Soy Cake Research Articles

Organic wastes to enhance phyto-treatment of diesel-contaminated soil

Toxic inorganic and organic chemicals are major contributors to environmental contamination and pose major health risks to human population. In this work, Dracaena reflexa and Podocarpus polystachyus were investigated for their potential to remove hydrocarbons from 2.5% and 1% diesel fuel-contaminated soil amended individually with 5% organic wastes (tea leaf, soy cake and potato skin) for a period of 270 days. Loss of 90% and 99% oil was recorded in soil contaminated with 2.5% and 1% oil with soy cake amendment, respectively, compared with 52% and 62% in unamended soil with D. reflexa at the end of 270 days. Similarly, 84% and 91% oil loss was recorded for P. polystachyus amended with organic wastes in 2.5% and 1% oil, respectively. Diesel fuel disappeared more rapidly in the soil amendment with SC than in other organic waste supplementation. It was evident that plants did not accumulate hydrocarbon from the soil, while the number of hydrocarbon-utilizing bacteria was high in the rhizosphere, thus suggesting that the mechanism of the oil degradation was rhizodegradation. The kinetic model result indicated a high rate of degradation in soil amendment with SC at 1% with D. reflexa compared with other treatments. Thus, a positive relationship was observed between diesel hydrocarbon degradation with plant biomass production. Dracaena reflexa with organic wastes amendment has a greater potential of restoring hydrocarbon-contaminated soil compared to P. polystachyus plant.

Potential of biowastes to remediate diesel fuel contaminated soil

<p>The unintended release of hydrocarbons into the environment can negatively impact human and animal health, and could further change the characteristics of soils. The aim of the present work was to investigate the rate of biodegradation at 10 and 20% diesel fuel in contaminated soil amended with 10% of three different organic wastes (tea leaf, soy cake, and potato skin) for a period of 126-days. 82 and 25% oil loss was recorded in soil amended with soy cake at 10% and 20 % oil pollution, respectively. Diesel fuel utilizing bacteria counts were high in all organic wastes amended treatments, ranging from 150×106 to 176 ×106 CFU g-1 of soil, compared with the unamended control soil which gave 23 ×106 CFU g-1. Dehydrogenase activity in soil was markedly enhanced by the application of organic wastes. Diesel oil composition monitored by GC/MS indicated complete degradation of n-C9 – C12. First-order kinetic model showed that among the three organic wastes used, soy cake had the highest biodegradation rate constant of 0.153 day−1 at 10% oil pollution, while biodegradation rate was 0.033 day−1 at 20% oil pollution. The results showed there is potential for soy cake, potato skin and tea leaf to enhance biodegradation of diesel in contaminated soil.</p>

Dynamics of diesel fuel degradation in contaminated soil using organic wastes

Bioremediation is an effective measure in dealing with such contamination, particularly those from petroleum hydrocarbon sources. The effect of soil amendments on diesel fuel degradation in soil was studied. Diesel fuel was introduced into the soil at the concentration of 5 % (w/w) and mixed with three different organic wastes tea leaf, soy cake, and potato skin, for a period of 3 months. Within 84 days, 35 % oil loss was recorded in the unamended polluted soil while 88, 81 and 75 % oil loss were recorded in the soil amended with soy cake, potato skin and tea leaf, respectively. Diesel fuel utilizing bacteria counts were significantly high in all organic wastes amended treatments, ranging from 111 × 106 to 152 × 106 colony forming unit/gram of soil, as compared to the unamended control soil which gave 31 × 106 CFU/g. The diesel fuel utilizing bacteria isolated from the oil-contaminated soil belongs to Bacillus licheniformis, Ochrobactrum tritici and Staphylococcus sp. Oil-polluted soil amended with soy cake recorded the highest oil biodegradation with a net loss of 53 %, as compared to the other treatments. Dehydrogenase enzyme activity, which was assessed by 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride technique, correlated significantly with the total petroleum hydrocarbons degradation and accumulation of CO2. First-order kinetic model revealed that soy cake was the best of the three organic wastes used, with biodegradation rate constant of 0.148 day−1 and half life of 4.68 days. The results showed there is potential for soy cake, potato skin and tea leaf to enhance biodegradation of diesel in oil-contaminated soil.

