d until study completion. Prior to study initiation, steers (n = 72; n = 3/pen) were fitted with wireless rumination tags to track daily activity and rumination time. Growth performance data and efficiency of dietary net energy utilization were analyzed with pen as the experimental unit, fixed effect of treatment, and random effect of block (location in the feedlot). Activity and rumination data were analyzed in a repeated measures analysis of covariance with individual animal as experimental unit, fixed effects of treatment, week, and their interaction, block (location in feedlot) as a random effect, and baseline activity and rumination as a covariate in the model. If no interaction was observed, main effect means of treatment and week were evaluated independently. For all statistical analysis, P ≤ 0.05 was declared significant and P ≤ 0.10 was declared a tendency. No difference (P ≥ 0.20) was observed between treatments for final SBW, average daily gain, dry matter intake, feed efficiency, calculated net energy (NE) for maintenance and gain or observed-to-expected ratio of NE for maintenance and gain. Additionally, no treatment × day differences (P ≥ 0.27) were observed for activity or rumination measures. Treatment effects (P &amp;lt; 0.01) were observed for both activity and rumination where LP steers had a 2% increase and 2% decrease in minutes per day active and ruminating respectively. Additionally, a positive linear effect (P &amp;lt; 0.01) of week was observed for minutes ruminating and quadratic effects (P &amp;lt; 0.01) of week were observed for minutes active and ruminating. Oral administration of ME had no effects on growth performance or efficiency of dietary net energy utilization in steers transitioned from a receiving diet containing 4% starch (DM basis) to a growing diet containing 37% starch (DM basis).

271 Impact of Amount and Solubility of Dietary Fiber Fed During Late Gestation and During the Pre-Farrowing Period on Sow and Litter Performance in Lactation

Abstract This study evaluated the impact of level and solubility of total dietary fiber (TDF) on sow and litter performance when fed during late gestation and early pre-farrowing. Sows (n = 241) were assigned by body condition to a 2×2 factorial arrangement plus a control treatment (with no supplement) with the following factors: 1) Amount of a fiber supplement (0.45 or 0.90 kg), and 2) Fiber solubility (high soluble dietary fiber (SDF) of 9.63% with 25.25% insoluble dietary fiber (IDF) or high IDF of 30.73% with 4.18% SDF). Fiber supplements were formulated using sugar beet pulp and soybean hulls and were provided in addition to a common gestation (12.0% TDF) and lactation diet (11.3% TDF) from day 99 (± 1 d) of gestation until parturition. Total number of pigs born, and piglet birth weight were not impacted by treatment. Number of stillborn pigs was reduced by 0.45 kg IDF supplement (P = 0.03), but it increased ( P= 0.008) the number of low-birth weight pigs (&amp;lt; 1 kg) compared with control, 0.90 kg IDF, and 0.45 and 0.90 kg SDF supplement (1.31a vs. 0.50b, 0.33b, 0.47b, and 0.40b, respectively). Treatment did not affect number of pigs weaned and pig weaning weight. Number of small-weaned pigs (&amp;lt; 3.6 kg) was least (P &amp;lt; 0.001) with 0.90 kg IDF, and 0.45 kg SDF compared with control, 0.45 kg IDF and 0.90 kg SDF (0.53c and 1.00bc vs 3.31a, 3.27a, and 2.00ab, respectively). Weaning to estrus interval was reduced (P = 0.003) by 0.90 kg IDF and 0.45 and 0.90 kg SDF compared with control and 0.45 kg IDF (5.00b, 4.77b, and 5.22ab vs. 6.51a, and 6.59a days, respectively). Results suggest that composition of fiber is important, and that fiber provided as a supplement to the standard feed may be a practical strategy to improve sow performance during the late gestation and the pre-farrowing period.

PSI-A-4 The Effects of a Novel Brewer’s Yeast Product on Ruminal Fiber Fermentation in Vitro

