Soybean Oil Meal Research Articles

Relation of Dietary Acetate and Lactates to Dry Matter Intake and Volatile Fatty Acid Metabolism

Effects of feeding lactates and acetate supplemental to a basal ration of two-thirds sorghum silage and one-third mixture of beet pulp and soybean oil meal were determined, using five heifers in a 5×5 Latin-square design. Rations were fed ad libitum. Lactates were added to give 9.0% lactic acid equivalent in the ration dry matter (HL) and acetate at 2.8% acetic acid equivalent (HA) significantly (P<.01) increased dry matter intake; at lower levels, 5.9% lactic (LL) and 1.5% acetic (LA), intake was not significantly different from the basal ration.Gains in body weight and efficiency of dry matter utilization were higher, but not significantly, when supplements were fed. The HA supplement increased the molar per cent of acetic acid; whereas, the HL supplement decreased the proportion of acetic acid and increased propionic acid. Blood levels of acetic, propionic, and butyric acids were highest for the HL treatment. Blood glucose and ketones were not apparently affected by these supplements.The results suggest that the depression in dry matter consumption and lower rates of gain which often result from feeding silage rations compared to hay are due to factor(s) other than the acetate and lactate contribution of silages.

The Influence of Coconut Fat and Soybean Oil Meals on the Fatty Acid Composition of Hens' Eggs

The Influence of Coconut Fat and Soybean Oil Meals on the Fatty Acid Composition of Hens' Eggs

Complexes of Dye and Soy Protein as Substrate for Proteolytic Enzymes, and Simple Calorimetric Determination of Their Activity

SUMMARYInsoluble dye‐protein complexes like carmine‐fibrin, were prepared from soybean oil meal and various dyestuffs. Soy‐carmine and especially soy‐amido black were the most suitable substrates for proteolytic enzymes, tinting the test mixtures only after digestion of the proteins. They are easier and simpler to prepare than carmine‐fibrin. These soy‐dye complexes may be used in qualitative, semi and quantitative calorimetric determination of the activity of proteolytic enzymes.

Effects of extracted wheat germ oil in swine.

The isolation from ethylene dichloride extracted wheat germ oil (edc-wgo) of long-chain alcoholic compounds which exhibit androgen-like properties has recently been reported (Levin, Collins, Varner, Mosser & Wolf, 1962; Levin, 1963). Improved fertility has been reported in hamsters (Soderwall & Smith, 1962), cattle (Marion, 1962) and sheep (Dukelow & Matalamaki, 1963) following the use of edc-wgo as a food supplement. This communication records findings on sows which were fed the agent before mating until slaughtered during early pregnancy. Eighty sows (11 to 12 months of age) of mixed breeding were allotted either to a treated or a control group immediately after weaning their first litter. The treated group received 60 ml edc\p=m-\wgo/week.This oil was pre-mixed with the soybean oil meal fraction of the feed and then incorporated in a normal 14% protein ration. No wheat or wheat by-products were present in the ration.

THE DIGESTIBILITY OF POTATO PULP PROTEIN BY SOME SPECIES OF FARM ANIMALS

The digestibility of dried potato pulp, a by-product from the cold water extraction of starch from raw potato, was determined in two experiments with sheep and one with pigs. Both animal species digested the organic matter satisfactorily (77% and 84% for the sheep and pigs respectively), but the apparent digestibility of the crude protein was low (27% and 23% respectively). An exploratory experiment showed that a horse readily consumed a concentrate mixture containing 50% dried potato pulp and digested a high proportion of the organic matter. The addition of soybean oil meal to a ration of hay and potato pulp for sheep resulted in a 25% reduction in the apparent digestibility of the potato pulp protein. Possible causes of the low apparent digestibility of potato pulp protein are discussed.

