Soviet Theorists Research Articles

ПОНЯТТЯ, СУТНІСТЬ І ЗНАЧЕННЯ ЗАОХОЧЕНЬ, ЩО ЗАСТОСОВУЮТЬСЯ ДО ОСІБ, ЗАСУДЖЕНИХ ДО ПОЗБАВЛЕННЯ ВОЛІ

The article is devoted to the study of various approaches to understanding the concept, content, essence, purpose and significance of incentives in legal science. Therefore, in studying this legal category, which is interdisciplinary and complex, the author was based on the scientific positions of both Soviet and modern Ukrainian researchers, established in the general theory of law and such legal sciences as labor, administrative, criminal and criminal executive law. Consequently, the article highlights that the various scholars view incentives as an act of approval and recognition of merit; as a peculiar form of positive assessment and reward of useful (honest, lawful) behavior associated with excessive performance of one's duties; as a means of stimulating law-abiding behavior of convicts, which serves the purpose of their further correction and resocialization. The latter interpretation is quite broad and unanimously substantiated in the science of criminal executive law. Thus, in general, the stimulating value of incentives is emphasized, in particular, by such scholars as the representatives of the theory of law V. M. Baranov, O. V. Malko and O. O. Barabash, Soviet theorists of labor law O. I. Zaretska and S. S. Karinskyyi as well as Soviet and Ukrainian researcher of labor law O. T. Barabash, representatives of Soviet science of correctional labor law F. R. Sundurov, I. A. Tarkhanov, Y. M. Tkachevskyyi as well as Ukrainian theorist of criminal executive law O. M. Dzhuzha. Moreover, on the influence by the application the measures of incentives on the stimulation of law-abiding behavior of convicts and, consequently, their further correction and resocialization emphasize their attention such scholars in the field of criminal executive law, as Soviet researchers M. A. Yefimov, V. P. Artamonov, as well as Ukrainian scholars O. G. Kolb, P. V. Khryapinskyyi, N. B. Khlystova, N. V. Kolomiyets, Z. V. Yaremko. The author also adheres to this scientific position in understanding the nature, purpose and significance of the measures of incentives and believes that they are primarily intended to stimulate further law-abiding behavior of persons sentenced to imprisonment, including juveniles, with the purpose to correct and resocialize them, as well as prevention of further commission of new offenses both by the convicts themselves, to whom the measure of incentives was applied, and by other persons.

Дискуссия вокруг производительных сил (Политэкономия социализма: когнитивный тупик 1970-х)

Objective: to check the hypothesis of the existence of a cognitive deadlock in the socialist political economy in the USSRin the 1970s, which led to stagnation in political and economic research.Methods: discursive analysis, dialectics, hermeneutics, qualitative methods.Results: the content and role of the categories “objectification”, “reification”, “dependence”, “freedom” in the political economy of socialism are revealed. The author analyzes the views of Soviet theorists on the economic evaluation of factors of production, including labor (wages), fixed assets (depreciation), land (rent), and demonstrates the contradictions and “blind spots” of the socialist political economy. In particular, the article describes the paradoxical “fallout” of the problem of depreciation of housing stock and intra-block engineering networks from the discussion of fixed assets depreciation, as well as the issue of productive forces in general.In retrospect, the analysis revealed the predominant influence of the cognitive structure limitations compared to the ideological control. The development of economic science in the USSR was constrained by the norms of speech practices, which imposed restrictions on the discussion of fundamental problems, including “alienation” and “freedom”. Compared to these restrictions, the external ideological control of the Communist party was relatively weak, which, in particular, is proved by the publication of works by E. V. Ilyenkov, V. P. Shkredov and other researchers. The cognitive structure of the socialist political economy caused blind spots, when most of the important problems related to the productive forces were not publicly discussed. At the same time, the issues (freedom, dependence, alienation) directly related to Karl Marx legacy were also largely not discussed. Scientific novelty: the influence of the cognitive structure and its limitations on the development of the socialist political economy is demonstrated.Practical significance: a retrospective analysis allows both a deeper understanding of the reasons that led to the economic collapse of the USSR, and seeing the possible cognitive limitations of modern research, which largely inherited the approaches of Soviet scholars.

