Soviet Republics Research Articles

FEATURES OF WORD FORMATION MODELS OF ARABIC AND MAMLUK-KIPCHAK WORDS FORMATION OF (ON THE EXAMPLE OF ‘KITAB BULGAT AL-MUSHTAK’)

Waves of conquests, sweeping across Eurasia and devastating it, destroyed cultural wealth, including manuscripts, the surviving part of which was lost by time, and the other part is stored in different parts of the world. During the period of Soviet power, despite the development of science and technology in general, the history, culture, religion, and language of individual Soviet republics underwent strong fundamental changes. Nomadic culture was considered outside the written cultural heritage, sources in the original language, created by our compatriots in the Middle Ages, were not studied in the original, as a result, voids or incorrect information appeared on all the humanities of Kazakhstan. A huge part of the well-known Kipchak written monuments, made by medieval scientists in the Mamluk state in Egypt, dating back to the 13th-15th centuries, is still in the manuscript depositories of the Netherlands, Italy, France and Turkey. This is a complex of lexicographic and grammatical works, representing the primary source in the study of the history of modern Turkic languages, in particular Kazakh, the reconstruction of its phonetic, morphological and lexical systems. In this research, dedicated to the medieval manuscript of the 14th century “Kitab bulgat al-Mushtaq”, a comprehensive study is planned, consisting of the acquisition of the manuscript or the production of a copy, transfer to the archive and library fund of the Republic of Kazakhstan, translation and careful study of the lexical composition of the entire work. With an extended lexical analysis of the monument, where the vocabulary of the language will be formed, consisting of key words and terms, phrases and term combinations, stylistically colored words, words in a figurative sense, phraseological units, dialectisms, synonyms, homonyms, particles linking sentences, paragraphs, etc. The word-formation analysis will help to demonstrate the potential of the language, the possibilities of word formation, the most productive and active word-formation models of the Arabic and Mamluk-Kipchak languages. Keywords: Arabic, Mamluk-Kipchak, word formation, Ishtikak, medieval manuscript

The Panel Analysis of the Effects of FDI and Export on the Economic Growth of CIS Countries

Purpose – This paper aims to examine the effects of foreign direct investment (FDI) and export on the economic growth of the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) and, based on the research results, provide some policy implications for the government of Uzbekistan. Design/Methodology/Approach – A panel data regression model and a panel dataset covering the period 1997 to 2020 were utilized for empirical investigation. The collected data were divided into two groups by income level and two groups by period, namely before and after the global financial crisis of 2008. This paper analyzes the aforementioned groups separately and provides a summary. Pooled OLS, fixed-effects models, and random-effects models were applied through panel data, and the Hausman test and the Breusch-Pagan Lagrange Multiplier test were performed. Findings – The findings corroborate the study’s hypothesis by proving that FDI facilitates growth in the former Soviet republics. Similarly, the comprehensive findings demonstrate that export is crucial for the economic growth of CIS countries, but the fixed-effects regression results for the first country group indicate that the influence of export on economic growth is insignificant when examined separately. Research Implications – The paper recommends that the government of the Republic of Uzbekistan enhance multilateral trade agreements to improve its international trade balance and adopt an export-stimulating strategy. To encourage FDI, the government should take steps to improve the country’s investment climate.