Abstract The objective was to evaluate a novel brewer’s yeast product on ruminal fiber fermentation in vitro. The experiment was a completely randomized design and included 4 treatments. Treatments included a negative control (NCON), a commercial brewer’s yeast product (Emprove MX; EMX), and a prototype concentrated brewer’s yeast (T1R8) fed at low and high inclusions (T1R8-L and T1R8-H, respectively). Inclusions for low and high treatments were 0.0008 and 0.0015 g, respectively, to correspond with 7 and 14 g inclusion in a lactating cow diet. Treatments were evaluated in duplicate flasks in 2 replicated runs for a total of four observations per treatment. Flasks contained 2.5 grams dry matter (DM) of substrate to represent a lactating cow diet (30% haylage, 25% corn silage, 20% corn, 15% canola meal, and 10% soybean hulls), and 150mL of rumen fluid mixture (2 McDougall’s buffer:1 rumen fluid ratio). Four F57 sealed Ankom bags were filled with 0.25 grams DM of substrate each to facilitate measuring in vitro DM and neutral detergent fiber disappearance (IVDMD and IVNDFD, respectively). Flasks were incubated at 39°C for 30 hours with sample aliquots collected at hour 0, 8, 16, and 30 to determine pH and volatile fatty acids (VFA). Data were analyzed using the MIXED procedure of SAS 9.4 with IVDMD and IVNDFD considered a main effect of treatment while pH and VFA were analyzed with effects of treatment, time, and their interaction. No differences in IVDMD were observed (P = 0.31) among treatments. Treatment affected (P = 0.01) IVNDFD with EMX (50.6%), T1R8-L (48.6%), and T1R8-H (50.3%) being greater than NCON (45.7%). A treatment by hour interaction (P &amp;lt; 0.01) was observed for total VFA concentration; EMX (71.8 mM), T1R8-L (72.6 mM), and T1R8-H (66.0 mM) were greater than NCON (47.8 mM) at h 8, but all treatments were not different at h 16. A treatment by hour interaction (P &amp;lt; 0.01) was also observed for acetate and propionate; EMX, T1R8-H, and T1R8-L were greater than NCON at h 8, but all treatments were not different at h 16. At h 30, greater propionate was observed for T1R8-H compared with all treatments. No effects of treatment or treatment by hour (P ≥ 0.89) were observed for acetate:propionate ratio. Although a treatment by hour interaction was not observed for pH (P = 0.12), a treatment effect (P = 0.03) indicated T1R8-L was the greatest with EMX being intermediate, and NCON and T1R8-H being the least. Novel brewer’s yeast product T1R8 increased the rate of substrate fermentation in the initial 8 h and increased the extent of fiber degradation after a 30 h in vitro fermentation.

PSIV-16 Impact of Amount and Solubility of Dietary Fiber Fed During Late Gestation and During the Pre-Farrowing Period on Sow Serum Chemistry and Piglet Vitality Index

Abstract This study evaluated the impact of level and solubility of total dietary fiber (TDF) when fed to sows during late gestation and early pre-farrowing on serum chemistry, glucose status and farrowing characteristics. Sows were assigned to a control with no supplement, or a supplement provided once per day at either 0.45 or 0.90 kg. The fiber supplement consisted of either a high soluble dietary fiber (SDF) formulation [9.63% SDF, and 25.25% of insoluble dietary fiber (IDF)] or a high IDF formulation (30.73% IDF and 4.18% SDF). Fiber supplements were formulated using sugar beet pulp and soybean hulls and were provided in addition to a common gestation (12.0% TDF) and lactation diet (11.30% TDF) from day 99 (±1 d) of gestation until parturition. Blood samples were collected from sows on day 110 of gestation immediately before the morning feeding, and 2 and 4 hours after feeding for the analysis of serum chemistry and glucose status, comparing the control and the 0.90 kg SDF and IDF treatments (n = 15 sows). Serological results were within expected ranges. Supplementation with SDF, but not IDF, decreased concentrations of γ-glutamyl transferase (P = 0.003) compared with the control (32.20 vs 39.20 and 44.02 IU/L, respectively) and magnesium tended (P = 0.09) to increase with fiber supplementation. Glucose concentrations measured with a hand-held glucose meter were not affected by time relative to feeding, fiber supplementation, or their interaction (P = 0.94). A pilot study evaluated the impact of the amount of fiber supplemented and the composition of fiber on total duration of fetal expulsion and piglet vitality index (PVI) using video equipment. The PVI scale ranged from 0-3 where 0 = no movement, no breathing; and 3 = good movement, breathing, and able to stand within 1 minute or less. Cameras (n = 12) were placed in the farrowing room the day sows were transferred from gestation (112 ± 1 d). Duration of fetal expulsion ranged from 2.36 to 11.0 hours but was not influenced by fiber supplementation. Partial correlation analysis revealed a negative relationship between the birth interval and PVI (r = -0.24; P = 0.003) and total duration of fetal expulsion and PVI (r = -0.53; P &amp;lt; 0.001), irrespective of treatments. Results suggest that fiber supplementation did not affect serum chemistry and glucose status of sows during late gestation. The pilot study suggested a negative association of duration of fetal expulsion with PVI, but these were not affected by dietary fiber.

