Soviet Scientist Research Articles

Historical Continuity and Scientific Ethics in the Psychological Legacy of G. V. Sukhodolsky (For the 90th Anniversary of His Birth)

The article is devoted to the author’s reflection and analysis of a number of episodes of the scientific biography of the famous Soviet scientist, a prominent representative of the Leningrad/St. Petersburg Psychological School, Gennady Vladimirovich Sukhodolsky. His struggle for the ethical component of scientific activity, for historical continuity in Russian psychological science at all stages of its development is shown. His work on the return of the honest name of N.Ya. Growth is being considered. The rehabilitation of pre-revolutionary Russian psychology, which was ideologically influence in Soviet times, has been carried out. The role of scientific schools and their leaders in ensuring historical continuity and scientific ethics in Russian psychology is discussed.

Обзор научно-педагогической деятельности и вклада отечественного ученого М. Н. Гернета в развитие уголовно-правовой и криминологической науки

Introduction. This scientific study provides a brief overview of the creative path of the great Russian and Soviet scientist, Professor of Lomonosov Moscow State University – Mikhail Nikolaevich Gernet. Based on the analysis of scientific works written during the Soviet period of M. N. Gernet’s life and activity, the author outlined his personal point of view on his role in the evolving of a number of legal branches, as well as in the development of Russian legal science. This research will enable young Russian scholars and practitioners, as well as specialists interested in studying the origins of Russian law, to gain better and more thorough understanding of the content of legal phenomena, events, as well as legislative processes unfolding at the present time. Methods. The methodological basis of this study was formed by private-scientific methods, primarily content analysis of documents and legal methods, as well as general scientific methods, including historical, system analysis, generalisation, modelling and others. Results. In the course of this research project, it was possible to convincingly prove that that M. N. Gernet made a significant contribution to the development of criminology within legal science. His profound, fundamental, and advanced scientific research, both theoretical and practical, not only advanced the field for his time but also had a lasting impact on the field. Today, criminology is a sub-branch of criminal law, and its influence on Russian criminal legal theory is substantial. In addition, the author concludes that in the scientific works written by M. N. Gernet, most of the author’s points of view are based solely on humanistic approaches. Even when considering issues related to criminal punishment, the author endeavoured to expand the use of the parole system. Most of Professor M. N. Gernet’s scientific ideas are imbued with the principles of justice. Throughout his life, he sought to bridge the gap between theoretical scientific concepts and practical applications.

Organizer of biological science: to the 100th anniversary of P. A. Lehr’s birth

2023 marks the 100th anniversary of Pavel Andreyevich Lehr’s birth (09.27.1923–09.15.2005). He was an outstanding Soviet scientist, a leading expert on dipteran insects, a corresponding member of the USSR Academy of Sciences, director of the Institute of Biology and Soil Science of the Far Eastern Scientifi c Center/Far Eastern Branch of the USSR Academy of Sciences during 1981–1991. The article highlights the contribution of P. A. Lehr to the organization and development of biological research in the Far Eastern region between 1988 and 1991, when he was deputy chairman of the Presidium of the Far Eastern Branch of the USSR Academy of Sciences. At the same time, Lehr led a temporary creative team to develop the Environmental Program of Primorsky Krai, which he managed to bring to completion and offi cial approval during the collapse of the USSR. Unique documents from the Archive of the Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences and the personal archive of the author are presented.

The man-lighthouse and the man-anchor

The article is dedicated to the memory of Yury Nikolaevich Stolyarov, an outstanding Soviet and Russian scientist and pedagogue, facilitator of science and higher education, the largest specialist in the field of library science, documentology, book science and computer science, Doctor of Pedagogical Sciences, Professor, Honored Worker of the Higher School of the Russian Federation, President of the Library Science Department of the International Academy of Informatization, full member of the Russian Academy of Humanities, Honorary Professor of Moscow State Institute of Culture and Chelyabinsk State Institute of Culture. The memoirs and reflections on Yury N. Stolyarov as a mentor and a friend are presented, and the authors' personal impressions of this in many ways amazing personality are given.