Factors Influencing Milk Fat Depression on Rations High in Concentrates1,2

Three continuous feeding trials involving a total of 36 cows were used to study milk fat depression on high-concentrate diets composed primarily of pelleted corn.Physiological changes that consistently accompanied a depression in milk fat percentage included: 1) a reduction in rumen acetic acid; 2) increases in rumen propionic and valeric acids; 3) a decrease in blood lipids; 4) a decrease in blood ketone bodies; 5) an increase in blood glucose levels; 6) increased body weight gains; 7) reduced milk production; 8) decreases in the short-chain as well as the palmitic and stearic acid components of the milk fat; 9) increases in the unsaturated fatty acid components of the milk fat.The following alterations in the pelleted corn ration resulted in some degree of improvement in milk fat percentage: 1) substitution of pelleted oats or herd mix; 2) feeding thyroprotein; 3) adding 3% urea; 4) administration of butyric acid. Unsuccessful alterations included: 1) addition of 25% soybean oil meal; 2) feeding five times daily; 3) addition of 5% lard; 4) administration of sodium acetate.The results support the concept that the major factors depressing milk fat test on high-concentrate diets involve a high level of glucogenic metabolites that reduce blood ketone and lipid levels and tend to stimulate a fattening type of metabolism at the expense of milk fat synthesis.

Comparison of Simple vs. Complex Concentrate Mixtures for Dairy Cattle in Puerto Rico: Feeding Lactating Cows Receiving Fair-Quality Forage

A double-reversal experiment with 80-day periods, extending from day 26 to day 265 of lactation, was conducted with 2 groups of 10 cows each. The two treatments consisted of two different concentrate mixtures, one of which had a simple formula consisting of ground shelled corn, soybean-oil meal, fortified molasses, bonemeal, and salt, and was prepared at the Substation, while the other was a complex mixture obtained from a commercial source. Both mixtures contained nearly the same level of crude protein. Concentrate allowances were based upon the Maryland Standards. The remainder of the ration consisted of a moderate amount of sorghum silage, or occasionally green chopped grass, and low-quality pasture. The simple-concentrate mixture proved to be more palatable than the complex mixture. The lactational response obtained with the simple mixture as compared with the complex mixture was significantly (P &lt; 0.01) greater in production of milk uncorrected for fat content, 28.2 vs. 27.1 pounds per day, though not significantly different in production of 4-percent fat-corrected milk nor in production of milk fat. The efficiency of utilization of the simple mixture was significantly, P &lt; 0.05, better for the production of milk uncorrected for fat content, 55.3 vs. 56.8 pounds of concentrates per 100 pounds of milk produced, but not significantly better for the production of 4-percent fat-corrected milk. The cost of concentrates per 100 pounds of milk produced was $2.34 for the simple and $2.67 for the complex mixture. It is concluded that, under conditions of the present experiment, in which forage was limited in quantity and of only fair quality, a simple concentrate mixture formulated to supply digestible energy at a minimum cost is just as adequate nutritionally for lactating cows as a concentrate mixture containing a multitude of different ingredients and supplemented with minerals, vitamins, and antioxidants. It is further concluded that the use of such simple concentrate mixtures prepared at the dairy farm will result in a reduction in feeding costs, provided the operation is large enough to offset the cost of the required machinery. A possible alternative would be the commercial preparation by feed mills of simple concentrate mixtures which could be sold to dairymen at a lower price than the present complex commercial mixtures.

Effect of Hay to Grain Ratio on Utilization of Metabolizable Energy for Milk Production by Dairy Cows

Indirect calorimetry was used in total energy balance trials with six mature, lactating, nonpregnant Holstein cows to study the utilization of metabolizable energy (ME) for milk production. An orthogonal set of 3×3 extra-period Latin-squares was used. The three rations fed contained 50% (A), 75% (B), and 100% (C) wafered alfalfa hay, based upon estimated net energy (ENE) values, and 50% (A), 25% (B), and 0% (C) of a mixture of corn meal and soybean oil meal. The rations were offered on an equal ENE basis.More ME was required for milk plus maintenance from the all-alfalfa ration than was required from a ration of alfalfa and concentrate when the ME was regressed on milk energy. The treatment means were adjusted to a common milk energy output by covariance analysis.When the maintenance requirement was assumed to be 131kcal ME/kg3/4, and tissue gain or loss was adjusted to zero balance using the factors 1.61kcal ME/kcal tissue gain and 1.43kcal ME/kcal tissue loss, the mean efficiencies of converting the available ME to milk were 65, 61, and 54%, (P<.05) for rations A, B, and C, respectively.

