Sowing Of Mixtures Research Articles

Top-soil translocation as a technique in the re-creation of species-rich meadows

In France, most civil engineering and excavation projects are at present accompanied by compensatory measures with the aim of preserving biodiversity. In order to avoid the destruction of a habitat of high conservation interest in NE France, harbouring two legally protected plant species, an experiment of soil translocation was conducted on an area of 1 ha. The donor site was an extensively managed mesophilic meadow and the receiving site was a neighbouring arable land. The vegetation of the translocated meadow was described 8 and 17 months after soil translocation, and compared (1) with vegetation resulting from more classical restoration techniques tested on the arable land (natural regeneration and seed mixture sowing) and (2) with the soil seed bank and vegetation previously present on the donor site. Results showed that the soil translocation technique permitted the development of many meadow species, including two legally protected species, and few ruderal species despite a large area of bare ground. This technique seems effective in terms of number and abundance of meadow species compared to natural regeneration and commercial seed sowing. In the case of the two classical methods, species richness was lower and only widespread species were present. Topsoil translocation provides a good compensatory method to avoid habitat and species destruction. However, the study should be continued, with the aim of assessing the longer term development and stabilization of the vegetation of the translocated meadow.Nomenclature: Lambinon et al. (1992).

Yield advantage and competition in intercropped oats (Avena sativa L.) and faba bean (Vicia faba L.): Application of the hyperbolic yield-density model

Abstract Both monocrops and intercrops of oats (Avena sativa L.) and faba bean (Vicia faba L.) were cultivated over a range of sowing densities in a field experiment of randomized complete blocks design. The hyperbolic yield-density model was applied to phytomass and seed yield. Predictions and parameters of the model were used to quantify intra- and interspecific competition, and to evaluate yield potential of the mixtures. The model accounted for 93% and 85% of the variation in phytomass and in seed yield, respectively. In both species intraspecific competition was more severe than interspecific competition. Oats was relatively the stronger of the two competitors, e.g. substitution rates were 0.33 plants of oats for a plant of bean with respect to oat seed yield, and 0.72 plants of bean for a plant of oats with respect to bean seed yield. Oats had a greater yield potential than bean. The mixture sown in densities of 400 oats/m2 and 40 beans/m2 out-yielded the most productive monoculture with respect to seed yield. Land equivalent ratios (LER) of this mixture, 1.05 for phytomass and 1.06 for seed yield, indicated yield advantage. The greatest LER obtained for seed yield was 1.10. The predicted yield curves demonstrated that the maximum (asymptotic) combined yields, 13 t/ha of phytomass and 6 t/ha of seeds might be obtained by planting bean and oats in 1:1 ratio. Land equivalent ratios of this mixture were 1.23 for phytomass and 1.31 for seed yield. Both the actual results and the model predictions suggest potential of intercropped oats and faba bean.

Persistence of dryland pasture species in mixed swards in Canterbury

Changes in dryland pasture composition were monitored over 5 years in pastures that were managed under a normal sheep farm management system. Grass grub population built up with time and appeared to be the main reason for plant loss and the resultant changes in pasture composition. Grass grub densities in ryegrass mixtures increased to a high level (220/m* ) by year three, with subsequent ioss of ryegrass plants. Grub densities increased more slowly in cocksfoot-, tall fescueand phalaris-based pastures, with no apparent loss of plants. Cocksfoot dominated pasture composition by year three, even when sown at only 25% of total seed mix. Phalaris did not increase its contribution and at no stage made a significant contribution to production when sown in mixtures with other grasses. As grass grub numbers declined there appeared to be some regeneration of the ryegrass component. The more persistent cocksfoot and tall fescue pastures increased their herbage yield advantage over ryegrass pastures with time. Autumn animal performance was directly related to the amount of green herbage on offer. Keywords: Costelytra zealandica, Dactylis glomerata,dryland pastures, Festuca arundinacea, Lolium perenne, Phalaris aquatica, pasture composition

Family composition of Douglas-fir nursery stock as influenced by seed characters, mortality, and culling practices

Changes in family composition during nursery production were evaluated by following individual seeds and seedlings of 36 wind-pollinated Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii var. menziesii (Mirb.) Franco) families sown in mixture in two operational nurseries in western Washington and Oregon. Families differed significantly in emergence and in percent of seedlings culled for being too small. However, differences were small enough that family composition was largely unaffected. The observed changes in family composition did not markedly reduce genetic diversity and did not affect the genetic gain that may be expected from an improved population. The plantable nursery stock was, for the most part, representative of the composition of families originally sown.