The life and personality of Semyon Semyonovich Zimnitsky in the memoirs of contemporaries and students (on the 150th anniversary of his birth)

Semyon Semyonovich Zimnitsky is an outstanding Russian and Soviet scientist, a doctor of the highest class, who has received worldwide recognition. He lived only 54 years, lived and worked in a very difficult social environment and no less problematic close circle. To his brilliant successes S.S. Zimnitsky owes both his heredity and his teachers — outstanding scientists of Russia, professors Sergei Sergeevich Botkin, Ivan Petrovich Pavlov, as well as the conditions for fruitful work that were created at the end of his career. Zimnitsky's charisma was largely determined by his personal qualities. The article shows for the first time the characterological features of his unique, active nature. The people around him described the personality traits of S.S. Zimnitsky in very contradictory ways: from “very obstinate, emotional, constantly conflicting, not shy in expressions, tearing up medical records” to “a gentle, kind person, lively, cheerful, always energetic, always cheerful, with a friendly face, good-natured, with subtle humor, lyrically glorifying nature”. These characteristics differ in tone, but are similar in one thing — S.S. Zimnitsky was a very emotional person. Being a true patriot, through his research he called for Russian science to receive the same powerful magnitude and strength as Russian culture. A passionate and convinced fanatic of his ideas, he was a fiery polemicist, and this exceptional temperament, which gave an original and often bright subjective color to his reports and especially polemical speeches, was one of the significant obstacles to the dissemination of the brilliant ideas and achievements of S.S. Zimnitsky. A great lover of nature and connoisseur of it, S.S. Zimnitsky often, both when analyzing patients on rounds and at lectures, borrowed from nature living and original comparisons and examples that clearly depicted the phenomenon and were forever etched in the memory. His love for nature was also reflected in his poetic works, where much attention was paid to its beauties.

From the principle of sustainable non-equilibrium to sustainable development

Ervin Bauer was Hungarian and Soviet scientist, who had a short, but bright and talented life. In 1935, working at the Institute of Experimental Medicine in the USSR, he published the book «Theoretical Biology», in which he proposed an idea of a special “non-equilibrium” state of living systems and the existence of internal machineries in the organism that work against thermodynamic equilibrium and increase the organism's capacity for work. Currently, this idea is called “the principle of sustainable non-equilibrium” or “Bauer's principle”. During the repressions of the 1930s in the USSR, Bauer was executed, the book « Theoretical Biology» was banned. Currently, his works are poorly known, especially outside the post-socialist region. We believe that his ideas could help in rethinking not only the biochemistry and bioenergetics of cells and tissues of living organisms, but also biogeochemical and civilizational processes on a planetary scale.

ON THE 100th ANNIVERSARY OF VASILY DIMITRIEVICH DIMITRIEV

The relevance of studying the biography of a prominent Soviet and Russian scientist, Honored Scientist of the RSFSR, Doctor of Historical Sciences, Professor Vasily Dimitrievich Dimitriev is due to the growing interest in representatives of the second post–war generation of historians who made a great contribution to the development of historical education and to studying the problems of national history in the second half of the twentieth – early 21st century. The purpose of the study is to reconstruct the biography of V.D. Dimitriev, who, mastering and successfully implementing research practices, in his writings focused on studying the medieval history of the Chuvash people and the Chuvash region, as well as problems of ethnography, demography and historical memory. Materials and methods. The analysis of V.D. Dimitriev’s organizational, pedagogical and scientific activities is based on the study of the historian’s scientific heritage, historiographical literature, memoirs and Internet sources. When writing the article, the principle of historicism, the historiographical approach, the biographical method, as well as methods of systematic and comparative analysis were used, which made it possible to reveal the scientist’s diverse activities during the longitudinal period. Study results. Three stages of V.D. Dimitriev’s life were established. During the first stage (1924–1942), his personality was developing, his studies at the historical faculty of the Chuvash Pedagogical Institute were effective, during which he was elected secretary of the Komsomol committee of the university. The second stage (1942–1945) was conditioned by the Great Patriotic War, during which, after graduating from military school, he showed heroism defending the Soviet Homeland. The talent of the prominent Soviet and Russian historian Vasily Dmitrievich Dimitriev was fully revealed in the post-war period. Completing his studies at the Chuvash Pedagogical Institute, working at the Chuvash Research Institute of Language, Literature and History, and studying at the postgraduate training program of Lomonosov Moscow State University gave a powerful impetus to his organizational, scientific and pedagogical activities, which significantly influenced the effectiveness of his research practices in studying the medieval history problems of the Chuvash people and the Chuvash Region. An assessment of the historian’s scientific heritage and his contribution to the development of historical education in Chuvashia in the second half of the twentieth century and the beginning of the 21st century is also presented. Conclusions. The role of V.D. Dimitriev in the development of the Chuvash Research Institute of Language, Literature, History and Economics, historical education in Chuvashia in the modern period is revealed. He is proved to be one of the leaders of historian’s scientific school of the Chuvash Republic.