Processed Hatchery By-product as an Ingredient in Poultry Rations

PROPER disposal of hatchery refuse, consisting of infertile eggs, dead embryos, shells of hatched eggs and unsalable chicks, continues to be a concern in good hatchery management. The conversion of this material into a feedstuff suitable for poultry not only would solve the disposal problem for the hatcheries but would also make available a new animal protein source for the feed industry.Experimental investigations of the nutritive value of hatchery by-product for poultry have been few. Kempster (1945) fed dehydrated incubator refuse to chicks at levels of 3 and 6% of the total diet as protein replacements of soybean oil meal or meat scrap and observed that growth was not significantly affected to 8 weeks of age. Feed efficiency was slightly inferior with the refuse-containing diets probably because of the high ash content (57%) of the dried refuse. Hammond et al. (1944) fed only the dried contents of eggs incubated…

THE FEEDING VALUE OF DRIED POTATO PULP FOR FATTENING CATTLE AND LAMBS

Fattening cattle and lambs efficiently utilized concentrate rations containing 40 or 50% dried potato pulp fed with limited amounts of hay in three experiments. When dried potato pulp and urea replaced oats as 40% of a cattle ration, the rate of gain was significantly increased from 1.68 to 1.94 lb per day, warm carcass weight from 426 to 480 lb, carcass weight corrected to equal fat content from 363 to 466 lb, and specific gravity decreased from 1.075 to 1.063. Feeding apple pomace and urea in place of the oats resulted in higher feed consumption, but gains and carcass weights were not significantly better than those obtained with the potato pulp ration. Replacing the soybean oil meal with urea and barley in a 14% crude protein concentrate ration containing 40% dried potato pulp reduced the rate of gain of steers from 2.26 to 2.06 lb per day and increased the feed required per pound of gain from 8.48 to 9.30 lb.Lambs fed a concentrate ration containing 50% dried potato pulp and a small amount of hay gained 0.5 lb per day and consumed 4.27 lb of dry matter per pound of gain. Pelleting this concentrate ration slightly reduced feed consumption and gains. Dried potato pulp alone could not be pelleted.

ヒナの発育におよぼす繊維の効果

Five different sources of fibre, cellulose powder, carboxy methyl cellulose, rice hull, alfalfa meal and soybean oil meal were fed to day-old White Leghorn male chicks for 4 or 8 weeks at 4 different dietary fibre levels. Test diets were so prepared that all of them contained the same levels of crude protein and total digestible nutrients, and adequate levels of minerals and vitamins. Basal diets for starting and growing chicks contained 1.24% and 2.06% of crude fibre, respectively.In Expt. 302, triplicated lots of 15 chicks each were fed 5 starting diets for 4 weeks in two electrically heated battery brooders. Then, the chicks of 3 groups out of 5 were moved to cages and experiment was continued until 8 weeks of age, 6 lots of 6 birds each being used as a group. In Expt. 305, 4 groups of duplicated lots of 18 chicks each were fed 4 different diets for 4 weeks. Three groups were moved to cages and experiment run as in Expt. 302. In Expt. 311, triplicated lots of 15 chicks each were fed 3 different diets for 4 weeks.No significant difference in growth rate and feed efficiency was observed among the chicks fed the diets of different fibre levels of different sources. It is concluded that the dietary fibre level has little influence on performance of starting and growing chicks, when the dietary levels of energy, protein, minerals and vitamins were controlled carefully.

