Soybean Cultivars Research Articles

Effect of Different Application Methods of Iron Chelate (EDDHA Na Fe) on Agronomic, Yield, and Quality Characteristics of Soybean (Glycine Max (L.) Merr.)

ABSTRACT Soybeans are significantly affected by iron deficiency, a prominent type of abiotic stress that results in considerable yield losses. Various sources of iron are utilized to mitigate the adverse consequences of iron (Fe) deficiency. The success of Fe can vary depending on the application method and the stage of treatment. The research purpose of this study was to focus on various application methods, including soil, seed, and foliar application (two trifoliate vegetative stage-V2, five trifoliate vegetative stage-V5, and V2 + V5 stages) with iron chelate Iron(III) ethylenediamine-N,N’-bis(2-hydroxyphenylacetic acid) (FeEDDHA) fertilizer in a Fe deficiency susceptible soybean cultivar (cultivar Nova). After conducting a thorough analysis, it was concluded that applying FeEDDHA fertilizer as a foliar spray during V2, V5, and V2 + V5 resulted in better outcomes than using the seed and soil application methods. In the study, it was observed that the foliar treatment at V5 stage yielded the highest values for Soil Plant Analysis Development (SPAD index) (41.6), plant height (33.4 cm), number of nodes per plant (9.62), number of pods per plant (20.35), number of seeds per plant (22.75), and seed yield per plant (7.02). However, the highest values for oil (22.83%) and protein contents (38%) were obtained through the foliar Fe fertilization at V2 + V5 stages. The primary contribution of this study will lead to gain insightful knowledge about different methods of applying Fe fertilizers on soybean.

Chemical Informatics Combined with Kendrick Mass Analysis to Enhance Annotation and Identify Pathways in Soybean Metabolomics

Background: Among abiotic stresses to agricultural crops, drought stress is the most prolific and has worldwide detrimental impacts. The soybean (Glycine max) is one of the most important sources of nutrition to both livestock and humans. Different plant introductions (PI) of soybeans have been identified to have different drought tolerance levels. Objectives: Here, two soybean lines, Pana (drought sensitive) and PI 567731 (drought tolerant) were selected to identify chemical compounds and pathways which could be targets for metabolomic analysis induced by abiotic stress. Methods: Extracts from the two lines are analyzed by direct infusion electrospray ionization Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry. The high mass resolution and accuracy of the method allows for identification of ions from hundreds of different compounds in each cultivar. The exact m/z of these species were filtered through SoyCyc and the Human Metabolome Database to identify possible molecular formulas of the ions. Next, the exact m/z values were converted into Kendrick masses and their Kendrick mass defects (KMD) computed, which were then sorted from high to low KMD. This latter process assists in identifying many additional molecular formulas, and is noted to be particularly useful in identifying formulas whose mass difference corresponds to two hydrogen atoms. Results: In this study, more than 460 ionic formulas were identified in Pana, and more than 340 ionic formulas were identified in PI 567731, with many of these formulas reported from soybean for the first time. Conclusions: Using the SoyCyc matches, the metabolic pathways from each cultivar were compared, providing lists of molecular targets available to profile effects of abiotic stress on these soybean cultivars. Key metabolites include chlorophylls, pheophytins, mono- and diacylglycerols, cycloeucalenone, squalene, and plastoquinones and involve pathways which include the anabolism and catabolism of chlorophyll, glycolipid desaturation, and biosynthesis of phytosterols, plant sterols, and carotenoids.

Deciphering of Genomic Loci Associated with Alkaline Tolerance in Soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] by Genome-Wide Association Study

Alkaline stress is one of the major abiotic constraints that limits plant growth and development. However, the genetic basis underlying alkaline tolerance in soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] remains largely unexplored. In this study, an integrated genomic analysis approach was employed to elucidate the genetic architecture of alkaline tolerance in a diverse panel of 326 soybean cultivars. Through association mapping, we detected 28 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) significantly associated with alkaline tolerance. By examining the genomic distances around these significant SNPs, five genomic regions were characterized as stable quantitative trait loci (QTLs), which were designated as qAT1, qAT4, qAT14, qAT18, and qAT20. These QTLs are reported here for the first time in soybean. Seventeen putative candidate genes were identified within the physical intervals of these QTLs. Haplotype analysis indicated that four of these candidate genes exhibited significant allele variation associated with alkaline tolerance-related traits, and the haplotype alleles for these four genes varied in number from two to four. The findings of this study may have important implications for soybean breeding programs aimed at enhancing alkaline tolerance.