The Soviet microbiologist Zinaida Vissarionovna Ermolyeva is the founder of the national scientific school of physicians on antibiotics

The history of any science is, in many ways, the history of the development of a scientific school. Belonging of an individual scientist to a particular school allows us to characterize those ideas, principles and methodological guidelines of fundamental and applied scientific branches that he is guided by in his research. This article examines the role of the famous Soviet microbiologist Z.V. Ermolyeva in the creation and development of a scientific medical school on antibiotics. As the first Soviet scientist to receive the domestic antibiotic penicillin-krustosin, she was at the forefront of antibiotic research from the standpoint of microbiology, pharmacology and medicine. She also took part in the organization of the Soviet antibiotic industry. For thirty years, the scientific biography of the scientist has been associated with the study, production, improvement and application of these antibacterial drugs. Based on the analysis of documents from federal archives (the Russian State Archive of Economics, the Russian State Archive of Scientific and Technical Documentation, the Russian State Archive in Samara), as well as abstracts of dissertations by Z.V. Ermolyeva’s students, staff and followers, the main directions of her scientific school of physicians on antibiotics are analyzed, and the contribution of individual scientists to the experimental and clinical study of antibiotics is considered.

Slow evaporation of a small sessile liquid drop: new solutions based on the electrostatic analogy

Evaporating sessile drop of liquid deposited on horizontal surface is an important object of applications and theoretical investigations. The evaporating flow density dramatically depends on contact angle of the droplet. Previously, the dependence of the flux density on the polar angle was established for arbitrary contact angles. The expression has the form of an integral and is rather complicated for use in modelling algorithms. In this paper, we propose new exact solutions for the set of some specific contact angles (135-180 degrees). The analogy of the drop evaporation problem with a similar problem from the field of electrostatics of equipotential surfaces, which has been solved in general terms before us, was used. The results of British mathematician H.M. Macdonald and Soviet scientist G.A. Grinberg were used in the derivation. Thus, relatively simple expressions for the evaporation flux density were found.

The life journey of Professor Leonid Vasilievich Dmitrenko

The essay is dedicated to Leonid Vasilyevich Dmitrenko, a Soviet and Russian scientist and specialist in the field of chemical physics, whose scientific, pedagogical, and organizational activities unquestionably laid the foundation for further development in the area of high-molecular compounds and their industrial production. Leonid Vasilyevich was an outstanding scientist and researcher, distinguished by his intellectualism, kind attitude towards colleagues and students, and his concern for people's problems, providing invaluable assistance and support to those in need. Bright memories of Leonid Vasilyevich will forever remain in the hearts and minds of his relatives, coworkers, and students and graduates of the university. This essay is written with the support of Leonid Vasilyevich's daughter, Julia Leonidovna Berdnikova, who was able to provide materials from her family's archives.