なたね油粕と乾燥甲状腺剤との併用がひなの発育および甲状腺に及ぼす影響

Three feeding experiments have conducted in order to examine the interrelationship of growth depressing factor and goitrogenic factor in rapeseed oil meal. Day old White Leghorn female chicks were divided into six or eight lots of 25 each. One lot was fed on soybean oil meal diet as a control and other lots were fed on 15% rapeseed oil meal diet with various levels of dried thyroid powder (Thyradin). At the termination of eight or ten weeks feeding period, three chickens representing each lot were killed for thyroid examination.Feeding of rapeseed oil meal diet resulted in an obvious enlargement and marked histological changes of thyroid gland. Degree of enlargement of thyroid was not the same in three experiments and was most severe in Experiment III and was slightest in Experiment I. But thyroid of chickens fed on rapeseed oil meal diet containing 10mg% Thyradin were normal or nearly normal on both size and histological feature in all experiments.Body weight gain was depressed by feeding of rapeseed oil meal diet. Degree of depression was most severe in Experiment III and slightest in Experiment I, which was in parallel with the tendency of enlargement of thyroid. The addition of Thyradin on it resulted in an increase of gain in Experiment I and II, but it was not found any apparent effect of Thyradin in Experiment III.Feed consumption did not change by feeding of rapeseed oil meal diet in Experiment I and it decreased considerably in Experiment II and III. The addition of Thyradin on it showed an increase of feed consumption in Experiment I and II but did not show any apparent effect in Experiment III.Feed efficiency was depressed by feeding rapeseed oil meal diet on almost same degree in three experiments and it was not affected by the addition of Thyradin.The results of these three experiments suggested that it should be taken into account not only body weight gain but also feed consumption and feed efficiency in considering the effects of rapeseed oil meal on growth of chickens. And it was also guessed that in the rapeseed oil meal, the factors which affected thyroid weight and feed consumption in chickens might be identical or in close relationships and that the factors which affected thyroid weight and feed efficiency in chickens might be different from each other.

SOLVENT-EXTRACTED RAPESEED OIL MEAL AS A PROTEIN SOURCE FOR PIGS AND RATS: II. NITROGEN DIGESTIBILITY AND RETENTION; AND ENERGY AND DRY MATTER DIGESTIBILITY

Rats and pigs received diets containing solvent-extracted rapeseed oil meal (R.O.M.) substituted on an equivalent protein basis for 0 to 100 per cent of the dietary soybean oil meal (S.O.M.). R.O.M. represented up to 15.6 per cent of the total diet. Apparent nitrogen (N), energy and dry matter (D.M.) digestibility coefficients were reduced during growth (4 to 5 weeks of age) when rats received R.O.M. in replacement for 50 or 100 per cent of the dietary S.O.M., and during gestation when they received R.O.M. in replacement for 25 to 100 per cent of the S.O.M. Results with pigs were similar but less consistent. Retention of gross N or digested N was lower in rats receiving R.O.M. in substitution for over 50 per cent of the S.O.M. during growth or over 25 per cent of the S.O.M. during gestation. A supplement of 0.2 per cent L-lysine added to the diet containing the highest level of R.O.M. had no influence on digestibility or retention in rats but improved N, energy and D.M. digestibilities for pigs at 75 pounds liveweight and during gestation and lactation. Sex of rats did not influence digestibility coefficients, but boars were more efficient than gilts in digesting energy and D.M.