Transcriptome analysis of wild soybean (Glycine soja) under salt stress and identification of salt-responsive genes.

Soil salinity has been a serious threat to agricultural production worldwide, including soybeans. Glycine soja, the wild ancestor of cultivated soybeans, harbors high genetic diversity and possesses attractive rare alleles. We conducted a transcriptome analysis of G. soja subjected to salt stress to profile the transcriptomes and identify salt-responsive genes. G. soja was subjected to salt stress at 0, 24, and 48h. RNA was sequenced using the Illumina NovaSeq 6000 platform. Transcriptome sequencing was used to identify differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and differential alternative splicing genes (DASGs) and to analyze alterations in salt-responsive genes. A total of 249 and 1890 DEGs were identified at 24 and 48h under salt stress, respectively. Among the DEGs, 45 and 252 transcription factors, including bHLH, MYB, and WRKY, were identified at 24 and 48h, respectively. Additionally, 602 and 1850 DASGs were identified at 24 and 48h, respectively. For DASGs, significant GO term enrichments included 'mRNA processing', 'Chromatin organization', 'Nucleus', and 'Transcription cofactor activity' at 48h. The KEGG pathways, 'Spliceosome' and the 'mRNA surveillance pathway', were significantly enriched in DASGs at 48h. Salt-responsive genes were identified in DEGs and/or DASGs, specifically GsJ3, GsACA12, GsACA13, GsHSFA2-like, and GsHSF30-like. Through the analysis of DEGs, DASGs, and transcription factor predictions, we identified key factors involved in the salt stress response and tolerance of G. soja, which could contribute to salt-tolerant soybean cultivar through genetic engineering strategies.

Analysis of soybean cultivars response to mosaic and mottle disease caused by soybean yellow mottle mosaic virus

Analysis of soybean cultivars response to mosaic and mottle disease caused by soybean yellow mottle mosaic virus

High-yield factors in the new soybean cultivar ‘Soramizuki’ derived from a US parent cultivar

ABSTRACT A new soybean cultivar, ‘Soramizuki,’ was developed by crossing ‘Fukuyutaka A1 gou’ with ‘UA4805’ to integrate the high-yield characteristics of a US cultivar into a Japanese cultivar. While the high yield and yield stability of ‘Soramizuki’ have been confirmed, the specific high-yielding factors were previously unknown. This study compared the yield and yield components of ‘Soramizuki,’ ‘UA4805,’ and ‘Sachiyutaka A1 gou’ in experimental fields during 2021 and 2023. In these two-year experiments, ‘Soramizuki’ demonstrated a significantly higher yield than ‘Sachiyutaka A1 gou.’ Despite a significant yield decrease in ‘UA4805’ in 2023 due to stink bug damage, it showed the highest yield among the three cultivars in 2021. Both ‘Soramizuki’ and ‘UA4805’ exhibited more total nodes, pods per node, and seeds per pod compared to ‘Sachiyutaka A1 gou.’ These differences were attributed to a higher node increase rate, a larger number of blooms per node, and a higher ratio of pods with three seed cavities. Additionally, ‘Soramizuki’ and ‘UA4805’ had greater dry matter weight per plant than ‘Sachiyutaka A1 gou,’ though there were no variations in the harvest index. The light interception ratio per leaf area in the upper canopy was lower in both ‘Soramizuki’ and ‘UA4805.’ These results suggest that the high-yielding traits of ‘Soramizuki’ are derived from the US cultivar ‘UA4805.’

Genome-Wide Association Study on Imputed Genotypes of 180 Eurasian Soybean Glycine max Varieties for Oil and Protein Contents in Seeds.

