Soybean Germplasm Lines Research Articles

Registration of Two Soybean Germplasm Lines Containing Leaf‐Chewing Insect Resistance QTLs from PI 229358 and PI 227687 Introgressed into ‘Benning’

Two soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] germplasm lines, Benning‐ME (Reg. No. GP‐405, PI 679958) and Benning‐MGHE (Reg. No. GP‐406, PI 679959), were developed by the University of Georgia Agricultural Experiment Stations. Control of insect pests is crucial in soybean production; host‐plant resistance reduces the need for insecticide applications, thus diminishing production costs and pesticide concerns. In soybean, resistance to a broad range of leaf‐chewing insects is found in the Japanese accessions PI 229358 and PI 227687. In PI 229358, resistance is conferred by quantitative trait loci (QTLs) M, H, and G. In PI 227687, resistance is conferred by QTL‐E. To enhance soybean resistance to leaf‐chewing insects, QTLs of PI 229358 and PI 227687 were pyramided in Benning‐ME and Benning‐MGHE, which are near‐isogenic lines of ‘Benning’ obtained through marker‐assisted backcrossing. Under field conditions, Benning‐ME and Benning‐MGHE sustain 67 and 57% less defoliation than Benning, respectively. To determine the QTL introgressions in each line, high‐density single‐nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) genotypes were obtained using the SoySNP50K iSelect BeadChip (Illumina). To facilitate selection of lines carrying a specific QTL pyramid, Kompetitive Allele Specific Polymerase Chain Reaction markers were developed for high‐throughput genotyping. These lines are valuable genetic resources for breeding of host‐plant resistance to insects in soybean. The combination of QTL‐M and QTL‐E provides agriculturally relevant levels of resistance, and with only two loci, the use of this pyramid is feasible in a breeding program.

Genome-wide association study (GWAS) of salt tolerance in worldwide soybean germplasm lines

Salt is a severe abiotic stress causing soybean yield loss in saline soils and irrigated fields. Marker-assisted selection (MAS) is a powerful genomic tool for improving the efficiency of breeding salt-tolerant soybean varieties. The objectives of this study were to uncover novel single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and quantitative trait loci (QTLs) associated with salt tolerance and to confirm the previously identified genomic regions and SNPs for salt tolerance. A total of 283 diverse soybean plant introductions (PIs) were screened for salt tolerance in the greenhouse based on leaf chloride concentrations and leaf chlorophyll concentrations after 12–18 days of 120-mM NaCl treatment. A total of 33,009 SNPs across 283 genotypes from the Illumina Infinium SoySNP50K BeadChip database were employed in the association analysis with leaf chloride concentrations and leaf chlorophyll concentrations. Genome-wide association mapping showed that 45 SNPs representing nine genomic regions on chromosomes (Chr.) 2, 3, 7, 8, 10, 13, 14, 16, and 20 were significantly associated with both leaf chloride concentrations and leaf chlorophyll concentrations in 2014, 2015, and combined years. A total of 31 SNPs on Chr. 3 were mapped at or near the previously reported major salt tolerance QTL. The significant SNP on Chr. 2 was also in proximity to the previously reported SNP for salt tolerance. The other significant SNPs represent seven putative novel QTLs for salt tolerance. The significant SNP markers on Chr. 2, 3, 14, 16, and 20, which were identified in both general linear model and mixed linear model, were highly recommended for MAS in breeding salt-tolerant soybean varieties.

PGen: large-scale genomic variations analysis workflow and browser in SoyKB.

