Soy Grains Research Articles

Bioactive compounds and digestible starch variability of rice, maize, green gram, and soy grains with different levels of germination

SummaryGermination is a sustainable and economical process that can enhance the bioactivities of commonly consumed cereal and pulses, contributing to healthier diets. Its effectiveness in increasing bioactives depends on the germination conditions. This study examined the impact of varying germination periods (2, 4, 6, and 8 days) following 12 h of steeping on rice, maize, green gram, and soy, focusing on key bioactive compounds, including total polyphenols, flavonoids, and total digestible starch. Cereal and pulses germinated for eight days demonstrated a significantly higher (P < 0.05) total polyphenol and flavonoid content along with elevated antioxidant activity. Antioxidant activity strongly correlated to increased total polyphenol and flavonoid levels throughout the extended germination period. Moreover, the total digestible starch content (TDS) in rice, maize, and soy increased significantly (P < 0.05) because of the hydrolysis of starch molecules, while green gram showed twofold decrease in TDS, indicating the impact of germination on TDS content may differ across the type of cereal and pules. Using locally grown Sri Lankan grain varieties, such as rice, maize,green gram,and soy, this study fills the gap in existing database on the investigation of bioactive compounds and total digestible starch content, exploring the potential of germination of cereal and pulses to use in nutritionally rich products in the food and agriculture industry with a focus on sustainable food systems and healthier eating habits.

Effect of irrigation regimes on the fertility of soybean and sunflower cultivars planted in repeated periods

The increase in the world’s population means that the demand for food, including vegetable oil and protein products, is increasing day by day. Biometric measurements of the plant, laboratory analysis of soil and plant samples were done using phenological observations “Methods of conducting field experiments”, the amount of protein in soy grains was analyzed based on “Methods for determining the amount of protein in grain and its content”. The results showed that the amount of oil was 58.6% during irrigation according to the pre-irrigation soil moisture content of 65–65–60% relative to the limited field moisture capacity of the 0-50 cm soil layer during irrigation. Furthermore, it was found that when the soil moisture before irrigation was 75-75-65% according to LFMC in the calculation layer of the soil in the 0-50 cm layer in the 1-2-1 system, 1682 m3/ha water was used in soybeans, and it was 2331 m3/ha of sunflower plants.

Innovative technology of food concentrates in the context of the development of a sustainable food system

The key issues in the development of sustainable food systems are the issues of ensuring the food security of the state by providing the population with full-fledged food products that have a positive impact on human health. For the production of such products in the Far Eastern region of the Russian Federation, it is proposed to use soy grains obtained by traditional breeding methods, wild plants in the form of the Far Eastern fern and physiologically functional ingredients (ascorbic and succinic acids) in certain ratios. The conducted research allowed the method of mathematical modeling to substantiate the parameters of the technology for obtaining a protein component. The innovative technology provides for the use of a lipid bioactive component prepared on the basis of a blend of vegetable oils enriched with beta-carotene, which allows for a balanced fatty acid composition. The introduction of protein and fat components into the composition of the food concentrate “Mashed potatoes” makes it possible to enrich its composition with proteins, fats, dietary fibers, vitamins C, E, beta-carotene, as well as calcium and phosphorus.

EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF THE YIELD OF SOY PROTEIN IN THE EXTRACTANT WHILE THE ABRASION-RESISTANT SOYBEANS IN SOAKED FORM

Nowadays, every farmer is faced with the task of providing their livestock with high-quality food that will contribute to their rapid growth and health. It is also common knowledge that large farms have more opportunities to implement their projects and put new technologies and gadgets into operation. The presented device makes it possible to obtain a product of processing soy grain into soy milk, soy cheese "tofu", soy protein base for preparing feed for farm animals and poultry in small farms. This article explains the experimental method for finding the optimal values of the speed of rotation of the movable disk, the temperature of the extractant, the gap between the movable and stationary disks of the shredder, and the ratio of the hydromodule. Optimal values are those that contribute to the maximum protein yield. Experimental factors: ambient temperature from 17°C to 22 °C, barometric pressure from 93325 PA to 96658 PA, relative humidity from 65% to 85%. Protein extraction in an emulsion is based on the physical and chemical properties of the diffusion of dissolved organic compounds, with water as the extractant. As a result, methods have been found for the effective production of protein from soy grains, which can increase the yield of the suspension to 24-28 Gr. This is the most productive way to produce protein for feed modification using this device.