The American and Joint Origins of Operational Depth in the Meuse-Argonne Campaign

A common view is that the U.S. military adopted wholesale the Soviet concept of operational depth in the 1970s and 1980s. However, a closer look at U.S. Army concepts, doctrine, and planning reveals that the concept, word, and definition of depth existed in the U.S. military prior to the 1970s. The beginnings of depth in the U.S. Army predate even the great interwar Soviet theorists. The American idea traces to the World War I era, during which it was made manifest in the Joint campaign and operations known as the Meuse-Argonne offensive.

ФІЛОСОФСЬКІ ПОГЛЯДИ А.В. ЛУНАЧАРСЬКОГО НА СУСПІЛЬНІ ПРІОРИТЕТИ В УМОВАХ КУЛЬТУРНИХ ТРАНСФОРМАЦІЙ ПЕРШОЇ ПОЛОВИНИ ХХ СТОЛІТТЯ

In the scientific article an analysis of the philosophical views of A.V. Lunacharsky concerning important social priorities that arise in the conditions of the cultural transformations of the first half of the twentieth century on the example of the social experiment of the Bolsheviks during the "cultural revolution" and in the period of the creation of the so-called proletarian society. The theorist believed that the proletariat, in the process of historical heredity and in the transition to socialist culture, should play an exclusive and avant-garde role and be a legitimate heir not only of the productive forces created in the depths of the bourgeois society, but also of the heir of all material and cultural values. By defending collectivism as the basis of communist education, the philosopher claims that one must think, as "we," to become a living, useful, responsible body, part of this "we". But at the same time A. Lunacharsky warned that this upbringing did not lead to the appearance of "herding", complete degradation of the individual, loss of originality and individuality rights. As a result of education in the personality, individual characteristics, talents, appropriate skills that people absorb and which society offers to them should be developed. It has been proved that the content and essence of cultural transformations during the formation of a socialist society contributed to the formation of totalitarianism on the basis of social myths and revolutionary romanticism. In general, through the prism of philosophical considerations, AV Lunacharsky, on the impact of cultural transformations on the values of society, we can see the attempts of the Bolsheviks to create a corporate system on a socialist basis, in which much attention was paid to the cultural and ideological spheres, without which it was impossible to create effective mechanisms for the management and management of society and to develop a social myth about the communist society as the spiritual reference point of mankind. The emphasis is placed on the fact that the so-called "revolutionary romanticism", which was inherent in many Soviet theorists of the first half of the twentieth century, essentially justified any means of violence and coercion of man in the cultural and ideological spheres in order to form a happy future, aimed at steadily moving in the fairway political attitudes and directives of the authorities. It is proved that the elements of the dictatorship of the proletariat, which were regarded as temporary measures, have gradually become the permanent basis for the formation of totalitarianism.

Two, three, many strands of activity theory!

This piece critically follows David Bakhurst’s 2009 article “Reflections on Activity Theory” in light of recent developments in the field. It sketches three directions for further research. First, it examines his identification of “two strands” of activity theory (AT) – the philosophical, which he associates with E.V. Ilyenkov and other Soviet theorists, and the organizational, which he associates with Yrjö Engeström and Cultural-Historical Activity Theory (CHAT). Drawing on recent scholarship, it interrogates this understanding of AT, and examines how political commitment cuts across these strands. Second, it engages Bakhurst’s critical assessment of Engeström’s triangle model of activity, and supplements it with a critique of CHAT’s “radical localism” – an understanding of activity as the unit of analysis that contains the basic characteristics of the whole. It follows Avis, Colley, Dafermos, Jones, Mojab and Gorman as well as Warmington, who note the occlusion of broader social relations and contradictions from the triangular representation of local activities, and it posits Ilyenkov’s dialectical conception of activity, which understands the unit of analysis as an entry point into the whole, as a way to grasp those broader social relations. Third, it takes up Bakhurst’s critique of anthropocentrism in the Marxist tradition in light of current literature on the Anthropocene. In contrast to dominant philosophical trends, which locate climate change in anthropocentric perspectives inherited from Enlightenment thought, it suggests how AT can recast the issue in relation to the organisation of human activity.