BackgroundWith the advances in next-generation sequencing (NGS) technology and significant reductions in sequencing costs, it is now possible to sequence large collections of germplasm in crops for detecting genome-scale genetic variations and to apply the knowledge towards improvements in traits. To efficiently facilitate large-scale NGS resequencing data analysis of genomic variations, we have developed “PGen”, an integrated and optimized workflow using the Extreme Science and Engineering Discovery Environment (XSEDE) high-performance computing (HPC) virtual system, iPlant cloud data storage resources and Pegasus workflow management system (Pegasus-WMS). The workflow allows users to identify single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and insertion-deletions (indels), perform SNP annotations and conduct copy number variation analyses on multiple resequencing datasets in a user-friendly and seamless way.ResultsWe have developed both a Linux version in GitHub (https://github.com/pegasus-isi/PGen-GenomicVariations-Workflow) and a web-based implementation of the PGen workflow integrated within the Soybean Knowledge Base (SoyKB), (http://soykb.org/Pegasus/index.php). Using PGen, we identified 10,218,140 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and 1,398,982 indels from analysis of 106 soybean lines sequenced at 15X coverage. 297,245 non-synonymous SNPs and 3330 copy number variation (CNV) regions were identified from this analysis. SNPs identified using PGen from additional soybean resequencing projects adding to 500+ soybean germplasm lines in total have been integrated. These SNPs are being utilized for trait improvement using genotype to phenotype prediction approaches developed in-house. In order to browse and access NGS data easily, we have also developed an NGS resequencing data browser (http://soykb.org/NGS_Resequence/NGS_index.php) within SoyKB to provide easy access to SNP and downstream analysis results for soybean researchers.ConclusionPGen workflow has been optimized for the most efficient analysis of soybean data using thorough testing and validation. This research serves as an example of best practices for development of genomics data analysis workflows by integrating remote HPC resources and efficient data management with ease of use for biological users. PGen workflow can also be easily customized for analysis of data in other species.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12859-016-1227-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Registration of DT99‐16864 Soybean Germplasm Line with Moderate Resistance to Charcoal Rot [Macrophomina phaseolina (Tassi) Goid.

Charcoal rot, caused by Macrophomina phaseolina (Tassi) Goid., is a disease that is a worldwide problem in soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] production for which no highly resistant cultivars are currently available. It has been estimated that charcoal rot was among the most important diseases for suppressing yield of soybean in the USA from 1996 to 2007. Soybean breeding line DT99‐16864 (Reg. No. GP‐404, PI 675996), with moderate resistance to charcoal rot disease, was developed and released by the USDA‐ARS, Stoneville, MS. DT99‐16864 originated from a single F5 plant derived from a cross of ‘S59‐60’ × ‘Bolivar’. The breeding population was advanced from the F2 to the F5 generation using the single‐seed descent method. Colony‐forming units, root and stem severity scores, and other rating methods indicated that DT99‐16864 had significantly lower levels of M. phaseolina infection than susceptible checks in trials in Stoneville, MS, and Jackson, TN. In the Uniform Soybean Tests–Southern States, DT99‐16864 was not significantly different from the check cultivars ’5002T’ and ’5601T’ for yield. DT99‐16864 belongs to maturity group V and is later in maturity than DT97‐4290, a moderately resistant charcoal rot line that is adapted to the midsouthern United States. The well‐documented moderate resistance of DT99‐16864 to M. phaseolina infestation, and good yield potential, will make this line useful for research and breeding.

Registration of Soybean Germplasm Line DB04‐10836 with High Yield Potential and Resistance to Soybean Cyst Nematode

New soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] lines with high yield potential are needed by public and private soybean breeders. Soybean germplasm line DB04‐10836 (Reg. No. GP‐398, PI 674010), a late maturity group V (relative maturity 5.8) line, was developed by the USDA–ARS, Stoneville, MS. It is a conventional germplasm line with high yield potential and resistance to soybean cyst nematode (SCN) (Heterodera glycines Ichinohe Race 3) populations, moderate resistance to southern root‐knot nematode [Meloidogyne incognita (Kofoid and White) Chitwood], and resistance to southern stem canker [caused by Diaporthe phaseolorum (Cooke & Ellis) Sacc. var. meridionalis F.A. Fernández]. DB04‐10836 was derived from the cross DT99‐16788 × J00‐2. The plant population was advanced from the F2 to F3 by the single‐pod bulk method and then advanced to the F5 generations by bulk increase. DB04‐10836 is derived from a single‐plant selection from the F5 population. It was tested in multiple environments in USDA–ARS tests in Mississippi, the Uniform Soybean Tests–Southern States, and the Mississippi Soybean Variety Trials. In the Uniform Tests over 64 trials at 23 locations from 2009 to 2011, DB04‐10836 ranked highest for yield, was significantly higher yielding than both check cultivars ‘Osage’ and ‘5002T’ at Pine Tree, AR, and was significantly higher yielding than 5002T at Suffolk, VA. Neither of these checks are resistant to SCN Race 3; therefore, DB04‐10836 will be useful as a high‐yielding SCN resistant parent for cultivar development.

