Soxhlet Extraction Process Research Articles

Synthesis of high purity silica from low cost water glass via sol–gel process and soxhlet extraction

This study describes a strategy to economically synthesize silica with high purity. For economical synthesis, it is critical to choose proper synthetic process and raw material. Here, we have used economical sol–gel process and water glass with low cost to synthesize a silica powder, and adopted extraction process to enhance its purity. Specially, we have first examined where impurities are mainly located. Then we have considered how to enhance cleaning efficiency during extraction process for achievement of high purity. Scanning electron microscope and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy analysis demonstrate that the impurities prefers to locate at the surface of silica aggregates, which indicates that large aggregates in size easily expose most of the impurities into the surface of silica whereas small sized aggregates can trap the impurities between them. Taken together with these results, we have formed large silica aggregates in size via controlling pH condition during the silica synthesis, followed by conducting Soxhlet extraction process for cleaning the impurities out. The use of this approach allows us to synthesize the silica with a purity of 99.95 wt%.

Hypoglycemic, Hypolipidemic and Antibacterial Activity of Ficus racemosa Fruit Extract

Background: Ficus racemosa, popularly known as the fig or cluster fig, is a traditional plant in the Moraceae family with various ethnomedical uses. However, the information of medicinal values of Bangladeshi grown Ficus racemosa fruit extracts using different solvent systems is still lacking in the literature. Therefore, the present study was carried out to enrich the information of the medicinal property of Ficus racemosa fruit extract in terms of hypoglycemic, hypolipidemic and antibacterial activity. Methods: Methanol, ethanol, chloroform, n-hexane and petroleum ether solvents were used to obtain five different types of mature Ficus racemosa fruit extract by Soxhlet extraction process. Antibacterial activity of each extract was determined by disc diffusion method whereas ethanol extract was tested to evaluate its hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic activity by using alloxan-induced diabetic mice model. Results: At the end of 21 days of treatment, ethanol extract decreased the blood glucose level of diabetic mice by approximately 41% and 50% at doses 100 and 200 mg/kg body weight, respectively, whereas at the same doses total cholesterol levels were decreased by approximately 16% and 17%, LDL reduced by 28% and 29%, HDL increased by 41% and 67% compared to the diabetic control group. The levels of SGPT, SGOT and CRP were also significantly (P<0.05 to P<0.001) reduced by administration of same doses of ethanol extract. At a concentration of 600 µg/disc, strong antibacterial activity was displayed by methanol, ethanol and petroleum ether extract against most of the tested bacteria with the zone of inhibition of 13 to 17 mm. Conclusion: The present study revealed strong anti-diabetic and antibacterial activity of the fig extract and therefore suggested that this fruit may play a potential role in the treatment of diabetes mellitus and various bacterial infections.

Optimization of the Technology of Chlorogenic Acid Extraction from Yacon (Smallanthus Sonchifolius) using Box-Behnken Design

Optimization of the Technology of Chlorogenic Acid Extraction from Yacon (Smallanthus Sonchifolius) using Box-Behnken Design In order to further enhance the value of comprehensive utilization, soxhlet extraction of chlorogenic acid (CGA) from yacon was studied in this paper. Firstly, single factor experiment provided the extraction effects of three main parameters of soxhlet extraction process involving syphon time, ethanol concentration and liquid-solid rate and obtained preliminary process parameters for higher extraction rate; furthermore, Box-Behnken design was applied to obtain the three optimal parameters of extraction process and formulate a regression model fitting process parameters and extraction rate. Results showed that the optimal soxhlet extraction process was as follows: syphon times of 5, ethanol concentration of 50% and liquid-solid rate of 15 mL/g, and the predicted extraction rate was 5.21%. In the optimal process actual extraction rate was 5.22%, which accorded well with the predicted value of the model. The analysis of regression model revealed that the effect of syphon time, ethanol concentration and liquid-solid rate each other was significant, especially the interaction of ethanol concentration and liquid-solid rate was extremely significant. To sum up, response surface methodology can be applied to the optimization of soxhlet extraction process of CGA in yacon, and the optimal soxhlet extraction process is advisable to extract CGA in yanco with high extraction rate and further to enlighten industry production and market-oriented utilization of CGA.