SOLVENT-EXTRACTED RAPESEED OIL MEAL AS A PROTEIN SOURCE FOR PIGS AND RATS: I. GROWTH, CARCASS CHARACTERISTICS AND REPRODUCTION

Solvent-extracted rapeseed oil meal (R.O.M.) was substituted on an equivalent protein basis for 0 to 100 per cent of the soybean oil meal (S.O.M.) in diets for pigs and rats from weaning through reproduction. R.O.M. and/or S.O.M. represented 66 to 76 per cent of the total supplemental protein and R.O.M. accounted for up to 15.6 per cent of the total diet.Replacement of 25 per cent of the S.O.M. by R.O.M. did not influence rate of gain or efficiency of food utilization in rats between 3 and 12 weeks of age or in pigs from 16 to 210 pounds liveweight. Rate of gain and efficiency of food utilization up to 8 weeks of age for rats or 110 pounds in weight for pigs were poorer when 50 or 100 per cent of the S.O.M. in the diet was replaced by R.O.M. Ad libitum-fed pigs were more severely affected by R.O.M. in the ration than were those fed at a restricted level. There were no sex × ration interactions in either species.Carcass quality of pigs was not significantly influenced by R.O.M. in the ration. Conception rate in pigs and reproductive performance in both species were adversely influenced by feeding the two highest levels of R.O.M. Addition of 0.2 per cent L-lysine to the diet containing the highest level of R.O.M. had no influence on gain, efficiency of food utilization or reproduction.

SOLVENT-EXTRACTED RAPESEED OIL MEAL AS A PROTEIN SOURCE FOR PIGS AND RATS: III. BLOOD SERUM PROTEIN BOUND IODINE, STANDARD METABOLIC RATES, THYROID ACTIVITY, ADRENAL AND GONAD WEIGHTS

Serum protein bound iodine (P.B.I.) levels in rats’ blood were generally not changed by feeding solvent-extracted rapeseed oil meal (R.O.M.) in the diet. Serum P.B.I. levels in pigs’ blood were reduced as the levels of dietary R.O.M. increased. There was a decrease in standard metabolic rate of rats after they had received R.O.M. in replacement for 50 or 100 per cent of the soybean oil meal in the diet (7.8 to 15.6 per cent R.O.M. in the total diet) for a 2-week period.The thyroid glands of rats receiving high levels of dietary R.O.M. for 4 weeks were increased in weight 52 to 105 per cent over those receiving no R.O.M. Moderate hypertrophy was evident at 3 weeks and there was a regression of the hypertrophy at 9 weeks. Histological examination of the glands showed extreme hyperplasia and almost complete lack of colloid in the follicles after 4 weeks on diets containing R.O.M. but a return to more normal activity after 9 weeks. Pigs at market weight of 200 pounds had only limited, but significant, thyroid hypertrophy when fed the same levels of R.O.M. as were fed to the rats.Adrenal and gonad weights did not differ for rats or pigs fed varying levels of R.O.M. The ratio of thyroid weight to body weight was higher for female than for castrate male pigs. The ratio of adrenal weight to body weight was higher for female than for male rats.

SOLVENT-EXTRACTED RAPESEED OIL MEAL AS A PROTEIN SOURCE FOR PIGS AND RATS: IV. LIVER WEIGHTS AND VITAMIN A STORAGE IN THE LIVER

Sows receiving rations containing solvent-extracted rapeseed oil meal (R.O.M.) as a replacement for 50 or 100 per cent of the soybean oil meal in the ration (6.0 and 12.0 per cent R.O.M. in the total ration during gestation and lactation) had larger livers on the basis of either absolute weight or of the ratio of liver weight to body weight. The sows receiving the highest level of dietary R.O.M. had increased liver storage of vitamin A per gram of liver and in the total liver. With pigs at 200 pounds live-weight, 12-week-old growing rats, or rats following reproduction, the ratio of fiver weight to body weight was increased when high levels of R.O.M. were included in the diet, but these differences were non-significant. Vitamin A storage in the fivers of these animals was not influenced consistently by the level of R.O.M. in the diet.