Evaluation of high yielding soybean germplasm under water limitation.

Limited information is available for soybean root traits and their plasticity under drought stress. To date, no studies have focused on examining diverse soybean germplasm for regulation of shoot and root response under water limited conditions across varying soil types. In this study, 17 genetically diverse soybean germplasm lines were selected to study root response to water limited conditions in clay (trial 1) and sandy soil (trial 2) in two target environments. Physiological data on shoot traits was measured at multiple crop stages ranging from early vegetative to pod filling. The phenotypic root traits, and biomass accumulation data are collected at pod filling stage. In trial 1, the number of lateral roots and forks were positively correlated with plot yield under water limitation and in trial 2, lateral root thickness was positively correlated with the hill plot yield. Plant Introduction (PI) 578477A and 088444 were found to have higher later root number and forks in clay soil with higher yield under water limitation. In sandy soil, PI458020 was found to have a thicker lateral root system and higher yield under water limitation. The genotypes identified in this study could be used to enhance drought tolerance of elite soybean cultivars through improved root traits specific to target environments.

Genomic-assisted phylogenetic analysis and marker development for next generation soybean cyst nematode resistance breeding

Soybean cyst nematode (SCN, Heterodera glycines Ichinohe) is a serious soybean pest. The use of resistant cultivars is an effective approach for preventing yield loss. In this study, 19,652 publicly available soybean accessions that were previously genotyped with the SoySNP50K iSelect BeadChip were used to evaluate the phylogenetic diversity of SCN resistance genes Rhg1 and Rhg4 in an attempt to identify novel sources of resistance. The sequence information of soybean lines was utilized to develop KASPar (KBioscience Competitive Allele-Specific PCR) assays from single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of Rhg1, Rhg4, and other novel quantitative trait loci (QTL). These markers were used to genotype a diverse set of 95 soybean germplasm lines and three recombinant inbred line (RIL) populations. SNP markers from the Rhg1 gene were able to differentiate copy number variation (CNV), such as resistant-high copy (PI 88788-type), low copy (Peking-type), and susceptible-single copy (Williams 82) numbers. Similarly, markers for the Rhg4 gene were able to detect Peking-type (resistance) genotypes. The phylogenetic information of SCN resistance loci from a large set of soybean accessions and the gene/QTL specific markers that were developed in this study will accelerate SCN resistance breeding programs.

Registration of High-Yielding Soybean Germplasm Line LG06-5798

Soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] germplasm line LG06-5798 (Reg. No. GP-382, PI 665996) was developed and released by the USDA–ARS and the Illinois Agricultural Experiment Station, Urbana, IL. LG06-5798 was derived from a single F3 plant from the cross of LG00-3372 × LD00-3309. LD00-3309 was released by the Illinois Agricultural Experiment Station in 2006. LG00-3372 was released in 2005 by the USDA–ARS and the Illinois Agricultural Experiment Station and is from the cross of PI 561319A × PI 574477. LG06-5798 is classified in early maturity group IV. In the 2010 USDA Uniform Group IV Test grown at 15 locations, LG06-5798 was the highest-yielding entry in the test and was significantly higher yielding (p = 0.05) than all of the check cultivars, including LD00-3309. LG06-5798 is known to be susceptible to races 4 and 7 of Phytophthora sojae Kaufmann & Gerdemann. LG06-5798 can be used as a parent for soybean breeding programs to provide new genetic diversity to improve the yield of U.S. cultivars.