АККУМУЛЯЦИЯ ТЯЖЕЛЫХ МЕТАЛЛОВ ЗЕРНОБОБОВЫМИ КУЛЬТУРАМИ ПРИ ПРИМЕНЕНИИ БИОЛОГИЧЕСКИ АКТИВНЫХ ВЕЩЕСТВ В ЛЕСОСТЕПИ ПОВОЛЖЬЯ

The aim of study is reduction of accumulation of heavy metals in agrocenosis of pulse crops due to the action of biologically active substances in the conditions of the middle Volga forest. An experiment study in order to reveal the effect of pre-sowing seed treatment with biologically active substances on the accumulation of heavy metals by soils and plants in agrocenoses of peas and soybeans was conducted in 2013-2015. The results of pre – sowing treatment of soybean seeds of the Samer 3 breed and peas of the Flagman 12 with the Rizotorfin and Rizotorfin in combination with analogues – Agrica and Humariz biologically active substance are presented. The analysis of heavy metals content in soil and plant samples was performed in the laboratory of the «Samara agrochemical ser-vice» Station by method of atomic adsorption spectroscopy. It is established that the introduction of biologically ac-tive substances into the soil containing heavy metals can reduce the concentration of their mobile forms and restrict access to grain. The content of mobile forms of elements in the soil under soybean growing areas, in comparison with the control, decreases: lead by 1.14 times when treated with Rhizotorphin+Humariz, cadmium – 1.18 times when treated with Rhizotorphin, copper – 1.2 times and cobalt – 2.0 times under the influence of the combination of Rhizotorphin and Agrica. According to the coefficients of biological absorption of pea and soy grains, the studied heavy metals are referred to the elements of biological capture of CАB<1. An effective inactivating effect on heavy metals is provided by pre-sowing treatment of pea and soy seeds with biologically active substances combined with Rhizotorphin+Agrica and Rhizotorphin+Humariz.

Total replacement of the soybean by crambe and canola grains in the feeding of finishing sheep

It was proposed to verify the effect of the total substitution of soy by canola and crambe grains in the diet of crossbred lambs, in order to evaluate the chemical, instrumental and sensory characteristics of the meat of the animals fed under these grains. Twenty-three samples of the Longissimus lumborum muscle were used, from SRD lambs (mixed breed), non-castrated males, with an average age of 70 days, average initial body weight of 20.0 ± 4.0 kg. Of the 23 animals used, seven were destined for soybean diet, eight with canola grain and eight with crambe grain. The design was completely randomized with the factor evaluated as the total replacement (100%) of the ground soybeans considered control (GSO) by ground canola beans (GCA) and ground crambe beans (GCR). The sensory analysis data were submitted to Principal Component Analysis and the centesimal and instrumental analyzes were tested in orthogonal contrasts in relation to the different grains. The ration provided was in the form of a complete diet, with 75% concentrate and 25% roughage (Brachiaria brizantha cv Piatã hay). The results showed a higher moisture content in the meat of animals fed with canola, as well as in the instrumental characteristics (loss of cooking and intensity of red). For the other characteristics, there was no effect. The sensory analysis showed that the tasters preferred the meat of animals fed with soy and canola grains, pointing to the market potential. Canola and crambe grains can replace soy in the diet of lambs finished in feedlot, without affecting the centesimal, instrumental and mainly sensory characteristics of the meat, contributing as a new grain alternative in animal production.