Soybean (Glycine max) is a leguminous plant with a broad range of applications, particularly in agriculture and food production, where its seed composition-especially oil and protein content-is highly valued. Improving these traits is a primary focus of soybean breeding programs. In this study, we conducted a genome-wide association study (GWAS) to identify genetic loci linked to oil and protein content in seeds, using imputed genotype data for 180 Eurasian soybean varieties and the novel "genotypic twins" approach. This dataset encompassed 87 Russian and European cultivars and 93 breeding lines from Western Siberia. We identified 11 novel loci significantly associated with oil and protein content in seeds (p-value < 1.5 × 10-6), including one locus on chromosome 11 linked to protein content and 10 loci associated with oil content (chromosomes 1, 5, 11, 16, 17, and 18). The protein-associated locus is located near a gene encoding a CBL-interacting protein kinase, which is involved in key biological processes, including stress response mechanisms such as drought and osmotic stress. The oil-associated loci were linked to genes with diverse functions, including lipid transport, nutrient reservoir activity, and stress responses, such as Sec14p-like phosphatidylinositol transfer proteins and Germin-like proteins. These findings suggest that the loci identified not only influence oil and protein content but may also contribute to plant resilience under environmental stress conditions. The data obtained from this study provide valuable genetic markers that can be used in breeding programs to optimize oil and protein content, particularly in varieties adapted to Russian climates, and contribute to the development of high-yielding, nutritionally enhanced soybean cultivars.

Enhancing Soybean Salt Tolerance with GSNO and Silicon: A Comprehensive Physiological, Biochemical, and Genetic Study.

Soil salinity is a major global challenge affecting agricultural productivity and food security. This study explores innovative strategies to improve salt tolerance in soybean (Glycine max), a crucial crop in the global food supply. This study investigates the synergistic effects of S-nitroso glutathione (GSNO) and silicon on enhancing salt tolerance in soybean (Glycine max). Two soybean cultivars, Seonpung (salt-tolerant) and Cheongja (salt-sensitive), were analyzed for various physiological, biochemical, and genetic traits under salt stress. The results showed that the combined GSNO and Si treatment significantly improved several key traits, including plant height, relative water content, root development, nodule numbers, chlorophyll content, and stomatal aperture, under both control and salt stress conditions. Additionally, this treatment optimized ion homeostasis by enhancing the Na/K ratio and Ca content, while reducing damage markers such as electrolyte leakage, malondialdehyde, and hydrogen peroxide. The stress-responsive compounds, including proline, ascorbate peroxidase, and water-soluble proteins, were elevated under stress conditions, indicating improved tolerance. Gene expression analysis revealed significant upregulation of genes such as GmNHX1, GmSOS2, and GmAKT1, associated with salt stress response, while GmNIP2.1, GmNIP2.2, and GmLBR were downregulated in both varieties. Notably, the salt-sensitive variety Cheongja exhibited higher electrolyte leakage and oxidative damage compared to the salt-tolerant Seonpung. These findings suggest that the combination of GSNO and silicon enhances salt tolerance in soybean by improving physiological resilience, ion homeostasis, and stress-responsive gene expression.

Interference of Conyza sumatrensis on grain yield of soybean cultivars

Sumatran fleabane (Conyza sumatrensis) weed can be found in several different agricultural environments and impacts different crops, such as soybean and maize. This weed may have a substantial impact on soybean yield. The aim was to evaluate the interference of C. sumatrensis on the grain yield of soybean cultivars. Soybean cultivars were used with late or early maturity, under 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, and 10 plants m-2 of C. sumatrensis. The four trials, composed of the two cultivars in each of the growing seasons, were analyzed separately. Because differences were found to be significant using the F-test in the comparison between trials (P≤0.05). The yield was subjected to analysis of variance and F-test. A nonlinear, rectangular hyperbolic regression model was fitted. For the early maturity cultivar, infestation levels of 17.1 and 17 of plants m-2 in the 2016–2018 and 2017–2018 growing seasons, respectively, were required to cause a 50% yield loss. For late-maturity cultivars, the values were 6.3 and 7.0 in the 2016–2017 and 2017–2018 growing seasons, respectively. The yield reduction observed for the late-maturity cultivar was 12.54 and 13.72% per plant of C. sumatrensis, in the 2016–2017 and 2017–2018 growing seasons, respectively. The early maturity cultivar showed a reduction of 9.35 and 10.77% per plant, in the 2016-2017 and 2017–2018 growing seasons, respectively. Conyza sumatrensis that cannot be tolerated in soybean, because a single plant per m2 has great potential for reducing yield, from 9.35 to 13.72%.

GWAS analysis revealed genomic loci and candidate genes associated with the 100-seed weight in high-latitude-adapted soybean germplasm.