Registration of Eight Soybean Germplasm Lines Resistant to Soybean Rust

Soybean rust (SBR; caused by Sydow) is a threat to soybean [ (L.) Merr.] production worldwide. Although SBR has not caused widespread damage in North America, the crop is still threatened by the disease because most cultivars in production are susceptible. We backcrossed the SBR-resistance genes , , (Hyuuga), and into the maturity group (MG) II experimental line LD01-7323 and the MG IV cultivar LD00-3309 to develop Midwest-adapted soybean germplasm with SBR resistance. The backcross lines were tested for SBR resistance in greenhouse tests and for agronomic traits in multilocation field tests. The four MG II soybean germplasm lines LD10-30052 (Reg. No. GP-383, PI 668384), LD10-14321 (Reg. No. GP- 384, PI 668385), LD10-14284 (Reg. No. GP- 385, PI 668386), and LD09-16057 (Reg. No. GP- 386, PI 668387) and the four MG IV germplasm lines LD10-14205 (Reg. No. GP- 389, PI 668390), LD10-13091 (Reg. No. GP- 387, PI 668388), LD10-14274 (Reg. No. GP- 388, PI 668389), and 08RST5-10 (Reg. No. GP- 390, PI 668391) developed through these efforts were released by the Illinois Agricultural Experiment Station in April 2012. The lines carry SBR resistance genes and are indistinguishable from the recurrent parents for morphological traits and, with only a few exceptions, are not significantly different than their recurrent parents for agronomic traits including seed yield. These lines should be useful to soybean breeders who wish to develop rust-resistant cultivars.

Registration of G08PR‐394 and G09PR‐80 Soybean Germplasm Lines with Diverse Pedigrees

Increasing soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] yield is a major goal of soybean breeding programs. Expanding the genetic diversity of the elite U.S. soybean gene pool is essential to maintain or increase the current rate of genetic gain for seed yield due to the current narrow genetic base of existing elite soybean germplasm. To increase the genetic diversity of southern U.S. soybean cultivars, two soybean lines—G08PR‐394 (Reg. No. GP‐380, PI 667741) and G09PR‐80 (Reg. No. GP‐381, PI 667742)—were developed and released by the University of Georgia agricultural experiment stations. G08PR‐394 is an F5 plant selection from ‘5601T’ × R01‐3637F and has 25% of its pedigree from a Japanese cultivar Misuzu Daizu (PI 423912). G08PR‐394 is a maturity group VI line that yielded 2, 4, and 20% greater than the seed yield of check genotypes: N6202, ‘Young’ and ‘N6201’. G09PR‐80 is an F5 plant selection from the 5601T × PI 157440 cross having 50% of its pedigree from a South Korean accession (PI 157440). G09PR‐80 is a maturity group V line that produced 95, 93, 87, and 84% of the seed yield of the check genotypes: ‘Dillon’, ‘Hutcheson’, JTN‐5503, and its elite parent 5601T. G09PR‐80 is resistant to bacterial pustule [caused by Xanthomonas campestris pv. glycines (Nakano) Dye] and southern root‐knot nematode [Meloidogyne incognita (Kofoid & White) Chitwood]. Based on their broad diversity and favorable yield potential, these lines could be used as parents to enhance genetic diversity and develop commercial cultivars.

New Mutations in a Delta‐9‐Stearoyl‐Acyl Carrier Protein Desaturase Gene Associated with Enhanced Stearic Acid Levels in Soybean Seed

ABSTRACTSoybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] oil from conventional cultivars typically contains ~30 g kg−1 stearic acid of the total seed oil. Increased stearic acid concentration in the seed oil of soybeans is desirable for certain food and industrial uses. To date a small number of mutants have been developed with increased stearic acid levels three to six times that of normal. At least two such lines were found to possess separate mutations in the delta‐9‐stearoyl‐acyl carrier protein desaturase C gene (SACPD‐C) that dramatically increased seed stearic acid concentration. We now report additional independent mutations in this gene that increase seed stearic acid levels of the soybean germplasm line RG7 to ~116 g kg−1. An F5 recombinant inbred line (RIL) population was developed to determine the relationship between the RG7 SACPD‐C mutation and stearic acid concentration. Transgressive segregation in the progeny of the cross between mutant lines RG7 and RG2 (low palmitic acid) further increases seed stearic acid to almost 180 g kg−1, suggesting the presence of yet another gene having a significant effect on stearic acid accumulation. We also discerned an independent, presumably allelic, mutation within the SACPD‐C gene in line RG8, which has about 106 g kg−1 stearic acid. Molecular markers diagnostic for the RG7 and RG8 SACPD‐C mutations were developed, enabling rapid selection for these mutations in the development of cultivars with increased seed stearic acid content in the seed oil.