Soxhlet extraction of Spirogyra sp. algae: an alternative fuel

ABSTRACTEvery step in the conversion of fossil fuel causes environmental pollution. Solar energy, wind energy and geothermal energies have their own limitations in generation and supply. Biofuels have the capability to reduce environmental pollution and produce energy. Algae can use the nutrients and carbon dioxide present in wastewater for their growth, which will reduce the pollution and the oil extracted from algae can be used as an alternative fuel. This study focuses on the extraction of oil from Spirogyra sp. algae using the Soxhlet extraction process. Various characteristics such as saponification value, iodine value, calorific value, flash point and acid value are analyzed. Oil extracted from Spirogyra sp. algae has a calorific value of 3257 kcal/kg, flash point of 78°C, and the allowable saponification value, iodine value and acid value. Oil extracted from Spirogyra sp. algae could progressively substitute for a significant proportion of energy demand.

Extraction and Characterization of Oil from the Seeds of Jatropha Curcas Using Supercritical CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; and Soxhlet Extraction Process

The ain of the present paper describes about the bio-oil extraction using soxhlet and supercritical CO2 process. The percentage yield 82.34 % was more in the case of supercritical CO2 extraction. The extracted bio-oil was converted into biodiesel using enzymatic trans-esterification reaction. A novel catalyst Gum arabic coated magnetic Fe3O4 nanoparticles are used in the enzymatic trans-esterification reaction. The extracted bio-oil and produced bio-diesel samples were characterised using GC-MS spectral data. Similarly, physical properties such as density, flash point, kinematic viscosity, cloud point and pour point were found out for Jatropha oil and Jatropha methyl ester. The values obtained from the Jatropha methyl ester is closely matched with the values of conventional diesel and can be used in the existing diesel engine without any modification.

Abundance and characteristics of lignin liquid intermediates in wood (Pinus ponderosa Dougl. ex Laws.) during hot water extraction

The objective of this research was to investigate the effects of the conditions of hot water extraction (HWE) on abundance, properties, and structure of lignin depolymerization products. HWE of extracted softwood (ponderosa pine) was conducted using temperatures from 140 to 320 °C for 90 min. HWE materials were then subjected to a soxhlet extraction process using dichloromethane (DCM). The composition and molecular weight of this DCM-soluble material was conducted using semi-quantitative Py-GC/MS and ESI/MS, which showed that this material is rich in lignin with low molecular weight (<1200 g mol−1) and low polydispersity (∼1.4). The highest yield of this material (∼4.2%) was obtained in material processed at 260 °C. Py-GC/MS of the solid fraction after the DCM process showed a progressive reduction of products of the pyrolysis of lignin as the HWE temperature increased. This finding suggests that the lignin content in the solid decreased due in part to migration from the cell walls and middle lamella to the particles surfaces, particularly the inner surface of the cells. SEM and AFM techniques helped to visualize the ability of this DCM-soluble extract to adhere to cellulosic fibers. Therefore, this lignin-rich material presents properties that depend on the conditions of the operation. Results indicate that during HWE it is possible to control the process parameters to limit or increase the amount of DCM-soluble lignin and its properties as required for downstream processes.

Extraction of oil from rubber seeds for biodiesel application: Optimization of parameters

Rubber seed comprises of 40–48% shell and 52–60% kernel by weight of seed was subjected for oil extraction study. The effects of process parameters such as extraction time (3–12h), kernel size range (0.5–3mm), ratio of kernel to solvent (0.03–0.09g/ml), and variety of solvents (polar and non-polar) on Soxhlet extraction process were studied. Design of experiment (DOE) schemes was considered to prepare an experimental matrix using central composite design (CCD) approach. Response surface methodology (RSM) was applied to optimize the process parameters to achieve maximum oil yield. The maximum oil recovery, 49.36wt% was obtained during the experiment conducted with hexane as solvent, 0.08g/ml solute to solvent ratio, average kernel size of 1mm and 8h extraction time. Physico-chemical properties of oil obtained from the rubber seed were estimated to measure its suitability for biodiesel production. Proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR) spectra of the obtained rubber seed oil (RSO) revealed 13.17% linolenic, 39.86% linoleic, 27.06% oleic and 19.91% saturated fatty acid in its composition. These compositional data were qualitatively confirmed with Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR), thermal gravimetric (TG) and differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) analyses of extracted oil samples.