Abstract P512: Red Meat Intake and Risk of Coronary Heart Disease Among US Men

Background: The relation of red meat to risk of coronary heart disease (CHD) is of great interest, but this is likely to depend on the foods to which red meat is compared. Objective: We investigated the associations between total, processed and unprocessed red meat consumption and CHD risk and also estimated the effects of substituting other protein sources for red meat. Methods: We prospectively followed 43,259 men in the Health Professionals Follow up Study (1986-2012) who had no known history of cancer or cardiovascular disease. Diet was assessed by a standardized and validated food frequency questionnaire that was updated every 4 years. Multivariate Cox models were used to estimate hazard ratios (HR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) of CHD risk across categories of red meat consumption. Substitution analyses were done by comparing coefficients in models including alternative foods as continuous variables. Results: During 932,968 person-years of follow-up, we documented 4,148 incident CHD cases of which 1,680 were fatal CHD cases. After multivariate adjustment for dietary and nondietary risk factors, both total and processed red meat intake were associated with a modestly higher risk of CHD (HR for a one serving/day increment: 1.08; 95% CI, 1.01-1.14 for total and HR=1.13; 95% CI, 1.03-1.22 for processed red meat). Substitutions of 1-serving per day of other foods (including nuts, legumes, soy, whole grains, low- and high-fat dairy) for 1-serving per day of total red meat were associated with a 10%-47% lower CHD risk. Stronger inverse associations were observed between some of these substitutions for red meat and risk of fatal CHD [substituting nuts (-17%, -27% to -6%) or whole grains (-48%, -60% to -32%), and were more pronounced when replacing processed red meat. Conclusions: Our results suggest that red meat consumption, particularly processed red meat, is associated with higher risk of CHD. Substituting high-quality plant foods such as legumes, nuts, soy, and whole grains for red meat may substantially lower CHD risk.

ЭФФЕКТИВНОСТЬ ПРИМЕНЕНИЯ КОМПЛЕКСНЫХ МИНЕРАЛЬНЫХ УДОБРЕНИЙ В АГРОЦЕНОЗЕ СОИ

Soybean is one of the most valuable protein crops on the modern market of agricultural producers and its production has been constantly growing in recent decades. The level of its productivity, as well as any other crop, depends on the biological productivity potential of the cultivated variety and the degree of implementation of its cultivation techniques. The aim of the research was to study the responses of soybean Glycine max (L.) Merr. Zusha varieties for various mineral nutrition in the conditions of agrocenosis. The research was conducted on the basis of the research and educational production center "Integration" of the Orel State Agrarian University named after N.V. Parakhin. We determined the biological efficiency of fertilizer systems, the productivity and quality of grain under different mineral nutrition conditions .Testing of liquid complex fertilizers on soy has shown high biological and economic efficiency of mineral fertilizers. In conditions of dark gray forest soils with average agrochemical indicators of the soil, as well as with spontaneous inoculation of soybean by native rhizobia strains, the maximum economic effect was demonstrated with the pre-sowing application of complex mineral fertilizer NPK (S)+Ca 5:15:30(5)+7 in a dose of 150 kg/ha and 20 kg/ha of urea, as well as diammofoski NPK(S) 10:26:26 (2) in conjunction with the ZhCU. The use of mineral fertilizers contributed to an increase in the growth of biomass by an average of 23%, and the area of leaves-by 8.5% compared to the control. Changes in mineral nutrition led to an increase in the content of raw protein in soy grains. Additionally, 4.4-4.6 C/ha of grain was obtained from 1 ha, respectively 4.7 and 5.4 thousand rubles of income due to an increase in soybean productivity by 22-23% compared to the control.

Soybean Demonstration Platforms: The Bond Between Breeding, Technology and Farming in Central and Eastern Europe

Europe's annual soy and soy derivates consumption is rather high – around 40 million tons grain equivalent – and the European soybeans field production is very low – up to 0.5% of worldwide production. In Europe, particularly in the European Union, soybean crop was neglected and forgotten; neglected by the policy makers and forgotten by farmers. Neglected and forgotten from both economic and agronomic perspectives. Over the years, this situation deepened and deepened, today Europe is facing an enormous trade deficit in terms of soy grains, soya-meal and soya oil. In the past three years we may observe the beginning of a changing paradigm for soybean cultivation. The soybean acreage is increasing, the farmers are reassessing more and more the soybeans in the field crops rotation and the governments started to introduce additional incentives to stimulate the development of soybean crop. This trend is noticeable particularly in Central and Eastern Europe/Danube Region, the most favorable area for soybeans in Europe. Under these circumstances, the farmers’ need for information and know-how transfer become a critical factor for success. One of the powerful tools for farmer information is the demonstration platform. The demo platform is the place where farmers can visit and discuss about various soybeans technological plots and different soybeans varieties and where the breeders can display their newly and old but improved genotypes. Definitively, the demo platform is the bond between breeding, technology and farming.