Late 1920s film theory and criticism as a test-case for Benjamin’s generalizations on the experiential effects of editing

This article investigates Walter Benjamin’s influential generalization that the effects of cinema are akin to the hyper-stimulating experience of modernity. More specifically, I focus on his oft-cited 1935/36 claim that all editing elicits shock-like disruption. First, I propose a more detailed articulation of the experience of modernity understood as hyper-stimulation and call for distinguishing between at least two of its subsets: the experience of speed and dynamism, on the one hand, and the experience of shock/disruption, on the other. Then I turn to classical film theory of the late 1920s to demonstrate the existence of contemporary views on editing alternative to Benjamin’s. For instance, whereas classical Soviet and Weimar theorists relate the experience of speed and dynamism to both Soviet and classical Hollywood style editing, they reserve the experience of shock/disruption for Soviet montage. In order to resolve the conceptual disagreement between these theorists, on the one hand, and Benjamin, on the other, I turn to late 1920s Weimar film criticism. I demonstrate that, contrary to Benjamin’s generalizations about the disruptive and shock-like nature of all editing, and in line with other theorists’ accounts, different editing practices were regularly distinguished by comparison to at least two distinct hyper-stimulation subsets: speed and dynamism, and shock-like disruption. In other words, contemporaries regularly distinguished between Soviet montage and classical Hollywood editing patterns on the basis of experiential effects alone. On the basis of contemporary reviews of city symphonies, I conclude with a proposal for distinguishing a third subset – confusion.

FORMATION OF THE CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK AND THE DEVELOPMENT OF LOCAL INSTITUTIONS (LOCAL COUNCIL) IN THE SOVIET UNION PRIOR TO THE CONSTITUTION OF THE USSR IN 1924

The article describes the main stages of the conceptual framework of local institutions after the October Revolution of 1917, and especially its development before the first Federal Constitution in 1924 noted that the project initially considered the organization of local government in its present understanding So, the adoption of the first Soviet Constitution RSFSR in 1918 was preceded by discussions, which reflect the different embodiments of the apparatus of local authorities. The majority of the proposed project the organization of Soviet power at the local level (including, for example, "The establishment of the Soviets" Left Socialist-Revolutionaries, projects, SocialistRevolutionaries maximalists P.P. Rengarten, M.A. Reisner et al.), Although it declared "the triumph of the Soviet power ", based on the experience of rural and urban self-government and were imbued with their ideology. Tips met the authors of projects are not "combat weapon of the proletariat", but only by the local government, such zemstvos, which functioned until the October Revolution of 1917, and even some leading Soviet theorists in the early 1920s. the idea of local self-government was not denied - in particular, P.I. Stuchka put forward the "organic theory" of local government, which, however, was considered a transitional state theory to the control system on the ground. However, all such projects were rejected by the Commission of the Central Executive Committee, or simply not considered it as a constitutional commission sought to reflect the Constitution of the idea of the dictatorship of the victorious proletariat. And already in the Constitution of the RSFSR in 1918 it was fixed system of local councils that were formed in the townships, counties, provinces and regions in the form of a Congress of Soviets. And later became a sold option rigidly centralized system of local Councils, which is reflected in the Constitution of the USSR in 1924 and which defined the organizational and legal basis for the continued functioning of the institute of local Soviets in the Soviet state.