Evaluation of the anti-inflammatory activity of the aqueous and ethanolic extracts of the leaves of Albizzia lebbeck in rats

Albizzia lebbeck Benth. (Mimosaceae) is a medicinal tree used to treat several inflammatory ailments in the Indian traditional Ayurvedic system of medicine. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the possible anti-inflammatory activity of the aqueous (AE) and ethanolic (EE) extracts of the leaves of A. lebbeck to support the ethnopharmacological claims. The study was carried out using Wistar rats (100–150 g). The AE and EE were prepared using the Soxhlet extraction process. The anti-inflammatory activity of the AE and EE of the leaves of A. lebbeck were studied using carrageenan-induced paw edema and cotton pellet-induced granuloma models. The AE and EE of the leaves of A. lebbeck at doses of 50, 100, and 200 mg/kg p.o. (oral administration) showed a dose-dependent and significant (p < 0.05) inhibition of carrageenan-induced hind paw edema with maximum percentage inhibition (PI) values of 22.34, 30.85, 39.36 and 22.53, 32.98, 42.55, respectively. The AE and EE at doses of 50, 100, 200 mg/kg p.o. significantly (p < 0.05) inhibited granuloma formation with PI values of 19.07, 27.57, 38.55 and 23.93, 32.23, 42.33, respectively. The AE and EE of the leaves of A. lebbeck showed significant (p < 0.05) anti-inflammatory activity.

Level of Organochlorine Pesticides Residue in Fish, Water and Sediment in Biu Dam (Reservoir) Borno State Nigeria

The health risks posed by organochlorine compounds to the total environment have continued to elicit concern among researchers in developing countries worldwide. Hence, this study focused on investigating the levels of Organochlorine pesticides residues in water sediment and fish samples in Biu dam reservoir. The pesticides residues in the fish and sediment samples were extracted by soxhlet extraction process using a mixture of n-hexane and acetone while w ater sample was extracted using dichloromethane liquid- liquid extraction method. The extracts were cleaned and analysed using a gas chromatograph mass spectrometer (GCMS) equipped with electron capture detector. Endrin, aldrin, dieldrin, endosulfan I, endosulfan II, alpha BHC and heptachlor were detected in the study area. While chlordane, methoxychlor, other isomers of BHC, DDT and its degradation products were not detected in all the samples analysed. Endrin had the highest value

Simplified procedure of silymarin extraction from Silybum marianum L. Gaertner.

Silymarin, a mixture of flavonolignans exhibiting many pharmacological activities, is obtained from the fruits of milk thistle (Silybum marianum L. Gaertner). Due to the high lipid content in thistle fruits, the European Pharmacopoeia recommends a two-step process of its extraction. First, the fruits are defatted for 6 h, using n-hexane; second, silymarin is extracted with methanol for 5 more hours. The presented data show that this extremely long traditional Soxhlet extraction process can be shortened to a few minutes using pressurized liquid extraction (PLE). PLE also allows to eliminate the defatting stage required in the traditional procedure, thus simplifying the silymarin extraction procedure and preventing silymarin loss caused by defatting. The PLE recoveries obtained under the optimized extraction conditions are clearly better than the ones obtained by the Pharmacopoeia-recommended Soxhlet extraction procedure. The PLE yields of silychristin, silydianin, silybin A, silybin B, isosilybin A and isosilybin B in acetone are 3.3, 6.9, 3.3, 5.1, 2.6 and 1.5 mg/g of the non-defatted fruits, respectively. The 5-h Soxhlet extraction with methanol on defatted fruits gives only ∼72% of the silymarin amount obtained in 10 min PLE at 125°C.