Первый Всероссийский съезд египтологов

The paper is timed to the 200th anniversary of the decipherment of Egyptian hieroglyphs by J.-F. Champollion and is dedicated to a century-old event - the First All-Russian Congress of Egyptologists in Moscow. The 1920s were a real trial for the young Russian Egyptology: many scientists of both older and younger generations died or left the country; contacts with West European colleagues were broken; there was an acute shortage of specialized scientific literature; and all this developed on the background of a difficult economic situation in the country struggling for survival. The situation can be best described by the words attributed to the People’s Commissar for Education A.V. Lunacharsky: “Currently, the young Soviet Republic does not need Egyptologists”. Undoubtedly, the First All-Russian Congress of Egyptologists became an important moment for the formation of the scientific Egyptological community in the Soviet Russia. It was convened on August 17-20, 1922 on the initiative of the All-Russian Scientific Association of Oriental Studies and the Central Institute of Oriental Studies in Moscow. The meetings of the congress were held in the Museum of Fine Arts (now the Pushkin State Museum of Fine Arts) and the Moscow Archaeological Society. The events of the congress (list of participants and reports, resolutions) are reconstructed by the authors of the present paper on the basis of available sources. They show that despite all the difficulties, Egyptology in Russia at that time was actively developing branch and an interest in the culture of Ancient Egypt could be seen in the society. The authors also publish a previously unknown letter from the Petrograd Egyptologist Natalia Davydovna Flittner to the founder of the Berlin school of Egyptology Adolf Erman in which she describes the celebrations of the 100th anniversary of the decipherment of Egyptian hieroglyphs in Petrograd and Moscow, and also gives a general description of the development of Russian Egyptology of that time.

Would the Russian - Ukraine War Spark World War 3?

Diplomatic attempts by international leaders to settle the situation have showed no signs of success, and the surprise conflict between Ukraine and Russia has taken the globe by storm in terms of politics, peace, economics, and global market systems. After the Soviet Union collapsed in 1991, Ukraine declared its independence. After having been a part of the Russian empire, it became the Soviet Republic and severed relations with Russia in order to become more Westernized. The nation has been struggling with corruption and internal strife since it gained independence. Some parts of the nation, particularly in the west, seek closer ties to the West, while others, particularly in the east, want closer ties to Russia. Ukrainian President Viktor Yanukovych sparked the crisis by rejecting an EU association deal in favour of tighter relations with Moscow. In what has become known as the "Revolution of Dignity," protestors toppled him. Russia's response was to invade the Crimean Peninsula and support a separatist uprising in eastern Ukraine. Donbas, the country's industrial core, was invaded shortly afterwards (Siddiqui, 2022). There were more than 14,000 fatalities in the fighting between Ukrainian troops and rebels supported by Russia. Russia has refuted accusations made by Ukraine and the West that it has sent soldiers to the region and supplied weaponry to the rebels. Russia, meanwhile, has been critical of the United States and NATO for its support to Ukraine in the form of arms and joint military training. Even though Ukraine is not a member of NATO, President Putin is nonetheless concerned about certain NATO states establishing military training camps in Ukraine. The information used in this study was gathered from secondary sources. Two primary conclusions may be drawn from this study. Two major factors contributed to the tragic loss of life and damage of property on both sides of the war: first, Russia does not completely recognise Ukraine's independence as a sovereign nation, and second, superpower nations are playing politics with the situation. According to the study's findings and recommendations, Ukraine's neighbours must acknowledge the country's status as an independent state, and the world's superpowers and other global communities must express concern for and make a significant commitment to ending the war between the nations (Jibrin Ubale Yahaya, 2022).

“Postantonovism” as a Special Stage in Development of Tambov Village (1921 — Mid-1920s)

The socio-political situation of the Tambov village in the last months of the Antonov uprising and in the period after its completion is studied. The conflict, which had formed by 1920, was not resolved and took the form of an armed struggle, created the conditions for the development of “social banditry”. By the second half of 1921, the village “recognized” the strength of the Bolsheviks, but still longed for freedom from harsh tax policies, mobilizations, etc. In 1923 there was a progressive “appeasement” of the peasantry. The development of “social banditry” into “criminal banditry” begins. The number of crimes “against the Soviet Republic and the order of government” is declining, and property crimes are beginning to predominate. This was due to the improvement in the socio-economic situation of the peasantry after the 1922 harvest. Several tens of thousands of Antonovites and their families, because of the death of relatives, because of their stay in concentration camps, because of conflict relations in their villages with their neighbors, felt the consequences of the uprising for a long time. At the other extreme were the families of the Bolsheviks and Soviet workers killed by the rebels, who found themselves in a difficult economic situation. Representatives of the opposing sides were in decline, the apotheosis of which was the famine of 1922. For the restoration of the destabilized local society, progressive steps were required on the part of the authorities.