Вопросы истории и методологии экономической науки. XVII Апрельская международная научная конференцияпо проблемам развития экономики и общества, 19−22 апреля 2016 г., Москва, Россия

The “Economic Methodology” section under the moderation of HSE Professor Vladimir Avtonomov took place on the 20th and 21st of April within the XVII April International Academic Conference on Economic and Social Development. The section consisted of five sessions: “Economics: Beginning and Continuation”; “Soviet Theorists and Historians of Thought”; “Property, Inequality, Paternalism”; “Methodological Problems of Economic Science”; and “In Search of a Realistic Economics.” Each session had three reports which were followed with discussion among the participants. The question of theoretical and methodological nature of economics and history of economic thought as well as the problem of the practical application of theoretical knowledge were in the spotlight. This paper focuses on a philosophical and methodological reflection of economics and the history of economic thought, and it partly stresses the problems and practical application of economic knowledge; therefore, not all reports are discussed. Economics is an unrealized natural science project in which primordial foundation has a moral character and is associated with philosophical notions about economy life organization. Scholars’ comprehension of economics, its methodology, and models of economic human has changed over the years. Economists, historians, and methodologists of economic thought reference the philosophical theories and concepts, which allow them to look critically at what is happening inside the disciplinary area, resolve old problems, and ask new questions.

GREAT THEORETICAL LEGACY IN THE SPORT - THE GUARANTEE OF A SUCCESSFUL FUTURE

The article discusses the concept of training-process of sports training periodization, rational in structure, sequence as part of a yearlong training. Shows the necessity of the use of the theoretical heritage of Russian scientists for the discovery of new, modern ways of development of sports science. The periodization of athletic training is seen as a key theme in debates and scientific disputes specialists. Raise issues Proto vostoyaniya views of Soviet and foreign theorists sport. The analysis of the works of the great Russian and Soviet theorists in the diverse st different format. The necessity of modern ‒ relationship technologies with the assimilation of the fundamental theories, laws, hostages who were great Russian and Soviet scientists-practice. The conclusions about the inevitability of using the sport together ta- cal knowledge, the symbiosis of past and present.

Dziga Vertov's Revolutionary Variety Show

Within the early Soviet Union, artists and theorists experimented with a variety of representational forms and modes that were designed to manipulate audience reception and effect a new Soviet subjectivity. Investigating Dziga Vertov's often overlooked and misread first feature-length film, Kino-Glaz (1924), this article discovers within this historical context a unique cinematic intervention that sought to institute an alternative hegemony to American narrative film, and dominant conventions of narrativity itself, by exploiting the subjects and composite forms of early cinema to evolve a new proletarian sphere.

Russia & Legal Harmonization: An Historical Inquiry into IP Reform as Global Convergence and Resistance

This Article examines several waves of intellectual property (IP) regulation reform in Russia, starting with a specific examination into early Soviet attempts to regulate intellectual property. Historical analysis is useful to illustrate areas of theoretical convergence, divergence and tension between state ideology, positive law, and “law in action.” The relevance of these tensions for post-Soviet legal reform may appear tenuous. However, insofar as IP enforcement has been one of the largest hurdles for Russia’s prolonged accession to the WTO, these historical precedents may help to explain the apparent theoretical or political disconnect between the WTO and Russia.If Russian policymakers and many Western analysts agree that Russia has complied with all necessary structural adjustment reforms for WTO accession (including reforming its IP legislation), then we must search for deeper points of contention between Russia and the West. One point of departure, I posit, is Russia’s lingering inability to convey adherence to general international law, broadly conceived.Thus, this Article re-conceptualizes this link between domestic and international legal orders by connecting the IP debate to broader debates over the nature of international law in the Soviet and post-Soviet space. Specifically, part one examines how Soviet theorists were able to reconcile (or not) IP regulation with Marxist ideology and socialist international law. Part two surveys the main IP law reform projects in post-Soviet Russia from 1992 to 2006, with particular emphasis on harmonization with global legal standards. The second part of this Article also provides a brief comparative analysis of Russia’s latest IP law (effective 2008) versus copyright protections in U.S. law and the 1971 Berne Convention. The Article concludes with an overview of doctrinal debates within Russia over harmonization, WTO accession and international law. These debates shed light on the development of local resistance to further legal harmonization efforts, an issue of immediate relevance not just for policymakers working with Russia, but for broader law and development debates.