In the present study, we identified 22 significant SNPs, eight stable QTLs and 17 potential candidate genes associated with 100-seed weight in soybean. Soybean is an economically important crop that is rich in seed oil and protein. The 100-seed weight (HSW) is a crucial yield contributing trait. This trait exhibits complex inheritance regulated by many genes and is highly sensitive to environmental factors. In this study, an integrated strategy of association mapping, QTL analysis, candidate gene and haplotype analysis was utilized to elucidate the complex genetic architecture of HSW in a panel of diverse soybean cultivars. Our study revealed 22 SNPs significantly associated with HSW through association mapping using five GWAS models across multiple environments plus a combined environment. By considering the detection of SNPs in multiple environments and GWAS models, the genomic regions of eight consistent SNPs within the ± 213.5kb were depicted as stable QTLs. Among the eight QTLs, four, viz. qGW1.1, qGW1.2, qGW9 and qGW16, are reported here for the first time, and the other four, viz. qGW4, qGW8, qGW17 and qGW19, have been reported in previous studies. Thirty-two genes were detected as putative candidates within physical intervals of eight QTLs by in silico analysis. Twelve genes (out of total 32) showed significant differential expression patterns among the soybean accessions with contrasting HSW. Moreover, different haplotype alleles of 10 candidate genes are associated with different phenotypes of HSW. The outcome of the current investigation can be used in soybean breeding programs for producing cultivars with higher yields.

GmARF15 Enhances the Resistance of Soybean to Phytophthora sojae by Promoting GmPT10d Expression in Response to Salicylic Acid Signalling.

Phytophthora root and stem rot caused by Phytophthora sojae (P. sojae) is a globally prevalent oomycete disease. The use of resistant cultivars is an effective and environmentally friendly strategy to manage this disease. It is important to understand the molecular mechanisms underlying the response of Glycine max (soybean) to P. sojae infection. In this study, we demonstrated that an isoflavonoid-specific prenyltransferase gene (GmPT10d, Glyma.10G070300) was significantly upregulated in the soybean cultivar Williams 82 with high resistance to P. sojae infection. Transgenic soybean seedlings overexpressing GmPT10d exhibited enhanced resistance to P. sojae, and those subjected to RNA interference showed increased susceptibility to the pathogen. Yeast-one-hybrid and electrophoretic mobility shift assays revealed that GmARF15 could directly bind to the promoter of GmPT10d. Further analysis of the GmARF15 function showed that transgenic soybean seedlings overexpressing GmARF15 also exhibited enhanced resistance to P. sojae. Transactivation assay, luciferase assay, and qPCR analysis showed that GmARF15 could promote the expression of GmPT10d. Further analysis indicated that elevated salicylic acid levels were associated with increased expression of GmARF15 and GmPT10d. Taken together, these findings reveal a regulatory mechanism by which GmARF15 enhances soybean resistance to P. sojae, potentially by promoting the expression of GmPT10d through the salicylic acid signaling pathway.

Physiological and molecular responses in soybean (Glycine max L.) cultivars to Salinity Stress

Physiological and molecular responses in soybean (Glycine max L.) cultivars to Salinity Stress

Effects of seasonal climates and MIPS1 mutations on soybean germination through multi-omics analysis

This study delves into the combined effects of seasonal climate variations and MIPS1 gene mutations on the germination rates of soybean cultivars TW-1 and TW75. Through comprehensive metabolomic and transcriptomic analyses, we identified key KEGG pathways significantly affected by these factors, including starch and sucrose metabolism, lipid metabolism, and amino acid biosynthesis. These pathways were notably disrupted during the spring, leading to an imbalance in metabolic reserves critical for seedling development. Additionally, MIPS1 gene mutations further altered these pathways, exacerbating the metabolic disturbances. Our results underscore the intricate network of environmental and genetic interactions influencing soybean seed vigor and underscore the importance of understanding these pathways to enhance agricultural resilience and seed quality in fluctuating climates.

Genome-Wide Association Study for Resistance to Phytophthora sojae in Soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.