What did those who were “Present at the Transition” Miss? The Creation of Powerful Presidential Families in Central Asia

A striking feature of Havrylyshyn's book present at the transition is the space and emphasis that he gives to elites. He contrasts the new rich in Central European Big Bang countries, who formed a capitalist class that supported further reforms and consolidation of the new economic system, with the new rich in countries with gradual reforms or where an early Big Bang was aborted and old communist-era elites were able to short-circuit the reform process. This paper argues that, although Havrylyshyn's focus on the oligarchs of Russia and Ukraine may be justified by their status as the two largest Soviet successor states, they were not typical of the non-Baltic former Soviet republics. In the Central Asian countries and Azerbaijan, extreme wealth has become concentrated in the presidential families and their associates. This pattern has had specific and pernicious consequences.

“I only do it to stay alive”. Development of the Narrative of “Unification of the Western Lands of Ukraine and Belarus with the Ukrainian and Belarusian Soviet Republics” in Soviet Historical Propaganda.

The article analyses selected aspects of the formation of the historical propaganda narrative of the unification of the lands of Western Ukraine with the Ukrainian SSR and of Western Belarus with the Belarusian SSR as well as the participation of individual historians deliberately involved or for various reasons forced to take part in developing the academic justification for the change in borders. The knowledge and authority of scholars often originating from the pre-revolutionary school were necessary for creating a historical narrative legitimizing the change in policy and reinforcing the propaganda message.

Putin's Histories

One day in December 2019 I knew something was badly amiss. Russian President Vladimir Putin had called a meeting with the leaders of the Commonwealth of Independent States – the vague post-Soviet association of former Soviet republics that semi-defer to Russia – in order to discuss history. Not just discuss: he actually brought a thick stack of archival documents to the meeting, which, he said, demonstrated certain truths about the history of the Second World War. These had allegedly been forgotten or perhaps deliberately ignored in the West. He then selectively cited from these documents (most, if not all, of which are well-known to historians) to prove that, effectively, the West, and especially Poland, were responsible for the war.

The Collapse of the USSR in the Context of the Theory of Institutional Violence

The collapse of the USSR is explained from the point of view of a new approach – the theory of institutional violence by D. North, B. Weingast and D. Wallis. The application of this theory shows that by the 1980s the USSR had reached the stage of a mature “natural state”. The basis of the Soviet system consisted of long-term political and economic organizations run by the elite that ensured a high level of security and stability of official position due to effective control over the apparatus of state violence (KGB, the militia, the army). Thus, objective prerequisites for the transition to a new social order of “open access” based on economic and political competition developed in the Soviet Union. The leadership of the USSR, represented by M. S. Gorbachev and his supporters in the party, was confident that the introduction of openness and democracy would benefit the Soviet state. M. S. Gorbachev’s loss of control over the special services and the army in the summer of 1991 had a fatal significance for the fate of the USSR. Organized by the chairman of the KGB V. A. Kryuchkov, the putsch of the GKChP catastrophically discredited the union government. The leaders of the Soviet republics were convinced of the need for its complete elimination and achieved this in a short time. Thus, the perestroika and the collapse of the USSR can be considered as the beginning of the movement of the Soviet society toward the “open access order”. The initial conditions of this transition can be considered relatively successful. Despite a series of armed clashes in different regions of the USSR, the collapse of a huge militarized power occurred without much bloodshed and carnage between representatives of the political elite. The events of August 1991, thus, led to a political revolution, which marked the beginning of new sovereign states with a form of government close to the republican one.