Registration of the High‐Yielding Soybean Germplasm Line LG04‐6000

The soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] germplasm line LG04‐6000 (Reg. No. GP‐379, PI 664025) was developed and released by the USDA‐ARS and the Illinois Agricultural Experiment Station at Urbana. LG04‐6000 was derived from an F5 plant from the cross of HS93‐4118 × LG97‐9912. LG97‐9912 was derived from LG90‐4181 × A3322. LG90‐4181 is from PI 436682 × ‘Lawrence’ (PI 518673). PI 436682 is the Chinese cultivar ‘Jilin 15’, and LG04‐6000 is the first germplasm released in the United States that has Jilin 15 as a progenitor. LG04‐6000 is classified in early maturity group IV. In tests at 8 locations in 2006 conducted cooperatively with commercial soybean breeding companies, LG04‐6000 yielded 127 kg ha−1 more than LD00‐3309. In tests at 22 locations in the Uniform Test IV in 2007 and 2008, LG04‐6000 was the highest‐yielding entry in the test in both years, exceeding the yield of LD00‐3309, the highest‐yielding check cultivar in both years, by an average of 8%. LG04‐6000 is known to be susceptible to race 4 and resistant to race 7 of Phytophthora sojae Kaufmann & Gerdemann. LG04‐6000 is the first example of germplasm derived from exotic parents adapted to the northern United States that has demonstrated a yield potential significantly higher than that of the best cultivars from public institutions. The combination of high yield and unique pedigree makes this line an exceptional new source of genetic diversity to improve the yield of U.S. cultivars.

Registration of R99–1613F, R01–2731F, and R01–3474F Soybean Germplasm Lines with Diverse Pedigrees

R99–1613F (Reg. No. GP‐372, PI 659987), R01–2731F (Reg. No. GP‐374, PI 659989), and R01–3474F (Reg. No. GP‐373, PI 659988) soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] were developed by the Arkansas Agricultural Experiment Station, Fayetteville, AR and were released as high‐yielding conventional germplasm lines with 50% diverse pedigrees. R99–1613F is an F4 plant selection from the cross between ‘NK RA 452’ and PI 290126B. It is an indeterminate maturity group (MG) IV line with a yield potential similar to that of the popular Roundup Ready cultivar ‘AG4403’. R01–2731F is a determinate MG VI line derived from the cross ‘Caviness’ × PI 592947. Yield potential of R01–2731F is similar to or greater than conventional MG VI cultivar ‘Dillon’. R01–3474F was derived from Caviness × PI 594208. It is a determinate MG V line with a yield potential similar to that of the high‐yielding conventional cultivar ‘5601T’. These germplasm lines can be used as elite parents to improve yield and to enhance genetic diversity.

A survey of soybean germplasm for resistance to Phytophthora sojae

Phytophthora root and stem rot of soybean caused by Phytophthora sojae is a destructive disease affecting soybean production regions throughout the world. The utilization of resistant cultivars is the most economical and environmentally safe method for controlling this disease. This work aims to screen the effective sources of special and partial resistance for the development of resistant cultivars. A total of 611 soybean germplasm lines from three ecological regions were evaluated for their responses to three P. sojae strains, namely, PNJ1, PNJ3, and PNJ4, using the hypocotyl inoculation technique. The soybean germplasm lines elicited eight different reaction types with three strains. Among these, 106 were resistant and 253 were susceptible to the three strains. A total of 123 soybean germplasm lines identified as susceptible to the three strains by the hypocotyl inoculation method were evaluated for partial resistance to PNJ1 using the slant board assay. Thirty-nine cultivars displayed high levels of partial resistance to PNJ1. The results of this study can be utilized to plant appropriately resistant cultivars in infected fields and to provide good breeding materials.

Registration of Three Soybean Germplasm Lines Resistant to Phakopsora pachyrhizi (Soybean Rust)

Soybean rust, caused by Phakopsora pachyrhizi Sydow, is one of the most important foliar diseases of soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.]. Development of rust‐resistant lines is one objective of many soybean breeding programs. Three soybean germplasm lines designated as TGx 1987–76F (Reg. No. GP‐369, PI 657702), TGx 1987–118F (Reg. No. GP‐370, PI 657703), and TGx 1987–129F (Reg. No. GP‐368, PI 657701) with resistance to P. pachyrhizi and to Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. glycines (Nakano) Vauterin, Hoste, Kersters & Swings (bacterial pustule) were selected from lines developed by the International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA) in collaboration with the USDA‐ARS at the University of Illinois. These lines were derived from a tropical soybean rust‐resistant cultivar UG5, and a rust‐susceptible, high‐yielding elite breeding line, TGx 1805–31F. A total of 297 F7 lines were evaluated for rust resistance under greenhouse conditions using whole inoculated plants, in the laboratory using detached leaves, and under field conditions in Nigeria and Alabama (287 lines). Based on assessments from these various tests, these three lines have combinations of high levels of rust and bacterial pustule resistance, good agronomic traits, and adaptable maturity to the southern U.S. soybean breeding programs. Breeders will find the three lines useful as rust‐resistant parental material in rust‐prone areas.