Direct acid methylation for extraction of fatty acid content from microalgae cells.

Direct acid methylation was examined as a means for both analysis of fatty acid content in microalgal cells and biodiesel production without pretreatment. Microalgal cells of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii and Dunaliella tertiolecta were prepared and examined. It appeared that direct acid methylation extracted higher fatty acid content than the solvent-based Soxhlet extraction process. It also revealed that the latter was prone to extract a significant amount of nonlipid hydrophobic impurities, including hydrophobic proteins and phytol-type compounds, while direct methylation produces essentially pure ester product. This work demonstrates that direct acid methylation provides superior fatty acid extraction, promising an efficient process for either quantification of lipid content or production of biodiesel.

The Study of Extraction Beta-Carotene from Crude Palm Oil for Analysis Economic

The purpose of this project was determined the study of extraction β-carotene from crude palm oil with soxhlet extraction to analysis economic value. Evaluation of β-carotene extraction process was absorbed on resin adsorbents of styene divinyl benzene copolymer, by an addition of isopropanal solvent and hexane in soxhlet extraction process. The result shows that optimum condition for β-carotene adsorption time was 2 hours, soxhlet extraction time was 3 hours for 1 g resin, at 85 °C could extract 21.911% β-carotene by weight of carotene in crude palm oil. The resin could be reused for β-carotene at least 3 times.The extraction could extract 80% β-carotene by weight of carotene in crude palm oil. The process required a total investment of first year 2,059,627 bath, Net Present Value was 334,935.67 bath, benefit per cost was 2.04, the internal rate of return was 35.1% and the pay back period was 4 years. The result that was quite attractive for the cooperatives to invest and a design planning of machine in extraction process was a product layout.

Design, fabrication and evaluation of intelligent sulfone-selective polybenzimidazole nanofibers

Molecularly imprinted polybenzimidazole nanofibers fabricated for the adsorption of oxidized organosulfur compounds are presented. The imprinted polymers exhibited better selectivity for their target model sulfone-containing compounds with adsorption capacities of 28.5±0.4mgg−1, 29.8±2.2mgg−1 and 20.1±1.4mgg−1 observed for benzothiophene sulfone (BTO2), dibenzothiophene sulfone (DBTO2) and 4,6-dimethyldibenzothiophene sulfone (4,6-DMDBTO2) respectively. Molecular modeling based upon the density functional theory (DFT) indicated that hydrogen bond interactions may take place between sulfone oxygen groups with NH groups of the PBI. Further DFT also confirmed the feasibility of π–π interactions between the benzimidazole rings and the aromatic sulfone compounds. The adsorption mode followed the Freundlich (multi-layered) adsorption isotherm which indicated possible sulfone–sulfone interactions. A home-made pressurized hot water extraction (PHWE) system was employed for the extraction/desorption of sulfone compounds within imprinted nanofibers at 1mLmin−1, 150°C and 30bar. PHWE used a green solvent (water) and achieved better extraction yields compared to the Soxhlet extraction process. The application of molecularly imprinted polybenzimidazole (PBI) nanofibers displayed excellent sulfur removal, with sulfur in fuel after adsorption falling below the determined limit of detection (LOD), which is 2.4mgL−1S, and with a sulfur adsorption capacity of 5.3±0.4mgg−1 observed for application in the fuel matrix.

Optimizing oil and xanthorrhizol extraction from Curcuma xanthorrhiza Roxb. rhizome by supercritical carbon dioxide.