Trade policies in Central Asia after EAEU enlargement and after Russian WTO accession: regionalism and integration into the world economy revisited

ABSTRACT This paper revisits the question of choice between regionalism and multilateralism in trade relations of Central Asia introduced by Pomfret (2005). Our study is motivated by a significant restoration of economic links between the former Soviet republics following Russian accession to the World Trade Organization (WTO), the creation of the Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU), and the formation of new trade ties with Vietnam, Iran, and Serbia. Above all, there have been substantial commitments made by the three Central Asian republics of Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan toward a multilateral system under the WTO rules. To this end, we apply a multi-region gravity model with interdependent trade flows using bilateral trade data of Tajikistan and Uzbekistan to study the ex-ante effects of economic integration with various bilateral, plurilateral, and multilateral partners. Our findings indicate the existence of considerable gains if the aforementioned economies would ascend to the EAEU in comparison to integration with China or Iran. We also document the presence of shared economic links between Tajikistan, Central Asia, and Turkey.

Erotic images and motives as a broadcast of the dominant social status (Based on the “Kazakh Erotic Novel” by Berik Dzhilkibaev)

In the time leading up to and immediately following the collapse of the USSR, processes of national self-identification in the formerly Soviet republics were revived anew. Ideologues and culture workers mined the distant past for the raw materials with which to re-activate new forms of national identity, and also to distance themselves from the traumas of imperialism. Written and published in the midst of these processes, Berik Dzilkibayev’s 2001 work Kazakh Erotic Novel is something of a mythological text, with ritual elements symbolizing the constant evolution of the fate of nations. This article analyzes Kazakh Erotic Novel from the perspective of psychoanalytic and cognitive literary criticism, while also situating the work historically in post-independence Kazakhstan. The novel narrates the emergence of the newly-independent Kazakh state, with its heightened energy potential, onto the world stage, while simultaneously exploring the act of returning to one’s roots – to the origins of one’s ethnic group – by replicating the act of creation of a society and its accompanying sovereignty. To broadcast the competitiveness of a young Kazakh country on the world stage, the author uses erotic images and motives that have an increased aggressive potential. In Dzilkibayev’s novel the image of the enemy, the hated Soviet Empire, which served as a unifying force for the Kazakhs, takes on the form of another opponent – the West – which is presented as fundamentally opposed to an imagined Eastern mentality. This difference is attributed to structural differences between Western monotheism and Tengrism, the animist religion of the Kazakhs, which took on renewed significance in the post-Soviet era.

Russian policy toward the Eurasian region during the early 90s of the 20th century

The article examines the influence of the Soviet Union’s collapse on the early forms of cooperation and integration in the post-Soviet space. The author also focused on major attitudes and models of cooperation between the Russian Federation and former Soviet republics, which were elaborated on within Yeltsin’s administration. Among other things, the author outlines some key factors that posed serious obstacles to successful integration in the post-Soviet space and their negative impact on picking up the correct forms and models of interaction between former Soviet republics. For many of the former Soviet republics, the process of foreign policy adaptation to new forms of cooperation is still taking place. The tragic processes that we are witnessing today in relations between Russia and Ukraine, not least, have their roots in the early 90s. This indicates that the period of comprehension of the history of the formation of the renewed Eurasian space after the collapse of the USSR is not over yet and needs close attention from researchers.

Хроника государственных объединений на территории России в период Революции и Гражданской войны (1917-1922 гг.)