Phytophthora sojae (Kauffman and Gerdemann) is an oomycete pathogen that threatens soybean (Glycine max L.) production worldwide. The development of soybean cultivars with resistance to this pathogen is of paramount importance for the sustainable management of the disease. The objective of this study was to identify genomic regions associated with resistance to P. sojae isolate 40468 through genome-wide association analyses of 983 soybean germplasms. To elucidate the genetic basis of resistance, three statistical models were employed: the compressed mixed linear model (CMLM), Bayesian-information and linkage disequilibrium iteratively nested keyway (BLINK), and fixed and random model circulating probability unification (FarmCPU). The three models consistently identified a genomic region (3.8-5.3 Mbp) on chromosome 3, which has been previously identified as an Rps cluster. A total of 18 single nucleotide polymorphisms demonstrated high statistical significance across all three models, which were distributed in eight linkage disequilibrium (LD) blocks within the aforementioned interval. Of the eight, LD3-2 exhibited the discernible segregation of phenotypic reactions by haplotype. Specifically, over 93% of accessions with haplotypes LD3-2-F or LD3-2-G displayed resistance, whereas over 91% with LD3-2-A, LD3-2-C, or LD3-2-D exhibited susceptibility. Furthermore, the BLINK and FarmCPU models identified new genomic variations significantly associated with the resistance on several other chromosomes, indicating that the resistance observed in this panel was due to the presence of different alleles of multiple Rps genes. These findings underscore the necessity for robust statistical models to accurately detect true marker-trait associations and provide valuable insights into soybean genetics and breeding.

Identification of QTLs and Key Genes Enhancing Lodging Resistance in Soybean Through Chemical and Physical Trait Analysis

Lodging of soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merril.) significantly reduces seed yield and quality, particularly in high-yielding environments. This phenomenon occurs when stems weaken under the weight of the plants, complicating harvesting. This study investigated the relationship between soybean stem chemical composition, physical traits, and lodging resistance to improve yield and resilience. We found that as plant density increased, stem hardness decreased, and the elasticity increased, heightening the risk of lodging. Conversely, high temperature (28 °C) boosted lignin, cellulose and pectin content in the stem cell walls, enhancing the lodging resistance. Additionally, after excluding differences in phylogenetic relationships through cluster analysis, we mapped environment-stable genes linked to lodging resistance and identified new QTLs on Chr3 and Chr16. Candidate genes associated with these QTLs were confirmed using qRT–PCR and hormone treatments across diverse soybean varieties. It was found that the expression of stem tip genes was closely related to stem node diameter. These findings provide a theoretical foundation for breeding high-yielding soybean varieties with improved lodging resistance, and advance efforts to develop resilient soybean cultivars.

Characterization of Nodulation-Compatible Strains of Native Soil Rhizobia from the Rhizosphere of Soya Bean (Glycine max L.) Fields in South Africa

Prolonged inoculation of soya bean (Glycine max L.) farms with exotic strains of Bradyrhizobium species starting in the 1960s resulted in the establishment of populations of Bradyrhizobium strains in the soils of several soya bean farms in South Africa. With the increasing number of new soya bean genotypes in the country, it is challenging to determine which genotypes are highly compatible with a given rhizobium strain. In this study, we investigated the symbiotic compatibility of native rhizobial isolates and the strains from the South African Rhizobium Culture Collection (SARCC) on ten selected locally available soya bean genotypes. A glasshouse soil trap experiment using soil samples collected from Lothair, Bothaville, and Standerton was performed on five cultivars. The trapped rhizobial strains were further screened in the glasshouse to authenticate their nodulation compatibility with the different soya bean cultivars. The rhizobial strains showed significant nodulation compatibility with the selected cultivars. These strains were also tested for beneficial traits in vitro and characterized using DNA sequencing methods to elucidate their taxonomic identity. Some of the most nodulation-compatible strains characterized as Bradyrhizobium and Sinorhizobium species exhibited significant symbiotic performance in terms of plant biomass, nodule number, and nodule dry weight. The study generated valuable data that provide information on the extent of symbiotic compatibility of some of the existing cultivars used in South Africa with native rhizobia and whether inoculation of soya bean with commercial products is vital on some soya bean farms.

Effect of Natural Extracts during Storage Conditions on Seed Quality and Yield Performance of Soybean Cultivar Giza 22