Freud, Tatlin, and the Tower: How Soviet Psychoanalysts Might Have Interpreted the Monument to the Third International

The first translations of Sigmund Freud's texts into Russian appeared in the early 1900s, and by the 1920s all important works were available; in Soviet Russia they stimulated wide discussion of various medical, pedagogical, and social problems as well as of developments in creative art. Alexei Kurbanovsky argues that “Freudianism” would have seemed very tempting to those early Soviet theorists who believed that they must appropriate the relevant discoveries of western psychology and adopt them for their own revolutionary ends: creating the “new communist man.” The application of Freudian techniques to the analysis of some classical Russian writers as well as painters is documented in writings from the 1920s by Ivan Ermakov; the artistic tendencies of the Russian avant-garde were quite often viewed as reflecting the latest achievements of science and technology. So aspiring Soviet critics might well have attempted psychoanalytical “readings“ of innovatory artifacts. Vladimir Tatlin stands as one of their possible model cases. Kurbanovsky argues that Tatlin's famous spiral tower could be psychoanalytically interpreted in reference to the Oedipal “refutation of father-figures.” Such an interpretation seems in tune with the general cultural climate where other phenomena (such as the October revolution) were seen as having a “hidden, Freudian aspect.” Examining the psychoanalytical underpinnings of the theory of Soviet avant-garde allows us to more fully appreciate its historical and cultural significance.

The Impossible Triangle: Mexico, Soviet Russia and the United States in the 1920s by Daniela s> Spenser (review)

REVIEWS 36I This is an important piece of research, drawing upon a wide range of archives in Russia and Finland, and setting what happened in Karelia very well within the overall Soviet context. Using the evidence of lists of those condemned in the terrorand population figures,Kangaspuro concludes that, although all nationalities in Karelia suffered, the Finns seem to have been singled out, and that thisjustifiesthe use of the term 'ethnic cleansing'. Other studies of Finnish migrantsto Soviet Karelia either legally, from the USA and Canada, or illegally, across the frontier paint a similartragic picture. Kangaspuro's book is however much more than the sad story of outsiders whose hopes and illusionswere cruellydashed. It is a valuable contributionto the new historyof the Soviet Union that is beginning to emerge, and as such deservesa widerreadership.One can only hope that a translationinto English might be forthcoming. SchoolofSlavonicandEast EuropeanStudies DAVID KIRBY UJniversity College London Spenser,Daniela. TheImpossible Triangle. Mexico, Soviet RussiaandtheUnited States in theI920s. Forewordby FriedrichKatz. American Encounters/Global Interactions. Duke University Press, Durham, NC, and London, I999. xiv + 254 pp. Notes. Bibliography.Index. [34.00; 1I I-95THEMexican was the only major twentieth-centuryrevolution to establisha radicalregime priorto that of the Bolsheviksand, survivingin some formuntil the electoral defeat of the PRI in 2000, can be said to have outlived it by a further nine years. The comparison of the two was one that has fascinated many. The peasant leader Emiliano Zapata declaredthat the cause of Mexico represented, along with that of Russia, 'the cause of humanity, the supreme interestof all the oppressed'(p. 98). The Bolsheviksbelieved thatthe Mexican revolution could act as a bridgehead, as much northwards,towardsthe USA, as towardsthe Caribbean and CentralAmerica. Yetthe differenceswere alsothere.Bolsheviktheoriststended to be sceptical of the achievements of the Mexican revolution and to encourage further change within the country. Mexican politicians and thinkers were at first intrigued by the Bolshevik experience, but, as the I9205 wore on, became more and more critical.The fact that the Mexican revolutionhad involved to a considerable degree that class whom the Bolsheviksheld in such contempt, the peasantry, was one underlying source of difference. In 1924 President Calles, while recognizing that both revolutionswere an expression of human development, also warned of the need to control the destructive potential within every revolution. By the late 1920S opinion in Mexico seemed to be overwhelminglycriticalof the human cost of Stalin'schanges. Paradoxically, it was this distastefor the course of the Soviet regime, one made all the more poignant by the very shared ideals and experiences of the two countries, that was to lead PresidentCardenas to grant asylum to the most noted foe of that dictatorship,Leon Trotsky. The historyof thisrelationshipiswell told in the studyby Daniela Spenser,a fellow at the Centro de Investigacionesy EstudiosSuperioresen Antropologia 362 SEER, 8o, 2, 2002 Social in Mexico City. She has drawn on a wide range of sources, from the Mexican press and documents of the time, US materials, through to Comintern archives, intelligence materials and memoirs. As the title of the book suggests, there were always three partners:whatever Mexico and the USSR may have wanted to do, the USA was a major factor, as much in the way in which many Americans tended to see a Bolshevikthreat coming from Mexico, whether or not it did, as in the degree to which Mexican foreign policy was throughout the I920S dominated by the difficultrelationshipwith the USA. The US press, sections of US business and some parts of the US statewere alarmedby the Mexican-Bolsheviklink. The core of the story is that of diplomatic relations between the two countries, initiated in 1924 and terminated, by Mexico, in 1930. The second ambassadorwas Alexandra Kollontai (1926-27). These diplomatic relations were, however, conducted against the background of more extensive interaction : several prominent Comintern figures, among them Sen Katayama, M. N. Roy and BertramWolfewere active in Mexico. Some tradesunion and peasant forces in Mexico looked to Moscow for support. Soviet government and Comintern analysiswas itselfsubjectto sharpswings,in part as a resultof attempts to fit Mexico into some broader global analytic frameworkof the moment: thus in the early 1920S Soviet theorists doubted the ability of the Mexican state, within an overall Leninist...