Animal evolution at the ocean’s water-air interface

Innovation is a key to evolutionary success and entrance into novel ecosystems.1 Species that float freely at the ocean's surface, termed obligate neuston (also called pleuston, here referred to simply as neuston), include highly specialized taxa from distinct evolutionary lineages that evolved floating morphologies.2 In 1958, Soviet scientist, A.I. Savilov,3 stated that floating animal species are derived from benthic ancestors, rather than species from the adjacent pelagic zone, and that floating morphologies are homologous to benthic attachment structures. To test Savilov's hypothesis, we constructed molecular phylogenies and ancestral states for all major floating groups for which molecular data were available. Our results reveal that four of the five clades examined arose directly from a substrate-attached ancestor, although that substrate was not necessarily the benthos, as Savilov stated, and instead included epibiotic and rafting ancestors. Despite their diverse evolutionary origins, floating animals use gas-trapping mechanisms to remain at the surface,4,5,6 and many of these gas-trapping structures appear to be homologous to substrate attachment structures. We also reconstruct the trophic habits of floating mollusks and their sister species, revealing that prey preference remains conserved upon entering the ocean's surface ecosystem. Colonization of the ocean's surface seems to have occurred through successive evolutionary steps from the seafloor. Our results suggest that these steps often included transitions through epibiotic (where species attach to other living organisms) or rafting (where species attach to floating debris) habits. The water-air interface, despite its unique properties, may, in some ways, be just another substrate.

In memory of Vyacheslav Vladimirovich Sychev

Vyacheslav Vladimirovich Sychev (December 11, 1933, Odessa February 14, 2023, Moscow) Soviet and Russian scientist, doctor of technical sciences, professor at the Moscow Power Engineering Institute (MPEI); specialist in thermodynamics; Honored Scientist of the Russian Federation (1996). His main areas of scientific interest were thermodynamics, thermophysics, and information technologies. He was an author of more than 200 printed works, including monographs and books that have been published many times: "Technical Thermodynamics", "Complex Thermodynamic Systems", "Differential Equations of Thermodynamics" and others.Full member of the International Academy of Sciences, Academy of Technological Sciences of the Russian Federation, Academy of Electrotechnical Sciences, International Academy of Cold, International Academy of Creativity. Member of the Expert Council of the Higher Attestation Commission (HAC) under the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation and the Dissertation Council of MPEI.
 Laureate of the State Prizes of the USSR (1976, 1988) and the State Prize of the Russian Federation (1996), the Polzunov Prize of the USSR Academy of Sciences (1984), J. Gibbs Prize and Medal of the International Academy of Creativity (1993), Moscow Power Engineering Institute Prize "Honor and Recognition of Generations" (2013). Laureate of the State Prizes of the USSR (1976, 1988) and the State Prize of the Russian Federation (1996). Awarded the Order of Friendship of Peoples, Order of Friendship of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam.

Contribution of academician I.D. Kovalchenko to the development of source studies as a special historical discipline

The article analyzes the contribution of Academician I. D. Kovalchenko, an outstanding Soviet and Russian scientist, Honored Professor of Moscow State University, Head of the Department of Source Studies of Moscow State University (1966-1995), to the development of problems of source studies. With regard to source studies, he expressed at least two ideas, each of which would be enough for the name of the scientist to go down in the history of science forever: he identified a class of mass historical sources and fundamentally solved the problem of the possibility of applying a number of provisions of the modern doctrine of information in source studies.

Тhe History of the Early Christianity in B. F. Porshnev’s Works: An Attempt for the Analysis

The article analyzes B. F. Porshnev’s approach to the history of Early Christianity. Based on the study of the published and unpublished works of the Soviet scientist, the author establishes that B. F. Porshnev had a goal to add the history of Early Christianity into the general context of the class struggle, considering it the ideological basis of the anti-slavery revolution that shook the Roman Empire in the first centuries of CE. However, the attempt to present Christianity as a revolutionary force and its founder as a hero of a people’s movement contradicted the general Soviet approach to the history of this religion. In the 1960s, B. F. Porshnev questioned the version of the dating of the “Apocalypse” that dominated Soviet historiography and criticized the theory of the anti-slavery revolution. B. F. Porshnev heavily relied on R. Yu. Wipper and A. Robertson’s ideas, which other Soviet scientists criticized. For the above reasons, B. F. Porshnev’s articles on the history of Early Christianity were banned from publishing, and colleagues criticized his conclusions. After 1965, he lost interest in the history of Early Christianity due to the completion of his goal to build a theory of the development of the class struggle from antiquity to the present and add the history of Early Christianity to this grand scheme.