Effect of ryegrass endophyte in mixed swards of perennial ryegrass and white clover under two levels of irrigation and pesticide treatment

AbstractIn a small‐plot experiment at Hurley, UK, infection of perennial ryegrass with the endophytic fungus Acremonium lolii had no apparent effect on seedling populations and herbage yield of ryegrass and white clover sown in mixture. The plots were maintained under two levels of irrigation with or without pesticide (carbosulfan granules) to study possible interactions with stress due to drought or pest damage. The higher level of irrigation consistently increased yield of both grass and clover during 1989 and 1990, but the effects of endophyte and pesticide on yield were not consistent, nor were the few significant interactions between factors. It is concluded that infection of ryegrass does not appear to increase ryegrass production or to decrease white clover production in the UK, in contrast to reports from New Zealand.

The use of electrophoretic techniques to distinguish perennial ryegrass cultivars when sown in mixtures

SummaryIn research into competition between individual cultivars of one perennial grass species sown in mixtures, fixed matrix designs have been widely used because of difficulties in identifying the components inanatural sward.Extrapolation of results from such fixed designs to the sward situation is often difficult in any but the short-term context.This paper describes the principles, requirements and use of an electrophoretic technique together with a mathematical concept which can be used to distinguish certain perennial ryegrass cultivars when sown in mixtures. Such methods have useful implications for the study of sward composition and competitive ability of ryegrass cultivars sown in mixtures. The number of samples required to study selected 2-way cultivar mixtures using this method is indicated.

Orchardgrass and perennial ryegrass with applied nitrogen and in mixtures with legumes

AbstractBotanical composition of swards can markedly affect their productivity, forage quality, and acceptance by animals. The objective of this research was to determine the amounts of dry matter (DM) and N harvested in the different botanical components of swards where perennial ryegrass and orchardgrass were sown alone and fertilized with N, or sown in mixture with legumes.Broadcast sowings were made on conventionally prepared seedbeds in August 1979 and May 1980 on a Hagerstown silt loam soil (fine, mixed mesic Typic Hapludalf). When seeded alone, orchardgrass cv. Pennlate and perennial ryegrass cv. Reveille received rates of N ranging from 0 to 448 kg ha−1 a−1. The grasses were also grown in mixtures with alfalfa cv. Arc, red clover cv. Arlington, or birdsfoot trefoil cv. Viking. The same legumes were sown alone. Four legume seed rates were used in both the pure legume and mixed stands.Legume DM harvests were greater in mixtures with perennial ryegrass than in legume‐orchard‐grass swards. An exception occurred in the first year as birdsfoot trefoil harvested DM was lower in trefoil‐ryegrass swards than in trefoil orchardgrass mixtures, probably owing to vigorous competition from ryegrass in the seedling stage. As legume seed rates were increased, both the legume and grass components of mixed swards produced more DM and N. Grass DM and N harvested in orchardgrass mixtures exceeded those of ryegrass mixtures for the 3‐year period.Sward weediness, most prevalent in pure legume stands planted at low seed rates, was sharply reduced by including either grass with the legumes. Volunteer legumes contributed to DM harvested only when the grasses were sown alone and not fertilized with N.Species differences in crude protein (CP) concentration were significant. Birdsfoot trefoil had the highest CP of the legumes, averaging 241 g (kg DM)−1. Alfalfa and red clover averaged 219 and 208 g CP (kg DM)−1 respectively. Perennial ryegrass herbage had a higher CP concentration than that of orchardgrass in both pure and mixed swards. Grass CP increased significantly in response to fertilizer N and to higher legume seed rates.