Aims: The present study aimed to investigate the effects of Diatomaceous Earth (DE) at 20 g/kg, Neem seed extract (NSE) at 25 g/kg, and Silica gel (SG) at 25 g/kg on seed quality, field performance, and seed yield of Giza 22 soybean seeds during various of storage durations and environmental conditions. Study Design: Three experiments investigated storage, germinability, and field performance of seeds using a FCRD with four replicates. The seed storage trial assessed open and cool storages conditions across durations of 1, 4, 8, and 12 months, with seed treatments of DE, NSE, and SG. Germinability and field performance were evaluated under the same storage conditions and treatments. Data were analyzed using analysis of variance (ANOVA) at P = 0.05. Place and Duration of Study: The storage and germination trials were conducted at the preservation labs of the Seed Technology Research Unit, Mansoura City, FCRI, ARC, Egypt. While, the field experiment took place on a private farm in the village at geoical location 30°53'39"N 31°20'51"E. Methodology: The seeds were tested under open storage at ambient room conditions and cool storage at 5°C and 30% RH, and storage periods at four levels with two months interval. Results: Isolated data clarify applying cool storage or seed treatments (DE, NSE, and SG) over all storage periods significantly (P = 0.05) exceed open storage or the untreated control seeds, respectively. Cool storage combined with DE, NSE, and SG seed treatments significantly yielded the highest stored seed quality indices, field performance and seed yield compared to the untreated control seeds stored at open or cool storage conditions. Conclusion: It could be concluded that, the application of diatomaceous earth, neem seed extract, and silica gel on soybean seeds during storage has been shown to provide several benefits i.e., extend seed storability, reduce insect damage, improve seed germination and seedling vigor, and increasing seed yield.

Investigating the stability of phenotype, seed components and powdery mildew resistance of the &lt;i&gt;GmMLO&lt;/i&gt; edited soybean plants

Previously, utilizing the CRISPR/Cas9 system, we had successfully induced targeted mutations in the GmMLO genes of the Vietnamese elite soybean cultivar ĐT26 for the first time. The mutant lines carried homozygous mutations of four or three GmMLO genes (including GmMLO02, GmMLO19, GmMLO23 and/or GmMLO20) with no pleiotrophic effects and increased powdery mildew resistance in the T3 generation. In this study, we selected two representative lines and evaluated them in the T4 generation to see if their phenotype and resistance were maintained stably. The analysis results of agronomic and yield parameters under the net-house conditions indicated that there were no undesired data in the two mutant lines in comparison with the wild-type. In addition, the major nutritional compositions of the seeds including the fatty acids, free amino acids and crude protein content of the mutant lines were similar to the control line. Importantly, the response to Erysiphe diffusa challenge of the quadruple mutant line was still maintained at a moderate resistance level (grade 2.5) as compared to the moderate infection level of the wild-type and the triple mutant line (approximately grade 4). These results again demonstrate that inducing targeted mutations of four tested GmMLO genes via the CRISPR/Cas9 system is not accompanied with undesired traits, and the quadruple mutant line is the potential one with increased powdery mildew resistance maintained stably through generations. This soybean mutant line will be valuable material for further breeding programs as well as being able to be propagated for production.

Transcriptome Comparison between Resistant and Susceptible Soybean Cultivars in Response to Inoculation of Phytophthora sojae.

Phytophthora root and stem rot, caused by Phytophthora sojae, considerably reduces soybean yield worldwide. Our previous study identified two genomic regions on chromosome 18 (2.1-2.6 and 53.1-53.3 Mbp) that confer resistance to the P. sojae isolate 2457, through linkage analysis using progenies derived from the Daepung × Socheong2 population. These two regions contained 51 and 19 annotated genes, respectively. However, the specific gene responsible for resistance to P. sojae isolate 2457 has yet to be identified. In this study, we performed a comparative transcriptomic analysis of Socheong2 and Daepung, two Korean soybean varieties identified as resistant and susceptible to P. sojae isolate 2457, respectively. RNA sequencing was conducted on tissue samples collected at 0, 6, and 12 hours after inoculation (HAI), and significant differences in the expression of defense-related genes were observed across time points and between the two cultivars. Genes associated with the jasmonic acid, salicylic acid, ethylene, and systemic acquired resistance pathways were upregulated in both cultivars at 6 and 12 HAI compared to 0 HAI, with these biological processes were more strongly upregulated in Socheong2 compared to Daepung at 6 and 12 HAI. A comparison of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and candidate genes within the previously identified QTL regions revealed an ortholog of the HS1 PRO-1 2 gene from Arabidopsis thaliana among the upregulated DEGs in Socheong2, particularly at 12 HAI compared to 0 HAI. This study will aid in targeted breeding efforts to develop soybean varieties with improved resistance to P. sojae.

Paddy Field and Mechanization-Adaptable Soybean Cultivar, ‘Jangpung’, with Fewer Branches and Higher First Pod Height

Paddy Field and Mechanization-Adaptable Soybean Cultivar, ‘Jangpung’, with Fewer Branches and Higher First Pod Height