Soybean Cultures Research Articles

Methods of extraction and bioavailability of zinc for the soybean culture fertilized with NPK+Zn

This work aims to evaluate the extractors Mehlich-1 and diethylene triamine pentaacetic acid (DTPA) and their extraction capacity for zinc (Zn) correlating them with the bioavailability of this nutrient in the soybean culture [Glycine max (L.) Merril] cultivated in a Eutrophic Red oxisol, in order to find better correlation between fertilization doses and plant absorption of zinc in conditions of the Parana Western region. The experiment was performed in 2008, in the city of Marechal Candido Rondon – Brazil, in completely randomized design. The treatments were arranged in 3×3 factorial scheme, consisting of three fertilization doses (N:P2O5:K2O in kg ha-1): without fertilization; recommended dose (4:40:40) and twice the recommended dose (8:80:80); and three Zn doses: 0.00; 1.00 and 2.00 kg ha-1. Between the evaluated extractors, Mehlich-1 presented higher capacity of Zn extraction in the studied soil. Concerning fertilization with Zn, though the doses show increment in the soil, no increase was found in the Zn concentration in leaf tissue. Key words: Micronutrients extraction, diethylene triamine pentaacetic acid (DTPA), Mehlich-1.

Enhanced production of isoflavones by elicitation in hairy root cultures of Soybean

A combined treatment of sonication (2 min) and vacuum infiltration (2 min) stimulated isoflavones production of 75.26 mg g−1 DW which was 15.11-fold higher than control hairy root line at optimal harvest time of 40 days. Addition of MeJ at 100 μM concentration with 72 h exposure time on 30 day-old hairy root culture further enhanced total isoflavones production of 53.16 mg g−1 DW (10.67-fold) and SA at 200 μM concentration with 96 h exposure period enhanced the production of isoflavones (28.79 mg g−1 DW; 5.78-fold). MeJ-treated hairy roots reduced biomass accumulation whereas sonication, vacuum infiltration and SA did not exhibit a negative effect on biomass growth.

Mode of Action and Specificity of Bacillus thuringiensis Toxins in the Control of Caterpillars and Stink Bugs in Soybean Culture

The bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) produces delta-endotoxins that possess toxic properties and can be used as biopesticides, as well as a source of genes for the construction of transgenic plants resistant to insects. In Brazil, the introduction of Bt soybean with insecticidal properties to the velvetbean caterpillar, the main insect pest of soybean, has been seen a promising tool in the management of these agroecosystems. However, the increase in stink bug populations in this culture, in various regions of the country, which are not susceptible to the existing genetically modified plants, requires application of chemicals that damage the environment. Little is known about the actual toxicity of Bt to Hemiptera, since these insects present sucking mouthparts, which hamper toxicity assays with artificial diets containing toxins of this bacterium. In recent studies of cytotoxicity with the gut of different hemipterans, susceptibility in the mechanism of action of delta-endotoxins has been demonstrated, which can generate promising subsidies for the control of these insect pests in soybean. This paper aims to review the studies related to the selection, application and mode of action of Bt in the biological control of the major pest of soybean, Anticarsia gemmatalis, and an analysis of advances in research on the use of Bt for control hemipterans.

Proteomic Analysis of Soybean Leaves in a Compatible and an Incompatible Interaction with Phakopsora Pachyrhizi

AbstractAsian soybean rust (ASR), which is incited by the fungus Phakopsora pachyrhizi, is considered one of the most aggressive diseases to the soybean culture. There are no commercial cultivars immune to the pathogen and the control measure currently used is the application of fungicides that harms the environment and increases production costs. For a better understanding of the host’s response to the pathogen at the molecular level, two soybean genotypes were analyzed (PI561356, resistant to ASR and Embrapa 48, susceptible) at 72 hours and 192 hours after inoculation with spores of P. pachyrhizi. Leaf protein profiles of the plants were compared by two-dimensional electrophoresis associated with mass spectrometry (MS). Twenty-two protein spots presented different levels when the two treatments were compared (inoculated vs. non-inoculated). From those, twelve proteins were identified by MS analysis. Some of them are involved in metabolic pathways related to plant defense against pathogens, as in the case of carbonic anhydrase, 1-deoxy-D-xylulose- 5-phosphate reductoisomerase, fructose-bisphosphate aldolase and glutamine synthetase. The possible biochemical-physiological meanings of our findings are discussed.