Studies on Mixture Sowing of Warm Season Annual Forage Crops : I. The effect of sowing rate on the yield of several mixed forage crops

Studies on Mixture Sowing of Warm Season Annual Forage Crops : I. The effect of sowing rate on the yield of several mixed forage crops

Studies on Mixture Sowing of Warm Season Annual Forage Crops : II. The effect of cutting frequency on the yield of mixed forage crops

Studies on Mixture Sowing of Warm Season Annual Forage Crops : II. The effect of cutting frequency on the yield of mixed forage crops

PRODUCTIVITY OF APPLE VARIETIES DEPENDS ON SOIL MANAGEMENT SYSTEM

Efficient soil management systems play an important role in improving orchard fertility. They contribute to the equal distribution of organic matter throughout the soil profile. This improves the effective and potential soil fertility. The observations and records have been carried out since 2015 in the fruit-bearing apple orchard of the Dzhalka village Gudermes district of the Chechen Republic, on the varieties Golden Delicious and Granny Smith grafted on M-9. The planting scheme is 3.5 × 2.5 m, the crown shape is a growing effortlessly palmette. We studied the sod-humus system with the cereal grasses mixture sowing (smooth bromegrass, meadow fescue, Australian rye-grass, cocksfoot) and alfalfa, as well as the black fallow and green manure system with the phacelia and mustard sowing. The control is black steam. All options were tested against the background of an experiment to identify the effect of nitrogen fertilizers, which were applied in the spring at doses of N120 and N180. The control had no fertilizer. Three times repetition with 30 accounting trees in each were used. The conducted studies have shown that in intensive type apple orchards the most effective system is sod-humus or black fallow and green manure system.

A COMPARISON OF THE HERBAGE YIELD OF ITALIAN RYEGRASS AND TALL FESCUE MIXTURES IN THE SECOND AND THIRD YEAR AFTER SOWING

The annual yield of tall fescue was higher than that of Italian ryegrass in the third year after sowing, but the total yield of herbage from grass plus clover swards was similar.In both the second and third year after sowing, the yield of herbage in the spring grazing was higher when fescue was used as the sown grass. The method of establishment of both tall fescue and Italian ryegrass affected the total and seasonal yield in the second and third year after sowing, but the magnitude of these effects was not nearly as marked as it was earlier in the life of the leys. In the second year after sowing, swards of both Italian ryegrass and tall fescue had a higher yield of total herbage and of white clover, and a lower ingress of unsown species, when established without a cover crop and grazed frequently in the year of sowing.The inclusion of red clover did not increase total yield of DM in the second and third year after sowing, and it slightly decreased the yield of the tall fescue mixture in the third year following sowing when N was applied. S170 tall fescue was readily grazed by sheep in spring and autumn.The apparent recovery of applied N varied with the mixture sown, and the management given during establishment.

Studies on the Culture of Italian Ryegrass sown in Mixtures with Legumes as Winter Crop on Paddy Fields : Report II. Yield of Italian Ryegrass sown in Mixtures with Common Vetch