Oil and xanthorrhizol extraction from Curcuma xanthorrhiza Roxb. rhizome by supercritical carbon dioxide was optimized using Taguchi method. The factors considered were pressure, temperature, carbon dioxide flowrate and time at levels ranging between 10-25MPa, 35-60°C, 10-25g/min and 60-240min respectively. The highest oil yield (8.0%) was achieved at factor combination of 15MPa, 50°C, 20g/min and 180min whereas the highest xanthorrhizol content (128.3mg/g oil) in Curcuma xanthorrhiza oil was achieved at a factor combination of 25MPa, 50°C, 15g/min and 60min. Soxhlet extraction with n-hexane and percolation with ethanol gave oil yield of 5.88%, 11.73% and xanthorrhizol content of 42.6mg/g oil, 75.5mg/g oil, respectively. The experimental oil yield and xanthorrhizol content at optimum conditions agreed favourably with values predicted by computational process. The xanthorrizol content extracted using supercritical carbon dioxide was higher than extracted using Soxhlet extraction and percolation process.

Extraction of Crude Rubber Oil from Rubber Seed and Production of Biodiesel

Biodiesel is a mono alkyl ester of long chain fatty acids derived from renewable feed stocks, such as vegetable oils or animal fats, for using in compression ignition engine. Studies were carried out to extract non-edible crude rubber oil from rubber seed and to produce potential biodiesel from it. Crude rubber oil was extracted by Soxhlet extraction process with n-hexane solvent and also mechanically extracted by using continuous screw expeller. Due to its high free fatty acid (3.89% FFA) content, the crude rubber oil was processed in two steps. The acid-catalyzed esterification and followed by the base catalyzed transesterification. The acid-catalyzed esterification reaction was carried out with concentrated H2SO4 acid and ethanol-to-oil ratio. The production of biodiesel involved the transesterification of treated rubber oil with ethanol in the presence of a base catalyst (KOH) to yield ethyl ester as a product and glycerine as a by-product. The first step reduces the FFA level from 3.89% to 1.1% in one hour at 50oC for 40% w/w ethanol-to-oil ratio with 1% w/w H2SO4. After the reaction the mixture was stagnated for an hour and ethanol-water upper layer was discarded. The second step convert the product into biodiesel and glycerol through transesterification using 30% w/w ethanol-to-oil and 0.8% w/w KOH to oil at 65oC. The maximum biodiesel yield achieved at rate of 89.36% within one hour and the glycerol concentration in the by-product (glycerol layer) obtained after duel step transesterification was found 18.82%.

Mosquito larvicidal efficay of Acorus calamus extracts against Aedes aegypti L. larvae

ObjectiveTo evaluate the larvicidal activity of petroleum ether and ethyl alcohol extracts of Acorus calamus (A. calamus). MethodsPetroleum ether and ethyl alcohol extracts were extracted from plant materials through soxhlet extraction process and its efficacy was determined through bioassay method. Extracts were evaluated further for the determination of their LC50 and LC90 values. Observation of mortality response was assessed after 24 h. ResultsPetroleum ether and ethyl alcohol extracts of A. calamus produced 99% and 96% mortality at 125 mg/L respectively. Petroleum ether extract exhibited LC50 at 57.32 mg/L, LC90 at 120.13 mg/L, while ethyl alcohol extract exhibited LC50 at 64.22 mg/L, LC90 at 130.37 mg/L. ConclusionsPresent study indicated that A. calamus carries huge potential as a mosquito larvicide. This potential could be exploited for the development of safer and effective botanical mosquito larvicidal tool for the management of Aedes aegypti.

Phytochemical Screening and Antimicrobial Assessment of Leaves of Adhatoda vasica, Azadirachta indica and Datura stramonium

The present study was aimed to investigate the phytochemical screening and antimicrobial assessment of Adhatoda vasica, Azadirachta indica and Datura stramonium leaf extract. These plants were collected; aqueous and alcoholic extracts were prepared by soxhlet extraction process. The phytochemical analysis of extracts were performed, and antimicrobial activity of aqueous and alcoholic extracts of all plant material at dose of 100 mg/ml and 200 mg/ml concentrations against various strains were done. These extract were studied through agar diffusion method against E. coli, S. aureus, S. Bacillus bacteria and Rhizopus fungi and their comparison with standard ofloxacin. The phytochemical study inferred the presence of secondary metabolites which assist their herbal properties. Azadirachta indica was effective against all of these micro-organisms. While Adhatoda vasica and Datura stramonium were less effective as compared to Azadirachta indica and ineffective against Rhizopus fungi. Azadirachta indica had shown almost equal anti-microbial activity, against all species of microbes which was taken in study as compared to standard ofloxacin. Thus in future, extract of these plants may be beneficial for another several species of microbes and mixture of these plants may be more effective as compared to standard drugs.