Irrigation influence on soybean metal content in Transylvania's conditions.

This paper presents some results of the researches regarding the influence of irrigation conditions, fertilization and biological material, on the soybean metal content, in the conditions of Transylvania (Viisoara-Turda), the average of the years 2009-2011. Quality analysis were performed at the Institute for Research and Analytical Instrumentation (ICIA) Cluj-Napoca. Irrigation and fertilization applied on the soybean culture greatly influenced the content of metals in grains, during the period of research.

Comparative analysis of effect of exogenous ammonium on soybean tissue and Chlamydomonas cells

This paper presents a comparative analysis of obtained experimental data on the effect of exogenous ammonium on the protein and chlorophyll content, on the number of ribosomal structures, and on expression of the ribosomal genes encoding protein of small subunit rpS6 and 18S rRNA in cells of the soybean callus culture Glycine max and of unicellular green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. It has been shown that, under the effect of exogenous ammonium. an increase of the number ribosomal structures in cells of the soybean callus, as well as in the alga cells, is not caused by an increase in the activity of the corresponding ribosomal genes. Possible mechanisms of action of ammonium on the content both of ribosomes in cells and of their protein and chlorophyll are discussed.

Density and sowing season of two Brachiaria species on the soybean culture

The aim of this study was to evaluate the growth and yield of soybean cultivar M-8766 in consortium with Brachiaria brizantha. BRS Piata and Brachiaria ruziziensis at different densities and sowing dates. The experimental design was randomized blocks with treatments arranged in a factorial 2 x 2 x 3 with four replications. Used as factors grass species (Brachiaria brizantha Piata and Brachiaria ruziziensis BRS) intercropped with soybean M-8766, sowing dates (12 and 24 days after soybean emergence) and three seeding rates (0, 5, 10 kg ha-1 of seed). At 71 days after soybean emergence were evaluated plant height, stem diameter, dry mass of leaves, stems and shoots, and 4 months after sowing determined the weight of 100 grains and soybean yield. The results showed that when seeded at a density of 10 kg ha-1 at 12 and 24 DAE soy, Brachiaria brizantha. BRS Piata caused reduction in yield in the order of 6.71% and 3.03% respectively, while the Brachiaria ruziziensis was one that caused a greater reduction in productivity in the order of 13.42 and 16.23%, respectively, of these values expression when considering the price of soybean sack. B. ruziziensis expressed less competitive with soybean. However, the large biomass production of this grass provides deployment system till the next harvest.

Structure and biological activities of lipochitooligosaccharide nodulation signals produced by Bradyrhizobium japonicum USDA 138 under saline and osmotic stress

The establishment of a symbiotic interaction involves a signal exchange between the host legume (flavonoids) and the nitrogen-fixing rhizobia (nodulation factors (NFs)). Likewise, abiotic stress conditions, such as salinity and drought, strongly reduce the nodulation process, possibly affecting also the signal exchange. In this work we characterized the structure and biological activity of NFs produced by Bradyrhizobium japonicum USDA 138 under control, salt, and osmotic stress conditions. This strain is the most widely used in Argentine soybean culture; under control conditions, it produces a mixture of four types of NFs (V(C16:0,MeFuc), V(C18:1,MeFuc), IV(C18:1), and V(C18:1,Ac,MeFuc)). Interestingly, under stress conditions, this strain produces new types of NFs, one common for both stress conditions (V(C16:1,MeFuc)) and another one only present under salt stress (IV(C18:1,MeFuc)). All mixtures of NFs, extracted from control, salt, and osmotic stress conditions, showed biological activity in soybean plants, such as root hair deformation, and the radical application of purified NFs induced systemic differences in dry matter accumulation. The inoculation of soybean with genistein-induced bacteria cultured under both control and stress conditions had a positive effect on the number of nodules formed and in some cases on dry matter accumulation. These responses are not related to changes in chlorophyll fluorescence or greenness index.