ANÁLISE DO CRESCIMENTO DAS EXPORTAÇÕES DO AGRONEGÓCIO GAÚCHO: UMA APLICAÇÃO DO MÉTODO CONSTANT-MARKET-SHARE

The state of Rio Grande do Sul is considered one of the biggest producer and exporter of Brazilian products in agribusiness. Among the main product exports are: soy grain, meat and tobacco, in wich the main destination markets are the European Union, China and Russia. The aim of this work is to identify the sources of growth in these product exports through the model Constant Market Share (CMS). For this it was used data of exports in Rio Grande do Sul, global exports, European Union, China and Russia, soy grains, meat and tobacco in the period from 2001 to 2010. After that, the data were divided in three periods: 2001 to 2004 (period I), 2005 to 2007 (period II) and 2008 to 2010 (period III). The results indicated that the main source of growth for soy grains, comparing period II with period I was the growth of world trade, and the tobacco and the meat was the competitiveness, and period III with the period II was the growth of world trade for all products analyzed.

Lipid Stability of Soybeans in Grains and Soybeans Processed as Tofu

Soybeans (Glycine max (L.) Merrill) contain bioactive substances. They are a functional, important food associated with reduced risks of chronic and degenerative diseases. This study assesses lipid stability and antioxidant in soy grains and processed soy tofu. The two soybean brands differed in antioxidant activity and total phenolic compounds, which ranged from 188.4 mg EAG.100g-1 and 3.17 to 1.56 umol of ferrous sulfate g-1. Both tofu samples only showed differences in total phenolic compounds, which ranged from 9.6 to 18.3 mg EAG.100g-1. Analysis of DPPH free radicals has not shown significant differences (P < 0.05) amongst analyzed soybean in grain and tofu brands; yet, we could identify antioxidant activities with an inhibition level above 50%. There was no significant difference among total lipid contents of the tested brands. Polyunsaturated and monounsaturated fatty acids found to be denser in soy and tofu samples were: linoleic, linolenic and oleic acid. The n-6/n-3 ratio values were satisfactory for soy and tofu. Thus, both soybean and tofu display significant antioxidant effects and are sources of polyunsaturated fatty acids.

Location model of specialized terminals for soybe an exports in Brazil

The purpose of this work is the development of a location model for specialized terminals used as transshipment points in the supply chain of soybeans. The theoretical basis of the study relies on the association of a transshipment model with a multi-commodity, multi-facility capacitated location model. The shipping ports might be seen as specialized terminals that add value to the exported products by transforming raw soy grains into soy oil and soy meal. The proposed model also considers service activities in each terminal and the capacity of the maritime ports. Using representative data from the year 2004, the model is illustrated by a small case study, which considers six points of production in inland Brazil, all served by railways, one maritime port on the north and five on the east coast, and three destination ports in Europe and Asia. The study includes a rough sensitivity analysis regarding volumes, capacities, prices, and transportation costs

QUALIDADE FÍSICA DOS GRÃOS DE SOJA, CULTIVAR TMG115RR, SUBMETIDOS À SIMULAÇÃO DE CHUVA DURANTE O RETARDAMENTO DE COLHEITA