The article analyzes the collapsing of the Russian Empire and the formation of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. The process is presented as a chronicle of the creation and liquidation of state formations from 28 February 1917 to 30 December 1922 on the territory of the country, including Poland, Finland and the territories of Turkey and Austria, where Russian troops were stationed. The chronicle records the formation of 150 different authorities that claimed to be all-Russian or regional power, organized by Russian political forces or interventionist troops. The chronicle is based on information from encyclopedias and reference books. Statistics on the creation of organizations show that state construction was most intensive in 1917 (24 new formations were created), 1918 (60), and 1918 (22). During this three-year period, Anti-Bolshevik forces were more active than others and formed 50 governments, interventionists formed 17 governments, the Soviet authorities established 31 states. Some governments claimed the all-Russian status -- the Omsk government of Alexander Kolchak, the Special Meeting of Anton Denikin, the Government of the South of Russia of Pyotr Wrangel. The governments of the RSFSR, Ukraine, Belarus, Lithuania, Finland, Poland, Latvia, Estonia, Georgia, Azerbaijan, Armenia, Khiva and Bukhara had nationwide claims. Most of the governments were regional and opportunistic, formed by local political and military circles, which were supported by the Whites, the Reds, or the interventionists. In 1920-1922, anti-Soviet forces were able to organize 4 governments, the interventionists 1, the construction of Soviet state structures was confidently underway = 32 states of different levels and 3 democratic state structures were created in the Far East under the control of the Bolsheviks. The result of state construction on 30 December 1922 recorded 7 sovereign states (USSR, Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, the Tannu-Tuva People's Republic) and two governments without territory - the Belarusian People's Republic and the Karelian United government in Vyborg. The Soviet Union was a unique, extremely complex state entity: it included 4 union republics - the RSFSR, the Transcaucasian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic, the Ukrainian SSR, the Belarusian SSR. The Transcaucasian SFSR consisted of the Azerbaijani SSR, the Armenian SSR and the union of the Georgian SSR and the Abkhaz SSR. In addition, formally, the Soviet Union did not include two People's Soviet republics - Bukhara and Khorezm, with which the RSFSR had union treaties. The USSR included 2 labor communes, 8 autonomous republics and 12 autonomous regions. The basis of Soviet state-building was the principle of national self-determination. The Soviet experience of assembling a single state is now in demand again due to the growth of nationalism on the territory of the former USSR and the desire of Russia's geopolitical opponents to use it to destroy the country and seize its resources.

ՀԿ(Բ)Կ ԿԵՆՏԿՈՄԻ ՆԱԽԱԳԱՀՈՒԹՅԱՆ և ՔԱՐՏՈՒՂԱՐՈՒԹՅԱՆ ՈՐՈՇՈՒՄՆԵՐԸ ԱՍԴԽՀ և ԽՍՀՄ ԿԱԶՄԱՎՈՐՄԱՆ ՄԱՍԻՆ (1921–1922 ԹԹ.) / DECISIONS OF THE PRESIDIUM AND SECRETARIAT OF THE CENTRAL COMMITTEE OF THE COMMUNIST (BOLSHEVIK) PARTY OF ARMENIA ON THE BIRTH OF THE TSFSR AND THE USSR (1921–1922)

On November 29, 1920, the Revolutionary Committee of Armenia (Revkom) published a decree declaring Armenia a Soviet state. In the decree it was mentioned that with the establishment of Soviet power all disputes with Azerbaijan will end forever. The members of the Revkom foresaw Soviet Armenia united in one family with other Soviet republics. The leadership of Soviet Russia was also for the union of Soviet states. The resolution ofthe 10th Congress of the Communist (Bolshevik) Party of Russia stressed the in convenience of separate existence of Soviet republics and the eecessity of their unification in a single state structure, the best form of which was to be the Soviet Federation. The relations between the Soviet states were regulated by the Communist (Bolshevik) Party organs. The Caucasian Bureau of C(B)PR was heading the integration process between the three Soviet republics of Transcaucasia. The first step was to create economic union between them. The integration process started with the unification of railways of these three states, to be followed by steps to unify their foreign trade. In 1921–1922, the Presidium and Secretariat of C(B)PA have discussed these matters in approximately 40 sessions. The discussions included not only the organizational aspects of these matters, but also problems of securing with cadres the two federal state structures (the Transcaucasian Soviet Federal Socialist Republic and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics). All important issues were discussed in the sessions of the Presidium of the Central Committee of C(B)PA; the Secretariat dealt with cadres’ appointment issues. It is worth to notice that during the whole process of formation of TSFSR and USSR neither the Presidium, nor the Secretariat of the CC of C(B)PA rejected to any of the issues presented by the CC of C(B)PR, that is they played only the role of unconditional performer of the orders of the center in Moscow.