Ocorrência de espécies daninhas em função de sucessões de cultivo

Objetivou-se neste trabalho avaliar a composição da comunidade infestante na cultura da soja, em função de sucessões de culturas por distintos períodos (uma ou três safras consecutivas). O ensaio foi instalado em campo na Embrapa Agropecuária Oeste, Dourados, MS. Foram avaliados cinco tratamentos de outono-inverno com histórico de uma ou três safras de implantação: milho solteiro - 90 cm entrelinhas; milho solteiro - 45 cm entrelinhas; consórcio milho + Brachiaria ruziziensis; Brachiaria ruziziensis solteira; e feijão-caupi. No final do mês de setembro de 2011, as áreas foram dessecadas com glyphosate para semeadura da soja; 30 dias após a dessecação, foram realizadas as avaliações. A caracterização fitossociológica das plantas daninhas estimou a abundância, a frequência, a dominância e o índice de valor de importância de cada espécie em cada área. As áreas foram ainda intra-analisadas quanto à diversidade de espécies, pelos índices de Simpson e Shannon-Weiner, e intercaracterizadas pela matriz de similaridade de Jaccard, pelo método UPGMA. O cultivo da soja deve ser seguido pela semeadura de espécie que proporcione elevada quantidade de palha residual na entressafra, com distribuição uniforme na superfície do solo. Essa palhada deve ser formada por resíduos de plantas com elevada relação C/N. Neste estudo, os sistemas de consórcio milho+braquiária, ou mesmo braquiária solteira, resultaram em menor nível de infestação por plantas daninhas em áreas de sucessão à soja, ao longo do tempo de utilização.

English

Canola (Brassica napus L. var. oleifera) is an oilseed that belongs to the Brassicaceae family and has in its grains a content of 38% oil and 27% protein. The aim of this work was to evaluate the interference of different quantities of nitrogen fertilizer applied to the coverage of the Canola crop on direct and indirect components of the production of grains and oil. In that sense, an experiment with the Canola culture was implemented, in succession to the culture of soybean, with hybrid Hyola 61, under no-tillage system, in a soil classified as Eutrophic Red Latosol, located at 24°49’06” S and 53°16’44” W, in the experimental area of Andreis Agricultural Farm, in the municipality of Corbélia, Paraná State – Brazil. The experimental design used consisted of random blocks with 4 replications and 7 treatments, summing up to 28 plots, in an area of 882 m². For base fertilization, 28 kg ha-1 of N, 50 kg ha-1 of P2O5, and 50 kg ha-1 of K2O were applied. Treatments consisted of control, 25 kg ha-1 of N, 50 kg ha-1 of N, 75 kg ha-1 of N, 25 kg ha-1 of N + 27 kg ha-1 of S, 50 kg ha-1 of N2 + 54 kg ha-1 of S and 0.45 L ha-1 of N + 0.1 L ha-1 of S (foliar fertilizer Micro Xisto HF), applied to the coverage 42 days after the emergence of Canola seedlings. No significant statistical differences were observed among treatments on production components, except for oil content.   Key words: Oil, fertilization, production, Brassica napus L. var. oleifera.

Impacts of the application of swine wastewater in percolate and in soil cultivated with soybean

The aim of this study was to evaluate the possible impacts caused in the soil and in the percolate in lysimeters of drainage with application of different rates of swine wastewater (SW) during the cycle of soybean culture and to assess the productivity of it. The experiment was conducted at the Agricultural Engineering Experimental Center of UNIOESTE. The soil was classified as typical Distroferric Red Latosol. There were twenty-four drainage lysimeters in the area in which the soybean was cultivated, cultivar CD 214. Four SW depths (0; 100; 200 and 300 m³ ha-1) were applied to the soil seven days before the sowing in a single application combined with two mineral fertilizations in the sowing (with and without recommended fertilization during sowing), and three repetitions per treatment. It was realized three collections of percolate in each experimental portion, the first was conducted 40 days after sowing (DAS); the second at 72 DAS, and the third at the end of crop cycle (117 DAS). It was evaluated in the percolate the pH, calcium, magnesium, potassium, phosphorus, and total nitrogen. Based on the results, it was possible to observe that the level of K, P and N in the soil increased according tothe increase of SW rates. The levels of K and P in the percolate were higher for higher rates of SW. The productivity was not influenced by the application of SW or by fertilization.