Effects of replacing fish meal with soy cake in a diet based on urea-treated rice straw on performance of growing Laisind beef cattle

The present study was to test if different ratios of fish meal to soy cake as protein supplements in the diet are not significantly different in effects on feed intakes and performance of growing beef cattle fed urea-treated rice straw (URTRS) as basal diet under local conditions in North Vietnam. Thirty-six male cattle of Laisind (50% local Yellow cattle and 50% Sindhi, both Bos indicus) at around 12 months of age with an average live weight of 124 ± 12 kg at start were used in six groups of the experiment. Six diets named A, B, C, D, E, and F used in the experiment were similar in crude protein (CP) level, except for diet A with no supplementation, but different in fish meal/soy cake ratio based on CP content as follows: diet A 0/0, diet B 100/0, diet C 75/25, diet D 50/50, diet E 25/75, and diet F 0/100. Following a 4-week adaptation period, a comparison period lasted 24 weeks. The total intakes of dry matter (DM), DM from roughage, metabolizable energy (ME), and CP were 6, 7, 6, and 20% higher in diets B-F than diet A with P values ≤ 0.05, 0.05, 0.05, and 0.001, respectively. The average daily gain (ADG) was 50% higher (P<0.001) in diets B-F than that in diet A. Compared to diet A, diets B-F had lower feed conversion ratio (FCR)DM, FCRME, and FCRCP by 30, 20, and 30%, respectively (all at P<0.001). There were no significant differences between diets B-F in the intakes, FCRs, and ADG. The apparent digestibility of CP was 12 to 24% higher (P<0.001) in diets B-F than that in diet A. There was a tendency that the apparent digestibilities of DM, CP, and CF were increasing with increasing level of soy cake in this study. The ratio of fish meal to soy cake did not significantly affect feed intakes, ADG, FCR, and apparent nutrient digestibilities of the cattle. Soy cake can therefore be used to partially or fully replace fish meal as a protein supplement in the diet of growing beef cattle fed URTRS without any negative effects on animal performance.

Enhanced degradation of diesel-contaminated soil using organic wastes

This study was carried out to enhance the biodegradation of diesel fuel in soil contaminated with 10% (w/w) diesel fuel amended with 10% tea leaf (IL), soy cake (SC), potato skin (PS) for a period of 3 months under laboratory condition. At the end of 84 days, the highest percentage of oil biodegradation (76%) was recorded in soil amended with SC; 64% and 53% were recorded with soil amended with PS and TL respectively, while only 27% of oil degraded in control treatment. Hydrocarbon utilizing bacteria ( HUB ) counts were high in all organic wastes amended treatments, ranging from 45x106 CFU/g to 90 x106 CFU/g of soil compared to unamended control soil (4x106 CFU/g to 8 x106 CFU/g of soil ). The count in amended soil was significantly different at (P&lt; 0.05) compared to unamended soil. The results obtained showed 90%, 80% and 60% seed germination in remediated soil contaminated with 10% diesel fuel and amended with SC, PS and TL respectively, over the period of 84 days. The results show the high potential of SC for enhanced biodegradation of hydrocarbon in oil contaminated soil.

Characterization of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) produced by Cupriavidus necator in solid-state fermentation

Solid-state fermentation (SSF) has recently been proposed as an alternative to submerged fermentation for the production of poly(hydroxyalkanoates). In the present work, X-ray diffraction, differential scanning calorimetry, nuclear magnetic resonance and infrared spectroscopy were employed to investigate the chemical structure, as well as the thermal properties and the crystalline morphology of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) samples produced by SSF, using as raw material either soy cake or soy cake supplemented with 2.5% (m/m) sugarcane molasses. The results obtained showed that the biopolymer obtained by SSF presented the same properties as commercial PHB, except for the higher molar mass and the lower degree of crystallinity that were observed. Thus, the present data indicate that solid-state fermentation is an interesting alternative for the production of PHB, allowing the production of biopolymers with adequate properties from low-cost, renewable resources.