Zoalene Toxicity in Broiler Chickens

Toxic factors accidentally incorporated into commercial rations and causing pathology are rare in relation to the millions of tons of rations prepared for domestic animals. Some exceptions, each causing a typical gross and microscopic change, include the following: 1) A chlorinated naphthalene contaminating the lubricant of a cattle feed pelleting machine, causing hyperkeratosis in cattle (9,12). 2. An unidentified toxic factor present in some lots of oleic fatty acids, causing an endotheliosis in chickens and turkeys manifested by a hydropericardium and ascites (3,4,17,18,22). 3) A factor, thought to be a mycotoxin, in ground nut meals incorporated into poultry rations, causing a high mortality with gross and microscopic liver changes in turkey poults, ducks, and pheasants (1,8,12). 4) A chlorinated hydrocarbon used as a plasticizer in an epoxy resin paint (13), causing hydropericardium and ascites in young chickens. 5) Toxic proteins from soybean oil meal extracted with trichloroethylene, producing a hemorrhagic aplastic anemia in cattle (14,15). 6) Seeds of Crotalaria spectabilis, causing ascites and liver damage in young chickens and turkeys (2,19). 7) Histamine from decomposed fish meal, causing proventricular enlargement, gizzard erosions, and splenic atrophy (20,21). Zoalene (3,5-dinitro-ortho-toluamide; Dow Chemical Co., Midland, Michigan), for use as a coccidiostat, is limited in the

Oxidative enzymes in embryos from dams fed synthetic and practical type laying diets.

SummaryEnzymatic activity of embryos obtained from hens fed a synthetic-type laying diet, was compared to that of embryos from hens fed various supplements to the basal laying ration. Low hatchability of fertile eggs occurred in eggs of hens whose embryos had high cytochrome c reductase activity, high succinic dehydrogenase activity and high cytochrome oxidase activity. In all cases addition of corn, corn steepwater or a combination of soybean oil meal and corn to the hen basal diet improved hatchability of fertile eggs, and embryos from such groups exhibited lowered enzyme activity. Pyruvic reductase activity of embryos was increased when sources of unidentified factors were added to the basal diet of the dam. Increased hatchability of fertile eggs was also obtained from the dams fed these supplements. The embryos that hatched poorly seemed to be suffering from general debility rather than from any specific deficiency symptom.

Amino Acid Supplementation of Peanut Meal Diets for Broiler Chicks

Abstract PEANUT meal is considered to be an inferior source of protein for growing chicks. It has been reported that when the diet is properly supplemented, one-half of the protein from soybean oil meal may be replaced with peanut meal (Heuser et al., 1946; Driggers and Tarver, 1958). However, Douglas and Harms (1959) reported that peanut meal restricted growth rate of broilers when it furnished 50% or more of the dietary protein. Douglas and Harms also reported lysine to be the first limiting amino acid in diets utilizing peanut meal as a principle source of protein, and demonstrated significant improvement in growth of chicks when diets were supplemented with l -lysine, methionine hydroxy analogue calcium, and glycine. However, these diets did not promote a growth rate comparable to that observed on a diet containing soybean meal as the major protein source. The experiments reported herein were conducted in order to obtain further…

Factors Affecting the Metabolizable Energy Content of Poultry Feeds

Abstract LITTLE is known about the effect of protein quality on dietary metabolizable energy (M.E.) values. Baldini (1961) has claimed that a methionine deficient diet contained more M.E. than did the same diet supplemented with methionine; however, Carew and Hill (1961) were unable to confirm this finding. Sibbald et al. (1962a) found the effect of methionine supplementation to be small and variable while Sibbald and Slinger (1962a) observed that methionine supplementation of soybean oil meal did not change its M.E. content. Indirect evidence of a lack of effect of protein quality on M.E. is provided by the reports of Sibbald et al. (1962b) and Sibbald and Slinger (1962a) who studied the effects of level of dietary inclusion on the M.E. values of cereal grains and high protein feedingstuffs. In theory M.E. values corrected to nitrogen equilibrium should not be influenced by protein quality. As protein quality changes there is a change…