Registration of LD00‐2817P Soybean Germplasm Line with Resistance to Soybean Cyst Nematode from PI 437654

The soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] germplasm line LD00‐2817P (Reg. No. GP‐367, PI 658519) was developed at the University of Illinois Agricultural Experiment Station at Urbana, IL. The objective of the breeding effort that resulted in this release was the combining of high yield with soybean cyst nematode (SCN) (Heterodera glycines Ichinohe) resistance from underutilized resistance sources. LD00‐2817P was selected from the cross ‘Ina’ × ‘Dwight’ as a F4:5 line. The line was tested for yield and other agronomic traits in 56 field environments and for resistance to 14 SCN populations in inoculated greenhouse tests. The line was released because it combines high yield performance with SCN resistance originating from plant introduction (PI) 437654. This PI 437654 source confers resistance to many SCN HG Types, especially HG Type 2.5.7 (equivalent to Races 1 and 5), which is becoming more common in the midwestern USA. LD00‐2817P has a relative maturity of 4.5 and is being released as a germplasm line because of its usefulness as a parent for soybean breeders developing new cultivars with HG Type 2.5.7 resistance.

Registration of LG04‐6863 Soybean Germplasm Line with Diverse Pedigree

Soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] germplasm line LG04‐6863 (Reg. No. GP‐364, PI 658307) was developed and released by the University of Missouri Agricultural Experiment Station, Delta Center, Portageville, MO, the USDA–ARS, and the Illinois Agricultural Experiment Station, Urbana, IL. It was approved for release May 2009. LG04‐6863 is an F5 plant selection composited in the F6 generation from ‘Rend’ × LG97‐9486. It has shown high yield potential in tests across the southern United States with 38% of its pedigree from plant introductions and unique diversity not known in soybeans adapted to southern U.S. environments. LG04‐6863 (relative maturity 4.4) has yielded, 101, 100, and 97% of yields of ‘Asgrow AG4403’ (3193, 4047, and 3833 kg ha−1), a widely grown Roundup Ready cultivar of similar maturity, across eight locations in the USDA Uniform Preliminary Early Group IV Test–Southern States; eight locations in the United Soybean Board Southern Early Group IV Diversity Trials; and 15 southeastern Missouri tests, respectively. It is resistant to stem canker and bacterial pustule. Reaction to phytophthora root rot (PRR; caused by Phytophthora sojae M.J. Kaufmann & J.W. Gerdemann) is unknown, but LG04‐6863 has shown good performance on heavy clay soils where PRR often occurs. Soybean introductions have been under utilized in breeding programs. LG04‐6863 will have use as an elite parent in soybean breeding programs to improve yield and broaden the germplasm base.

Registration of S99‐2281 Soybean Germplasm Line with Resistance to Frogeye Leaf Spot and Three Nematode Species

Soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] germplasm line S99‐2281 (Reg. No. GP‐361, PI 654356) was developed at the University of Missouri–Delta Center and released by the University of Missouri Agricultural Experiment Station. It is an F4 plant selection composited in the F5 generation from the cross of N90‐516 × S92‐1069. S99‐2281 is a productive, early group V (relative maturity 5.2) soybean line with broad resistance to soybean cyst nematode (Heterodera glycines Ichinohe) HG types (races), southern root knot nematode [Meloidogyne incognita (Kofoid & White) Chitwood], and reniform nematode [Rotylenchulus reniformis (Linford and Oliveira)]. It also carries the Rcs3 gene for resistance to all known races of frogeye leaf spot, caused by Cercospora sojina K. Hara. In combined analyses over 3 yr, S99‐2281 yielded 3 and 7% more than ‘Manokin’ in southeast Missouri trials (15 tests) and in Uniform Group IVs Tests–Southern States (39 tests), respectively. It will be useful as an elite parent in soybean breeding programs to develop productive soybean cultivars with broad resistance to frogeye leaf spot and resistance to multiple nematode species.