The first hundred years of Mikhail Bakhtin

Caryl Emerson. The First Hundred Years of Mikhail Bakhtin. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1997. xvi, 293 pp. Index. $29.95, cloth. $16.95, paper. Those familiar with contemporary trends in literary criticism, philosophy, or cultural studies will already recognize the name of Mikhail Bakhtin (1895-1975), the Soviet intellectual whose monographs on Fedor Dostoevskii and on Francois Rabelais would become classics of twentieth-century Soviet intellectual history by the end of the century. In this monograph on Bakhtin, Caryl Emerson, a prominent translator of Bakhtin into English and co-author with Gary Saul Morson of Mikhail Bakhtin: Creation of a Prosaics, shares her extensive knowledge of the reception history of Bakhtin's writings in an effort to provide an understanding of the original contexts in which he created his texts (p. 8). Her explication of the evolution of Bakhtin studies relies on her own investigation of primary sources, summaries of published analyses of Bakhtin's writings, and descriptions of various conference proceedings dedicated to this eminent Russian myslitel'. In the first part of her book, Emerson presents an erudite history of the reception of Bakhtin's aesthetics and ethics in his homeland by orienting his ideas within the context of major movements of Soviet intellectual history. First, Emerson discusses how the post-Stalinist revival of literary criticism, a revival associated with the Tartu Structuralists who cultivated the study of semiotics, encouraged attempts to reconcile Bakhtin's aesthetics with semiotics. Emerson further accounts for this emphasis on Bakhtin's literary criticism by pointing out that for approximately thirty. years, Soviet theorists were familiar only with Bakhtin's published studies on Dostoevskii and Rabelais, since Bakhtin's earlier writings relating to his ethics became wellknown only after his death. As she advances to the flourishing of Bakhtin studies in post-Soviet Russia of the 1990s, Emerson finds that the emphasis on textual studies of Bakhtin's literary criticism (read Bakhtinistika by A.T. Ivanov) is replaced with a substantial interest in both his biography and his metaphysics (read Bakhtinologiia by Ivanov). Emerson effectively evaluates various remembrances of the myslitel' by differentiating between recollections detailed by the older generation who recount Bakhtin's earlier biography and the hagiographic accounts of Bakhtin's later years related by the junior scholars who, having revived his legacy in the I 960s, subsequently treated their mentor with extreme reverence. In the second part of the monograph, Emerson concentrates on what she characterizes as three problematic areas of Bakhtin's writings: polyphony (otherwise read as the dialogism and heteroglossia of the novel), carnival, and the 'outsideness' of all ethical and aesthetic positions (p. …