High-Yield &lt;I&gt;Bacillus subtilis &lt;/I&gt;Protease Production by Solid-State Fermentation

A Bacillus subtilis isolate was shown to be able to produce extracellular protease in solid-state fermentations (SSF) using soy cake as culture medium. A significant effect of inoculum concentration and physiological age on pro tease production was observed. Maximum activities were obtained for inocula consisting of exponentially growing cells at inoculum concentrations in the range of 0.7-2.0 mg g(-1). A comparative study on the influence of cultivation temperature and initial medium pH on protease production in SSF and in submerged fermentation (SF) revealed that in SSF a broader pH range (5-10), but the same optimum temperature (37 degrees C), is obtained when compared to SF. A kinetic study showed that enzyme production is associated with bacterial growth and that enzyme inactivation begins before biomass reaches a maximum level for both SF and SSF. Maximum protease activity and productivity were 960 U g(-1) and 15.4 U g-1 h-1 for SSF, and 12 U mL-1 and 1.3 U mL-1 h-1 for SF. When SSF protease activity was expressed by volume of enzyme extract, the enzyme level was 10-fold higher and the enzyme productivity 45% higher than in SF. These results indicate that this bacterial strain shows a high biotechnological potential for protease production in solid-state fermentation.

Production of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) by solid-state fermentation with Ralstonia eutropha

The use of solid-state fermentation is examined as a low-cost technology for the production of poly(hydroxyalkanoates) (PHAs) by Ralstonia eutropha. Two agroindustrial residues (babassu and soy cake) were evaluated as culture media. The maximum poly(hydroxybutyrate) (PHB) yield was 1.2 mg g(-1) medium on soy cake in 36 h, and 0.7 mg g(-1) medium on babassu cake in 84 h. Addition of 2.5% (w/w) sugar cane molasses to soy cake increased PHB production to 4.9 mg g(-1) medium in 60 h. Under these conditions, the PHB content of the dry biomass was 39% (w/w). The present results indicate that solid-state fermentation could be a promising alternative for producing biodegradable polymers at low cost.

Effect of temperature, moisture, and carbon supplementation on lipase production by solid-state fermentation of soy cake by Penicillium simplicissimum.

The production of lipases by Penicillium simplicissimum using solid-state fermentation and soy cake as substrate was investigated. The effects of temperature, cake moisture, and carbon supplementation on lipase production were studied using a two-level experimental plan. Moisture, pH, and lipase activity were followed during fermentation. Statistical analysis of the results was performed to evaluate the effect of the studied variables on the maximum lipase activity. Incubation temperature was the variable that most affected enzyme activity, showing a negative effect. Moisture and carbon supplementation presented a positive effect on activity. It was possible to obtain lipase activity as high as 21 U/g of dry cake in the studied range of process variables.

Production of semi-alkaline protease by Aspergillus niger

Aspergillus niger LCF no. 9 from a laboratory collection synthesized proteolytic enzymes active at semi-alkaline pH in high yield (90 PU casein/ml extract in 24 h). As these enzymes are inducible, the strain was grown on various protein-containing substrates, namely defatted soy, rapeseed, and sunflower cake, and ground lupin seeds. Soy cake proved best. Optimal fermentation conditions were defined and the process was extended to pilot scale. Since the proteases are highly unstable in the fermenting medium, rapid means of identifying the production optimum and of stopping breakdown of the enzymes were required: Detection of hydrolysis of benzoyl arginine paranitroanilide and injection of nitrogen provided a solution.

Rearing of prawn larvae, Penaeus japonicus, fed soy-cake particles and diatoms

Soy cake* was homogenized and filtered through an 80 mesh net to produce small, detritus-like particles. The effect of soy-cake particles, an artificial detritus, on the survival and growth of Penaeus japonicus Bate zoea was then tested. The soy cake was considered to be effective for survival and growth of the zoea. The best survival rate, 85.9%, was obtained in a tank receiving soy cake in quantities of 0.16 mg/zoea/day. An experiment was also performed to compare three kinds of food: particles of soy cake alone, diatoms (Chaetoceros rigidus) alone, and a half and half mixture of the two. The best growth, 2.49 mm, and the highest survival rate, 79.1%, were found in larvae fed the mixture of soy-cake particles and diatoms. The results thus seem to demonstrate that particles of soy cake could be usefully applied to the mass-culture of the penaeid prawn.