АКАДЕМИК ВЛАДИМИР ЕВГЕНЬЕВИЧ ЗАХАРОВ (1939–2023) И ИНСТИТУТ ОКЕАНОЛОГИИ

In the early morning of August 20, 2023, at the age of 85, the outstanding Soviet and Russian scientist, poet and public figure, Academician, Doctor of Physical and Mathematical sciences Vladimir Evgenievich Zakharov passed away. On August 1, he celebrated his 84th birthday. For many years, Academician Zakharov headed the Laboratory of Nonlinear Wave Processes at the Shirshov Institute of Oceanology of RAS and actively participated in the development of the Institute as a center of advanced fundamental research. Based on the memories of colleagues, the author examines the role of Vladimir Evgenievich in the life of the Institute and the place of the Institute in the life of Vladimir Evgenievich himself. A brief summary of the main stages of his eventful life as a world-famous scientist, talented poet and concerned citizen is given at the end of the article. A large selection of materials about the life of Vladimir Evgenievich can be found on the memorial page (http://kao.itp.ac.ru/Zakharov/).

PIONEER OF INFORMATION SCIENCE AND CYBERNETICS <i>ON THE 100TH ANNIVERSARY OF THE BIRTH OF ACADEMICIAN V.M. GLUSHKOV</i>

The article is devoted to the life and work of the outstanding Soviet scientist, pioneer of informatics and cybernetics, initiator of the development of a nationwide automated management information system, Academician of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR Viktor Mikhailovich Glushkov (1923–1982). The author tells about the main stages of his biography, focusing on the scientific achievements: the solution of the fifth generalized Hilbert problem, the creation of the USSR’s largest Institute of Cybernetics of the Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR, the development of the theory of digital automata, the first personal computers for engineering calculations, the most powerful supercomputers in the USSR with a new macro-pipeline architecture, contribution to cybernetics and computer science, programming theory and systems of algorithmic algebras, to the creation of artificial intelligence systems. Attention is paid to the role of V.M. Glushkov as an ideologist and one of the creators of the industry of management information systems in the USSR, scientific director of large industrial management information systems. Particular attention is paid to the National Automated System for the Collection and Processing of Information proposed by him for accounting, planning and management of the national economy.

Усанов Дмитрий Александрович – организатор науки и образования, выдающийся советский и российский учёный и изобретатель

Усанов Дмитрий Александрович – организатор науки и образования, выдающийся советский и российский учёный и изобретатель

Лактулозосодержащие кормовые добавки как фактор прижизненного формирования качественной и безопасной продукции

Purpose. Evaluation of various types of modern lactulose-containing additives and the effectiveness of their use in feeding farm animals as one of the options for decision the problem of in vivo formation of high-quality and safe livestock products for the healthy nutrition of the modern population. Discussion. The revolution in feed production made by the Soviet scientist Minenkov A.R. in the middle of the 20th century, namely the use of antibiotics as a feed additive to stimulate productivity, became a failure by the beginning of the 21st century. By this time, the negative consequences of prolonged use of antibiotics were revealed, which led to the active rejection of them in animal husbandry practice as productivity stimulants. They were replaced by pro- and prebiotic feed additives that have a healing effect on animal organism, thereby beneficially influencing their productive characteristics. Prebiotics in feed production are more convenient to use than probiotics, as they have a greater degree of unpretentiousness to storage conditions, but at the same time they are easier to obtain than live microorganisms. Lactulose is the most well-known and proven prebiotic in animal husbandry. Feed additives based on it in the body of animals have an identical mechanism of action based on enzymatic cleavage in the large intestine of this disaccharide by bifidobacteria and lactobacilli, which triggers a number of interrelated processes that have a beneficial physiological effect. The considered results of the use of some lactulose-containing feed additives on broiler chickens, Saanen goats, pigs and rabbits made it possible to conclude that for the above animal species there is a similar positive effect from the presence of new lactulose-based feed additives in the diet: intensification of growth and development of animals, as well as strengthening of resistance to adverse external factors, which directly affects the life-time formation of better and safer livestock products. Conclusion. Reviewed studies on the use of modern lactulose-based feed additives and the results obtained confirm their ability to have a beneficial effect on the growth, development and resistance to negative factors from outside the body of farm animals, such as broiler chickens, goats, pigs and rabbits. This, in turn, contributes to the lifetime formation of improved quantitative and qualitative characteristics of the resulting livestock raw materials.