Effects of Sowing Time and Planting Pattern on Yield Components and Yield under Narrow-Row-Dense-Planting Culture of Soybean after Barley

Effects of Sowing Time and Planting Pattern on Yield Components and Yield under Narrow-Row-Dense-Planting Culture of Soybean after Barley

Detection of soybean planted areas through orbital images based on culture spectral dynamics

The soybean is important to the economy of Brazil, so the estimation of the planted area and the production with higher antecedence and reliability becomes essential. Techniques related to Remote Sensing may help to obtain this information at lower cost and less subjectivity in relation to traditional surveys. The aim of this study is to estimate the planted area with soybean culture in the crop of 2008/2009 in cities in the west of the state of Paraná, in Brazil, based on the spectral dynamics of the culture and through the use of the specific system of analysis for images of Landsat 5/TM satellite. The obtained results were satisfactory, because the classification supervised by Maximum Verisimilitude - MaxVer along with the techniques of the specific system of analysis for satellite images has allowed an estimate of soybean planted area (soybean mask), obtaining values of the metrics of Global Accuracy with an average of 79.05% and Kappa Index over 63.50% in all cities. The monitoring of a reference area was of great importance for determining the vegetative phase in which the culture is more different from the other targets, facilitating the choice of training samples (ROIs) and avoiding misclassifications.

Protective role of pulsed magnetic field against salt stress effects in soybean organ culture

Pulsed magnetic field (PMF) effects on soybean plant regeneration under salt stress conditions were investigated. Seedlings were raised from seeds pre-treated with 0.1, 1.0, 10.0 and 100.0 Hz PMF. Cotyledonary nodal (CN) explants from PMF exposed and unexposed seedlings were cultured in media containing different concentrations of NaCl (0, 10, 20, 30 and 40 mM). In CN explants from unexposed seedlings, increasing salt concentration progressively suppressed the regeneration and development of shoots and roots. Plantlets were regenerated only on medium containing 0, 10, 20 and 30 mM NaCl. The highest dose of NaCl (40 mM) failed to induce shoot formation and strongly reduced the number of roots which also exhibited reduced length. Cotyledonary nodal explants from PMF exposed seedlings, cultured at 10, 20 and 30 mM NaCl, exhibited a higher frequency of shoot and root regeneration, as well as a higher number and length of shoots and roots compared to unexposed ones, with 1.0 Hz frequency resulting the most efficient in promoting regeneration. At 40 mM NaCl, the promotive effect of different PMFs frequencies was related to the induction of a greater number of roots and the enhancement of root length. Our results suggest that PMF pre-treatment could help the regeneration of soybean under salt stressed condition.

Produção de complexos enzimáticos por A. niger a partir de soja por fermentação em estado sólido

Soybean has a wide availability of biochemical compounds as proteins, polysaccharides, lipids, carbohydrates, minerals, vitamins, fibers, lecithin, among others, making interesting its employment as substrate for solid state fermentation. Although the process of SSF is not extensively used industrially like the submerged fermentation (SmF), it can be a viable alternative, since presents higher results of productivity, especially at the cultivation of filamentous fungi and enzymes production. In this way, this study compared the production of different types of enzymes through solid-state fermentation, using different types of soybean cultures (organic, transgenic and conventional) with the fungus A. niger. We accomplished the characterization of the substrates for the production of amylase, protease and lipase, evaluation of the growth curves of the microorganism and the optimal conditions of enzymes production using experimental design. The highest enzyme activities in the study of fermentation parameters were observed for the protease, using conventional soybeans with initial moisture of 50%, 144h of fermentation, initial inoculum concentration of 4.10 6 spores g -1 and particle size of 0.6 mm. The study of process optimization indicated that the best results of enzyme activity for the protease were obtained at pH 3.0 and particle size of soybean fragmentation of 0.6 mm.

Comparison of Acid Phosphatase Gene Expression Profiles in Solid-State Rice and Soybean Cultures of an Aspergillus oryzae Strain with Low Acid Phosphatase Activity (KBN8048): Implications for Miso Brewing

Comparison of Acid Phosphatase Gene Expression Profiles in Solid-State Rice and Soybean Cultures of an Aspergillus oryzae Strain with Low Acid Phosphatase Activity (KBN8048): Implications for Miso Brewing

Control of Pseudoplusia includens (Walker, 1857) in the soybean culture with different insecticides

The aim of this research was to test the efficacy of different insecticides, and dosage against Pseudoplusia includens in the soybean culture. The treatments were: (1) alphacypermethrin + teflubenzuron, (2) teflubenzuron, (3) diflubenzuron and (4) profenophos + lufenuron, in different doses. All the insecticides tested in this research presented high efficacy on the control of Pseudoplusia includens in the soybean culture. These insecticides and dosages were: (1) mixture of alphacypermethrin and teflubenzuron at dosages from 9.0 to 11.25 g a.i.ha-1, (2) teflubenzuron at dosage from 6 to 12 g a.i.ha-1, (3) diflubenzuron at dosage from 10 to 20 g a.i.ha-1 and (4) the mixture profenophos and lufenuron at dosage 75.0 and 7.5 g a.i.ha-1, respectively. All these insecticides after 15 days of application promote 100% dead caterpillars. None these insecticides decrease soybean yield.