A ocorrência de chuvas pode diminuir a qualidade dos grãos, pelas suas sucessivas retrações e intumescimentos, à medida que se retarda a colheita. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a qualidade física dos grãos de soja da cultivar TMG115RR, submetida a quatro tempos de simulação de chuva (testemunha, uma, duas e três horas) e colhidas em estádio R9 e após cinco, 10, 15 e 22 dias para outubro de 2007 e em estádio R9 e após cinco, 10 e 15 para abril de 2008; no campo experimental do Centro Universitário de Várzea Grande/MT. Após a colheita, realizou-se a determinação do teor de água e classificação física com os grãos. Em outubro de 2007, com cinco dias de irrigação o total de grãos avariados excedeu o limite máximo de tolerância previsto na legislação brasileira. Aos 10 dias de retardamento de colheita, a porcentagem de grãos mofados excedeu em quatro vezes o limite máximo de tolerância para comercialização destinada à indústria ou outros fins. Para abril de 2008 a porcentagem de teor de água dos grãos, da segunda colheita, estava superior ao recomendável para a manutenção da qualidade dos mesmos, que é de 14%. O defeito de maior ocorrência nos dois anos foram grãos mofados. A testemunha apresentou porcentagens de grãos avariados superior a 8%. Ao final dos 15 dias de retardamento de colheita, mais de 50% dos grãos estavam avariados. O retardamento de colheita associado com chuvas de final de colheita provocam a deterioração dos grãos.

Concentração de metais pesados em grãos de plantas cultivadas em solo com diferentes níveis de contaminação

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a absorção e a capacidade de translocação de metais pesados do solo para os grãos de soja e arroz. O experimento foi realizado em casa de vegetação, em Latossolo Vermelho distroférrico, proveniente de Município de Paulínia, SP. As amostras de solo foram coletadas em sete pontos e organizadas em função da distância de uma fábrica emissora de poluente. O delineamento utilizado foi o inteiramente casualizado, com quatro repetições. Raízes, parte aérea e grãos foram submetidos à digestão por via úmida. A concentração dos metais pesados foi determinada por ICP-OES. Os teores de cádmio e cobre no grão estiveram em níveis adequados para ambas as culturas, enquanto os teores de manganês e zinco apresentaram-se em excesso, tendo acompanhado os níveis de contaminação do solo, com possibilidade de atingir níveis mais altos da cadeia trófica. As raízes limitaram a translocação de cádmio, cobre, ferro e chumbo para a parte aérea de ambas as culturas. Mesmo com a translocação limitada pelas raízes, o chumbo apresentou-se em altos teores nos grãos de soja, e pode, também, como o manganês e o zinco, atingir a cadeia alimentar.

A comparison of the yield and yield economics of three types of semi-intensive grow out systems, in the production of Heterobranchus longifilis (Teleostei: Clariidae) (Val. 1840), in Southeast Nigeria

The yield and yield economics of three types of semi-intensive catfish grow out systems in southeast Nigeria were compared. These were: an integrated aquaculture–agriculture system, a commercial feed based system using locally produced pellets, and traditional grow out techniques. They were designated treatments 1, 2, and 3 respectively. Replicate new ponds were stocked with 160 Heterobranchus longifilis fingerlings and 10 adult Oreochromis niloticus (5 male and 5 female), per treatment. Soybeans were planted at the beginning of grow out to produce grains used as feed supplement in treatment 1. This was done in two consecutive 1-year grow out periods. The feed was prepared by partially substituting the feed ingredients used in treatment 3 with the soy grains. The soy plant matter was used as additional fertilizer. Pond age significantly influenced soy grain and plant matter yield, soy proportion of feed, and its soy-derived protein content ( p < 0.01). H. longifilis yield was significantly affected by treatment ( p < 0.001). In treatment 1, first year cost:benefit was 1:0.48 over variable cost and 1:0.41 over total cost. Second year values were 1:1.39 and 1:1.18 respectively. Cost:benefit in treatment 2 was 1:1.11 over variable cost in both years. Over total cost it was 1:1.03 and 1:1.05 in the first and second years respectively. In treatment 3 first year cost:benefit was 1:0.45 and 1:0.17 over variable and total costs respectively. Second year values were respectively 1:0.92 and 1:0.68, with pelleted feed accounting for 66% and 62% of variable and total costs respectively. Treatment 1 is recommended for adoption as an intermediate step in H. longifilis grow out in southeast Nigeria, until the pelleted feed-driven system becomes profitable.