Yields of Italian ryegrass sown in mixtures with common vetch were tested in 1963 and 1964 under the plan shown in Tables 1 and 2. (1) In case where cutting was not practiced within the seeding year. In the case of test carried in 1963, i. e., when sown late under heavy manuring condition, any great difference was not found, as seen in Table 3, between the plots under different treatments. Under light→heavy manuring conditions, the yield of Italian ryegrass sown in mixtures at the first cutting was higher than that of Italian ryegrass sown alone, while the yield of Italian ryegrass sown in mixtures was less at the second cutting than that sown alone because of no regrowth of common vetch and on account of poor regrowth of Italian ryegrass due to the competition with common vetch. At the subsequent cuttings, any difference in yield of Italian ryegrass was not found. As a result, no great difference was found in total yield between Italian ryegrass sown alone and that sown in mixtures. In comparison of the yield of Italian ryegrass sown alone under heavy manuring condition with that of Italian ryegrass sown in mixtures under light→heavy manuring conditions, the total yield of Italian ryegrass sown in mixtures was less because of less yields at the first and second cuttings. The yield of Italian ryegrass at the first cutting in the case of test carried in 1964 is as seen in Fig. 1, namely, in the cases of early-cuttings (i. e., under the treatments A and B), any significant difference in yield is not found between Italian ryegrass sown in mixtures with common vetch (at the rate of 200 seeds per m2) under light→heavy manuring conditions and Italian ryegrass sown alone under heavy manuring condition, while in the case of late-cuttings (i. e., under the treatments C and D), the yield of Italian ryegrass sown alone under heavy manuring condition is higher. In the case of yield under the treatments A and B, thanks to the great effect of the first cutting, total yield (as shown in Fig. 3) of the plot of Italian ryegrass sown in mixtures at the rate of 200 seeds per m2 can approach to that of Italian ryegrass sown alone under heavy manuring condition, while in the case of yield under the treatments C and D, the yield of Italian ryegrass sown in mixtures becomes less than that of Italian ryegrass sown alone under heavy manuring condition. The reason for that Italian ryegrass sown in mixtures under light→heavy manuring conditions in 1963 was less than that of Italian ryegrass sown alone under heavy manuring condition (as seen in Table 3) lies in the fact that the first butting was practiced in the periods in 1964 corresponding to the treatments C and D. Consequently, when Italian ryegrass is sown in mixtures With common vetch for the purpose of saving the fertilizer to be applied before seeding and intended to gain the yield similar to that of Italian ryegrass sown alone under heavy manuring condition, it is necessary to practice the first cutting somewhat earlier. In doing so, the yield in each cutting can be ironed out and the crude protein yield will become higher as seen in Fig. 4. (2) In case where cutting is practiced within the seeding year. As seen in Table 3, through the first cutting practice within the seeding year. Italian ryegrass sown in mixtures under light→heavy manuring conditions gains the yield similar to that of Italian ryegrass sown alone under heavy manuring condition. But in the case of the first cutting practiced in next spring the yield of Italian ryegrass sown in mixtures is less and lower in total yield than the yield of Italian ryegrass sown alone under heavy manuring condition, because light→heavy fertilizer plots were still kept under light manuring condition until the first cutting in spring. [the rest omitted]

Studies on the Culture of Italian Ryegrass sown in Mixtures with Legumes as Winter Crop on Paddy Fields : Report III. Relationship between the Yield of Italian Ryegrass sown in Mixtures with Common Vetch and the total effective Temperature

The study was carried out to clarify the relationship between climatic condition, especially temperature, and the growth of Italian ryegrass sown in mixtures with common vetch. The relationship between temperature and the growth rate of Italian ryegrass calculated from the data of 1961, 1963 and 1964, can be seen in Fig. 1, showing that growth of Italian ryegrass begins about at temperature of 5°C and. becomes optimum about at temperature of 16°C. The same relation was gained from the data of the experiments carried out all over Japan, as seen in Table 1 and Fig. 2. From these facts it can be said that effective temperature for the growth of Italian ryegrass is more than 5°C. It is presumed, therefore, that the sum of daily mean temperatures for the growing periods except days of degrees below 5°C is the total effective temperature for the growth. The relationship between total effective temperature and yield of the first cutting of Italian ryegrass is very close as seen in Fig. 3, except that enclosed by dotted line. As seen in Fig. 4, Italian ryegrass sown in mixtures with common vetch 200 seeds per m2 under light manuring condition reaches to the yield having no significant differences from Italian ryegrass sown alone under heavy manuring, if the cutting is practiced within the range of less 1030°C of the total effective temperature, and under more than 1030°C, mixture shows inferiority, If the amount of seeds of common vetch in mixtures is less than 100 seeds per m2 as shown in Fig. 5, the mixture can not reach to the yield level without significant differences from Italian ryegrass sown alone under heavy manuring at any total effective temperature. From these results, it can be said that by seeding in mixtures with common vetch (at the rate of 200 seeds per m2) with light manuring and by cutting before the total effective temperature reaches 1030°C, we can gain the yield at the first cutting with no significant differences from Italian ryegrass sown alone under heavy manuring. As seen in Report II, the difference in the yield between mixture under light→heavy manuring and Italian ryegrass sown alone under heavy manuring mainly depends on the first cutting, so it can be said that whether or not the mixture under light→heavy manuring can gain the yield almost equal to the yield of Italian ryegrass sown alone under heavy manuring depends on the total effective temperature at the first cutting.