PHYSICOCHEMICAL AND NUTRITIONAL ATTRIBUTES IN 20 BLACK SOYBEAN LINES (GLYCINE MAX L.) OF HIMALAYAN REGION, INDIA

ABSTRACT The physicochemical compositions of 20 black‐seeded soybean lines were analyzed for different nutritional and cooking quality parameters. The range of variation for different characteristics was 1.04–1.20 g/mL for density, 17.34–30.20 kg for hardness, 72.7–214.4 µg/seed for hydration capacity, 1.06–1.24 for hydration index, 75.6–203.4 µL/seed for swelling capacity, 0.99–1.58 swelling index, 32.1–39.8% for protein, 10.8–19.6% for oil, 3.93–6.15% for total minerals, 131–205 mg/100 g for phosphorus, 6.4–13.9 mg/100 g for iron, 0.49–0.89 mg/g for trypsin inhibitor, 2.1–6.4 mg/g for phytic acid and 60.4–13.4 µg/g for polyphenols. Based on 18 physicochemical and nutritional attributes, 20 black soybean germplasm lines were grouped into four clusters using nonhierarchical Euclidean cluster analysis. The DARL‐BK‐615 and VRB‐PS‐1453 were found to be more diverse than others. The DARL‐BK‐615 was found best for low trypsin inhibitor and high mineral contents (Zn, Mn, Cu), while VRB‐PS‐1453 was found best for protein content and required the lowest time for cooking. The selection for the improvement of physicochemical nutritional attributes and antinutritional factors can be independently effective in black soybean genotypes. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONSThis study has shown that sufficient variability for cooking quality, protein, oil, micronutrients and antinutritional factors exist in black soybean germplasm lines of the Himalayan region of India, which can be independently improved by the breeders. Different genotypes in four diverse groups may be used to develop improved lines with better nutritional and cooking quality coupled with low antinutritional factors for consumption as pulses. Germplasm lines with high protein, low levels of antinutrients and superior nutritional and cooking quality are useful materials for the improvement of quality in high‐yielding soybean lines.

Registration of Four Soybean Germplasm Lines Containing Defoliating Insect Resistance QTLs from PI 229358 Introgressed into ‘Benning’

162 Journal of Plant Registrations, Vol. 1, No. 2, September 2007 The soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] germplasm lines, G04Ben229IR-M (Reg. No. GP-353, PI 647082), G04-Ben229IR-G (Reg. No. GP-354, PI 647083), G04-Ben229IR-H (Reg. No. GP355, PI 647084), and G05-Ben229IR-MGH (Reg. No. GP-352, PI 647081), were developed by the Georgia Agricultural Experiment Stations at the Univ. of Georgia and released in February of 2006 for use as sources of single and multiple Soybean Insect Resistance (SIR) QTLs. Three of the lines, G04-Ben229IR-M, G04-Ben229IR-G, and G04-Ben229IR-H, are homozygous for PI 229358 alleles at SIRQTL-M, SIRQTL-G, and SIRQTLH, respectively (Narvel et al., 2001; Warrington, 2006; Zhu et al., 2006). G05-Ben229IR-MGH is homozygous for PI 229358 alleles at all three SIRQTLs. SIRQTL-M, SIRQTL-H, and SIRQTL-G were initially listed as CEW 1-1, CEW 1-2, and CEW 6-1, respectively, in SoyBase (http://soybase.org/ verifi ed 18 July 2007). Previous research has shown SIRQTL-G provides antibiosis (adverse physiological effects on the insect) and SIRQTL-H antixenosis (discouraging insect colonization and/or feeding) forms of resistance against corn earworm [CEW, Helicoverpa zea (Boddie)], while SIRQTL-M plants express both antibiosis and antixenosis resistance (Narvel et al., 2001; Rector et al., 1998, 2000). Zhu et al. (2006) reported that the PI 229358 allele from SIRQTL-M was required for the antibiotic effect of SIRQTL-G and the antixenotic effect of SIRQTL-H to be expressed in a Benning genetic background. Registration of Four Soybean Germplasm Lines Containing Defoliating Insect Resistance QTLs from PI 229358 Introgressed into ‘Benning’