Spent Coffee Grounds as a Renewable Source of Bioactive Compounds

Spent coffee grounds (SCG) are the main residues from the soluble coffee industry. The objective of this work was to evaluate different extraction methods of oil and diterpenes (kahweol and cafestol) from SCG, such as solid–liquid extraction, supercritical extraction or direct saponification, as well as to determine the phenolic composition and antioxidant capacities (by radical scavenging activity, inhibition of linoleic acid oxidation and -carotene bleaching method) of SCG and defatted SCG. Among assayed oil extraction methods, the Soxhlet extraction process recovered the highest oil amounts (26.4%). The free fatty acid profile showed a high content of polyunsaturated fatty acids (50%) for the lipid fraction extracted from SCG by each method used, mainly linoleic and palmitic acids (about 45 and 30%, respectively). SCG was found to be an important source of polyphenolic compounds, showing 255 and 273 mg GAE/g dm in ethanolic extracts from SCG and defatted SCG, respectively, and was active as an antioxidant. The method that reached the highest level of diterpenes (214 mg/100 g SCG for kahweol and 466 mg/100 g SCG for cafestol) was direct saponification compared with the saponification of oil extracted by solid–liquid extraction or supercritical extraction. Finally, the presence of bioactive compounds of SCG identified in this study could be of great interest for the food, cosmetic and pharmaceutical industries, giving added value to a residue generated from instant coffee industrial processing, readily available in large quantities.

Extraction of rotundifuran and casticin from chaste tree fruits by near critical liquid carbon dioxide

In this study we investigated the use of near critical liquid CO2 for the extraction of chaste tree ripe fruits (Vitex agnus-castus L.). Two procedures utilizing near critical liquid CO2 were tested: (1) the extraction of plant material via continuous solvent recycling and (2) the extraction by a Soxhlet-type process via periodic solvent recycling. The results were compared with data obtained from the traditional Soxhlet extraction process using three different solvents, namely n-hexane, dichloromethane, and methanol. Extractions with liquid CO2, recycled in continuous mode, of chaste tree fruits in three sizes: (1) <0.3mm, (2) 0.3–0.8mm, and (3) 3–3.2mm resulted in maximum yields of 4.9%, 4.1% and 2.8%, respectively. Extraction times of 0.17–25h were used. Extraction by continuous recycling of liquid CO2 is more efficient than Soxhlet-type periodic recycling of liquid CO2, resulting in up to three times higher yield for the same solvent-to-feed ratio. Comparison of HPLC data for extracts obtained by liquid CO2, n-hexane, dichloromethane and methanol showed that the diterpene rotundifuran is best extracted by liquid CO2 (3.010g/kg drug), and the flavonoid casticin is best extracted by n-hexane (1.067g/kg drug).

Supercritical fluid extraction from guava (Psidium guajava) leaves: Global yield, composition and kinetic data

The aim of this work was to obtain guava leaf extracts using supercritical fluid extraction. The use of ethanol and isopropyl alcohol as co-solvents was evaluated. In addition, mass transfer kinetics experiments were carried out and overall extraction curves were modeled. The global yield and extract composition from supercritical fluid extraction were compared with those from conventional extractions. The extracts were analyzed by thin layer chromatography (TLC) and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS). The results indicated the presence of essential oils, flavonoids and anti-oxidant compounds in all extracts. The highest global yield was observed with the Soxhlet extraction process. However, the extracts from supercritical fluid extraction had higher levels of functional compounds. Overall, the Sovová model best described the overall extraction curves.