57 Concentration of Digestible Energy in Corn-Based Diets Fed to Gestating and Lactating Sows is Increased by Adding Xylanase to the Diets

Abstract The hypothesis that exogenous xylanase added to diets for gestating and lactating sows will increase the apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of gross energy (GE) and total dietary fiber (TDF), and digestible energy (DE) and metabolizable energy (ME) was tested. Two diets for gestating and two diets for lactating sows containing corn, soybean meal, distillers dried grains with solubles, wheat middlings, and soybean hulls were formulated without or with 16,000 BXU per kg of exogenous xylanase (Econase XT; AB Vista, Marlborough, UK). Lactation diets contained an indigestible marker. Diets were fed to gestating and lactating sows in two reproductive cycles. A total of 106 gilts and sows were randomly allotted to the two gestation diets 7 d after breeding in a randomized complete block design with 4 blocks. On d 30 post-breeding, 8 non-pregnant animals were removed. From the remaining 98 animals, 48 sows (24 replicates per treatment, 12 sows per block) were placed in metabolism crates on d 35 (mid-gestation) for 10 d with feces and urine collected for 5 d. The same 48 sows were placed in metabolism crates again on d 95 (late-gestation). All sows were moved to the lactation unit on d 106 and lactation diet feeding was initiated. Fecal samples were collected (grab-sampling) for 5 d starting on d 10 post-farrowing. Sows were weaned on d 20 and 63 sows were rebred. Of these sows, 46 sows were placed in metabolism crates on d 35 and 95 as in the first cycle, and treatments in the farrowing unit were also as in the first cycle. Data were analyzed using the MIXED procedure of SAS with sow as the experimental unit, diet as fixed effect, and block and replicate as random effects. Results indicated that in the first cycle, the ME in mid-gestation, and the ATTD of TDF, and DE and ME in late-gestation were greater (P &amp;lt; 0.05) in sows fed the xylanase-diet compared with the control diet (Table 1). During the first lactation period, sows fed the xylanase-diet had greater (P &amp;lt; 0.05) ATTD of TDF and GE and greater (P &amp;lt; 0.05) DE than sows fed the control diet. During the second gestation period, sows fed the xylanase-diet had greater (P &amp;lt; 0.05) DE and ME in mid- and late-gestation, but no differences were observed in ATTD of TDF (Table 2). During the second lactation period, sows fed the xylanase-diet had greater (P &amp;lt; 0.05) ATTD of TDF and GE and greater (P &amp;lt; 0.05) DE than sows fed the control diet. In conclusion, DE was greater in the xylanase-diet than the control diets during two reproductive cycles, and sows fed lactation diets with xylanase had greater digestibility of fiber.

PSIV-20 An in Vitro Digestion Procedure Using Daisyii Incubator Can Replace Conventional in Vitro Digestion Procedures Using Flasks for Estimating Ileal Digestibility of Feed Ingredients for Pigs

Abstract In vitro procedures using flasks have been used for simulating nutrient utilization by pigs. However, these procedures are time-consuming and laborious and require a number of flasks and filter crucibles. The objective of this study was to develop an in vitro procedure using DaisyII incubator for simultaneous analysis of multiple samples. In a conventional in vitro procedure, 10 mg of pepsin in step 1 and 50 mg of pancreatin in step 2 are used for each flask containing 1 g of feed sample. In a preliminary experiment, 24 samples each in R55 bags were digested in a jar of DaisyII incubator with 24 times the quantity of buffer solution and enzymes of the conventional flask procedure. In the preliminary experiment, greater crude protein (CP) digestibility values were observed in the DaisyII incubator procedure compared with the conventional flask procedure. To determine optimum enzyme doses in the in vitro ileal disappearance (IVIDDaisy) procedure using the DaisyII incubator, 3 doses of pepsin (10, 7.5, and 5 mg/sample in step 1) and 3 doses of pancreatin (50, 37.5, and 25 mg/sample in step 2) were tested in a 3 × 3 factorial arrangement for 11 test ingredients. The quantity of buffer solution and enzymes in a jar was increased proportionally with the number of samples. The 11 test ingredients were barley, copra meal, corn, corn distillers dried grains with solubles, corn gluten feed, corn gluten meal, palm kernel meal, rice bran, soybean hulls, soybean meal, and wheat bran. The in vitro ileal disappearance (IVIDflask) of CP in the 11 ingredients was determined using the conventional flask procedure. The sum of square of deviation between IVIDflask of CP and IVIDDaisy of CP was the least when 5 mg pepsin/sample in step 1 and 37.5 mg/sample in step 2 were used (IVIDflask of CP, % = 14.4 + 0.81 × IVIDDaisy of CP, %; r2 = 0.748). On the other hand, the determination coefficient was the greatest when 10 mg pepsin/sample in step 1 and 50 mg/sample in step 2 were used (IVIDflask of CP, % = 2.5 + 0.93 × IVIDDaisy of CP, %; r2 = 0.878). In conclusion, the in vitro procedure using a DaisyII incubator can be used for estimating ileal digestibility of protein in multiple samples simultaneously for pigs.