Determination of management zones from normalized and standardized equivalent produtivity maps in the soybean culture

Through the site-specific management, the precision agriculture brings new techniques for the agricultural sector, as well as a larger detailing of the used methods and increase of the global efficiency of the system. The objective of this work was to analyze two techniques for definition of management zones using soybean yield maps, in a productive area handled with localized fertilization and other with conventional fertilization. The sampling area has 1.74 ha, with 128 plots with site-specific fertilization and 128 plots with conventional fertilization. The productivity data were normalized by two techniques (normalized and standardized equivalent productivity), being later classified in management zones. It can be concluded that the two methods of management zones definition had revealed to be efficient, presenting similarities in the data disposal. Due to the fact that the equivalent standardized productivity uses standard score, it contemplates a better statistics justification.

Desempenho da soja roundup ready sob aplicação de glyphosate em diferentes estádios

Em razão de estudos e especulações envolvendo a questão da soja RR sob aplicação de glyphosate, são necessárias investigações que permitam esclarecer melhor essa situação. O presente trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar o desempenho agronômico e os teores de óleo e proteínas sob aplicação do herbicida glyphosate na cultura da soja transgênica. Para isso, foi desenvolvido um ensaio em delineamento em blocos casualizados, com quatro repetições, em que os tratamentos avaliados consistiram da pulverização foliar contendo glyphosate, em doses crescentes, aplicadas nos estádios V6 e R 2 . As variáveis avaliadas foram: altura média das plantas, número de vagens por planta, massa de mil grãos e produtividade, assim como os teores de óleo e proteínas. Verificou-se que o glyphosate, especialmente quando usado em R 2, pode comprometer o desempenho agronômico e os teores de proteínas.

Multifactorial models to assess responses to sorghum proportion, molasses and bacterial inoculant on in vitro quality of sorghum–soybean silages

Cuban climatological conditions allow culture of both soybean and sorghum. Combined ensiling of these crops might provide an excellent feed for ruminants during the dry season of forage shortage. This study aimed to assess the optimal proportions of both crops to ensure good quality silage using two approaches, being on in vitro fermentation test (Rostock fermentation test; RFT) and lab scale silages. Effects in the RFT of sorghum proportion (SGP), molasses and bacterial inoculant on silage quality characteristics were assessed by multifactorial response models. Two sorghum varieties ( i.e., CIAP 2E-95, SG 1 and CIAP 49V-95, SG 2) and one soybean (SB) variety ( i.e., INCASOY-35) were sown, harvested, chopped and ensiled. RFT was run with 72 treatments, including the pure forages (SB, SG 1 and SG 2) or either SG 1 or SG 2 in combination with SB in three proportions (SGP; 0.40, 0.60 and 0.80), with or without water soluble carbohydrates (WSC; 10, 20 and 30 g/kg fresh material) from molasses (17, 35 and 52 g/kg of fresh material) and with or without Lactobacillus plantarum as the bacterial inoculant. Quadratic response models were fitted and are presented as contour plots. Responses of pH, lactic acid and NH 3–N/N to addition of WSC and SGP when bacterial inoculant was added or not were quantified. Models allowed prediction of minimum SGP or WSC contents to reach target values of desired parameters. Moreover, quantification of equivalent responses to WSC and SGP allowed assessment at their exchange rates. RFT results ( i.e., pH and lactic acid) were used to select acceptable quality treatments for laboratory silages. Additionally, pure sorghum or soybean lab scale silages were prepared to enlarge the distribution of the silage quality characteristics. In both procedures ( i.e., RFT and lab scale silos), fermentation of good quality was produced with both sorghum varieties alone, but combined silages had improved quality compared to soybean silage (P<0.05). Addition of WSC and bacterial inoculant further improved silage quality (P<0.05). High correlations between RFT and laboratory silage parameters suggest RFT to be an acceptable alternative to laboratory silage calculation before upscaling treatments.