Деформированное состояние угольного пласта в краевой зоне и условие его разрушения при отработке очистной выработкой

The fields of deformations and displacements of the marginal zone of the coal seam are determined on the basis of the associated law of plastic flow, in which the stress components are constructed within the framework of the previously developed model of the geomechanical state of the rock mass containing the coal seam and the workings passed through it. In this model, the stresses in the limiting zone of the seam are determined by the methods of mechanics of the bulk medium developed by the soviet scientist V.V. Sokolovsky. The condition for the destruction of the part of the marginal zone of the coal seam, which, according to the Coulomb-Mohr criterion, passed into the limit state (without hardening), that corresponds to the idealized Prandtl diagram, is that it exceeds the limiting indicator of the intensity of plastic deformations corresponding to the deformations of the coal sample during its uniaxial destruction by compression. This indicator is determined by the results of laboratory experiments with coal samples, or on the basis of available reference information on the mechanical characteristics of coal seams. Destruction of the part of the seam may be accompanied by such a dynamic phenomenon as a rock burst. Seam deformation in the extremely stressed zone is accompanied not only by a decrease in its thickness, but also by the movement of its edge into the goaf. With a significant size of the mined-out space, these displacements (bulging) can extend to several tens of centimeters.

Domestic scientists who made a significant contribution to the study of the digestive system diseases: images in art. Olexander Oleksiyovych Shalimov

Olexander Oleksiyovych Shalimov (1918—2006), Academician of the Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR, Hero of Socialist Labor, laureate of the State Awards of the USSR and the Ukrainian SSR, an Honorary Doctor of the RSFSR, an Honorary Scientist of the Ukrainian SSR, and a famous Soviet scientist and surgeon. He made a great contribution to the development of scientific and practical surgery and to the training of highly qualified personnel.The years spent working in Kharkiv marked the beginning of O. O. Shalimov’s scientific career. The range of his research interests was unusually wide and covered the surgery of the digestive organs, the heart, the main vessels, anesthesiology, resuscitation, etc. Together with his students, he developed and improved techniques for surgical treatment of diseases of the esophagus, peptic ulcer of the stomach and duodenum, liver, and biliary tract. He developed and put into practice a number of original techniques of surgical interventions, such as methods of esophagoplasty, pylorus‑preserving gastric resection, suturing of the duodenal stump, and rational methods of bile duct plastic surgery. O. O. Shalimov made a particularly great contribution to pancreatic surgery. He proposed a new technique of pancreatoduodenal resection for pancreatic cancer and a number of surgeries for the treatment of various forms of chronic pancreatitis.The Kyiv period of O. O. Shalimov’s life was characterized by further in‑depth study of diseases of the digestive and cardiovascular systems and the development of methods for their surgical treatment, the widespread introduction of the results of scientific developments into healthcare practice, and active work to improve surgical care for the population of the republic. The Institute headed by him (the leading institution in the republic in the field of surgery) had become not only one of the leading surgical institutions in the state but also a school of highly qualified personnel and a medical advisory, organizational, and methodological center of Ukraine. The result of the activity of O. O. Shalimov is that Ukraine has become a leader in the application of organ‑preserving surgeries at present.The works by O. O. Shalimov on pancreatic surgery are of particular interest. For many years, this organ was considered inaccessible to surgeons, since the resulting complications, as a rule, nullified all the efforts of surgeons. O. O. Shalimov was one of the path‑breakers in the development of techniques for the surgical treatment of pancreatic diseases. He devoted more than four decades to this work, achieving significant success and gaining high prestige as a pancreatic surgeon. The research results by O. O. Shalimov are reflected in 712 publications, including 24 monographs and three atlases. He was the author of 92 inventions. There are more than 40 doctors and 80 candidates of sciences among the numerous students of O. O. Shalimov.