The communist party of the Soviet Union's reassessment of international social democracy: Dimensions and trends

For some years Soviet theorists have been conducting a thorough examination of the experience of social democratic parties, once the betes noires of Soviet communism. From being important partners in discussions on peace and disarmament as early as in the Brezhnev years, the social democratic parties are now serving as a source of ideas for Soviet ‘new thinking’. On the state and reform, on economic regulation, and on the welfare state, Soviet theorists are looking seriously at social democracy's contribution. This reassessment has been accompanied by an impatience with some of the more traditional communist parties in Western Europe, whilst making for an improvement of relations with the Italian party. But it is not a convergence with social democracy that is envisaged: rather the market and its laws are seen as neutral and system‐independent. This rethinking offers opportunities to the West for contacts and dialogues that go beyond foreign and security policy issues, as is illustrated by Moscow's intere...

Contemporary Soviet Theories of Scientific, Technological and Social Change

The purpose of this essay is to introduce readers to the Soviet literature on 'the Scientific-Technological Revolution' (STR) to the concept itself, the nature of the problems to which it is addressed, its success in analyzing and elucidating such problems, and its relation to analogous Western literature. It is important to stress that while, in the past twenty years or so, Soviet and East European authors have extensively discussed the relations between scientific-technical and social change, they have yet to develop a comprehensive theory of the STR. Hence we must examine the areas of agreement among Soviet theorists, the major issues in dispute, and the likely future contributions in the field. Two prominent Soviet theorists, introducing a recent collection of essays on the STR, observe:

Organization and Management: A Sociological Analysis of Western Theories.

of Western Theories. Dzhermen M. Gvishiani. Moscow: Progress, 1972. 461 pp. $3.75. The renewed Soviet interest in organization and management (O and M) theory and research raises the intriguing issues of: (1) the potential for Soviet-American rapprochement at the level of theory, and (2) the extent to which Soviet theorists are likely to be receptive to interaction and cooperation with Americans in theoretical and empirical work. The publication of the first comprehensive critique of American 0 and M theories from a Soviet perspective provides new insights into these issues (Gvishiani, 1972).

The Poetry of Thought: Contribution to a Portrait of Viktor Shklovskii

The name of Viktor Borisovich Shklovskii, one of the oldest Soviet theorists and historians of art, writer and screen writer, is well known to the Soviet reader. This year is particularly noteworthy for the writer, because Viktor Borisovich will be eighty on January 25. Khudozhestvennaia literatura Press is planning, in this connection, the publication of a three-volume collection of Shklovskii's works. Simultaneously, Iskusstvo Press is preparing for publication his book on Sergei Eisenstein.

Legal and Economic Factors Affecting Soviet Russia's Foreign Policy, I

This study attempts to appraise the dynamic forces at play in the shaping of Soviet foreign policy and to discuss some of the recent problems of international law and diplomacy as viewed by the U.S.S.R. In order to place Russia's recent tortuous foreign policy in its proper perspective, it is essential to begin with a résumé of the changing Soviet concepts of law, followed by a consideration of the economic factors influencing these concepts. The shifting line of recent Soviet foreign policy will be discussed in a later part of the article.Originally, the Soviet concept of law was predicated on transitional socialism; Soviet theorists argued that proletarian revolution has for the first time in history created a socialist state of workmen and peasants. “This is the highest type of state—that of the dictatorship of the proletariat.” Having emerged victorious, the working class destroyed the oppressive, bourgeois state machinery and built a new state apparatus of its own. The new form of state, discovered by Lenin, is the Soviet Republic. The task of the workers is further to strengthen the dictatorship of the proletariat.