Studies on the Culture of Italian Ryegrass sown in Mixtures with Legumes as Winter Crop on Paddy Fields : Report I. Selection of Legumes to be sown in Mixtures with Italian Ryegrass

Italian ryegrass can be said a very excellent winter crop as a forage crop cultured on paddy fields because Italian ryegrass is adapted well for growing under heavy manuring condition and can be cut frequently with high yield. In order to clarify the significance of culture of such excellent grass in mixtures with legumes, the culture of Italian ryegrass was tested in the esta-blished plots shown in Table 1. As shown in Fig. 1, when sown early in mixtures under light manuring condition, Italian ryegrass shows higher yield than that when sown alone, while when grown under heavy manuring condition, Italian ryegrass sown in mixtures always shows no higher yield than that when sown alone. However, when sown early, even under light manuring condition, Italian ryegrdss sown in mixtures with common vetch or chinese milk vetch shows high yield without any significant difference from that of Italian ryegrass sown alone with heavy fertilizer. Consequently, though it is impossible for deeding in mixtures with legumes to gain higher yield than the case of Italian ryegrass sown alone with heavy fertilizer, it is possible to gain not less than yield under light manuring condition, thus saving the amount of fertilizer applied before seeding. Common vetch is recommended as suitable species for growing it in mixtures with Italian ryegrass because common vetch can be cut early in the spring. After the first cutting, common vetch shows no regrowth. It is, therefore, recommended that fertilizer be applied liberally, as in the case with Italian ryegrass sown alone with heavy fertilizer.

Species competition in establishing swards: Suppression effects of ryegrass on establishment and production of associated grasses and clovers

Abstract Ryegrass suppression of cocksfoot (Dactylis glome rata L.), timothy (Phleum pratense L.), red clover (Trifolium pratense L.), and white clover (Trifolium repens L.) was investigated in establishing; swards on soils of high and medium fertility. Eight rates, of perennial rye grass (Lalium perenne L.) and short-rotation rye grass (Lalium perenne L. × Lolium multifiorum Lam.), ranging from nil to 30 lb/ac were sown with a basal mixture of cocksfoot, timothy, and clovers. Sward composition, density, and production were recorded for two-and-a-half years. Results showed that cocksfoot and timothy were suppressed to a great degree by a high seeding rate of ryegrass, and even a relatively low seeding of 5 lb/ac caused considerable suppression. The effects persisted for the duration of the trial, although they were more severe during early establishment. Ryegrass suppressed the clovers, particularly white clover, during early establishment, but, once the growth of ryegrass tapered off, the clovers grew rapidly. and for the two-and-a-half-year period clover yields were similar in all treatments. During the initial establishment phase, the treatments sown with high rates of ryegrass were most productive, but in later periods total yields showed little variation between treatments despite marked differences in sward composition. The mixture sown without ryegrass was very slow to establish, but once established was only slightly less productive than the mixtures which included ryegrass. On soils of medium fertility the suppression effects, of ryegrass were less than on high-fertility soils, but the pattern of suppression was similar. Under high fertility short-rotation ryegrass was more aggressive than perennial.

Establishment studies. III. The effect of method of establishment on one-year leys in the first harvest year

The effect of using a cover crop of spring oats under three managements and two levels of Nitro- Chalk in the seeding year on Italian rye-grass and broad red clover in the first harvest year were investigated and the following results obtained.1. Undersowing increased the total yield of dry matter in the Italian rye-grass/broad red clover mixture in the first harvest year. Using a cover crop with the April sowing only increased the yield of herbage when frequent grazing was practised in the seeding year. The percentage of broad red clover and the yield and percentage of crude protein in the clover were higher in spring when a cover crop was used. In the hay cut the percentages of clover and of protein were higher in the Italian rye-grass/broad red clover mixture sown without a cover crop and the yield of crude protein was not affected by undersowing.2. Early sowing in April resulted in a higher total yield of dry matter and Italian rye-grass in the first harvest year. The growth of broad red clover and the yield of crude protein were also increased in the spring grazing but not in the hay cut. The August sowing resulted in higher winter casualties of the Italian rye-grass and broad red clover, but gave a greater density of plants in the following spring than the swards sown in April.