О ВКЛАДЕ УЧЕНОГО И ПРОСВЕТИТЕЛЯ Н.К. ЯРОШЕВИЧА В РАЗВИТИЕ ОБРАЗОВАНИЯ И НАУКИ (ПО АРХИВНЫМ МАТЕРИАЛАМ ЦГА Г. ТАШКЕНТА)

The article deals with one of the important areas of historical science – the history of famous public and political figures, in particular, with the study of the contribution to the development of education and science of the famous Belarusian scientist N.K. Yaroshevich.On the basis of archival materials and research by specialists, information is provided on the work of the scientist in the system of higher education and in the scientific field of Belarus and Uzbekistan at the initial stage of the university education formation during the years of the establishment of Soviet power. Through a scrupulous study of each stage of N.K. Yaroshevich’s labor activity, an analytical review of his professional sphere was made and its directions and scales indicated. The authors define as important the scientist’s role in the formation of the system of higher education, the development of agricultural science, as well as in the education of young people in the spirit of patriotism, valor, diligence, aspiration to creative work. The materials of this scientific article contain the primary source information about the scientist-educator and public figure N.K. Yaroshevich and serve to replenish knowledge about his personality, life, about the issues of forming a higher education system and the organization of research work in the 1920s-1930s in the Soviet republics.

Влияние «украинского фактора» на трансформацию постсоветского пространства

The article examines the role of Ukraine, as well as trends and events related to this country in the context of their influence on the development of the post-Soviet space, regional integration processes and other areas of interaction between the former Soviet republics. The authors highlight both the consolidating role of Kyiv and the negative impact leading to destabilization and further fragmentation of the region.

Протесты в Каракалпакстане как фактор региональной дестабилизации

The article analyzes the protests in the Republic of Karakalpakstan, which took place in mid-2022. Necessity for studying is due to the close interaction (cooperation) of the Russian Federation with the former Soviet republics and their constituent entities, which at the moment is complicated by the interest of other global actors in participating in the processes in the post-Soviet space. The protests in the Republic of Karakalpakstan are a reflection of the general instability and vulnerability to foreign interference in the Central Asian region and in the whole post-Soviet space.

American Intelligence and Belarusian Emigration against Soviet Byelorussia during the Cold War

By the end of the Second World War, about 200 thousand Belarusians ended up as refugees in Western Europe. A significant part of them were repatriated to the Soviet Union, more than one thousand moved to the USA, another fifteen hundred — to other non-European countries. In 1951, the number of Belarusians remaining in Europe was sixty thousand people. Belarusian emigration, as well as the emigration from other Soviet Republics, immediately came to the attention of the US Central Intelligence Agency within the framework of a document developed in 1948 by the State Department entitled “Utilization of Refugees from the Soviet Union in U. S. National Interests”, which was supposed to “fill in the niches in our current intelligence, in public information, and in our politico-psychological operations”. The Central Intelligence Agency was supposed to develop and quite generously finance the intelligence and propaganda projects and programs important for the agency. The leadership of the Rada of the Belarusian People’s Republic (in exile) headed by its chairman Nikolai Abramchik was to be responsible for staffing the necessary number of agents from among the emigrant Belarusian youth to infiltrate into Belarus and for distributing information among the national European emigration. However, this did not cause any expected “resistance movement” within the Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic contrary to the intended actions of the Central Intelligence Agency and the Rada. By the end of 1961, the projects of the Central Intelligence Agency in Belarus conducted since 1951, including the most famous AEQUOR, which involved infiltrating agents into the territory of the republic, were closed.

РЕЦЕНЗИЯ НА МОНОГРАФИЮ "30 ЛЕТ СНГ: ТРАНСФОРМАЦИОННЫЕ ПРОЦЕССЫ НА ПОСТСОВЕТСКОМ ПРОСТРАНСТВЕ" (МОСКВА, 2022. 473 С.)

The publication analyzes the monograph “30 years of the CIS. Transformational processes in the post-Soviet space” issued for commemorating the anniversary of the organization’s creation. The study is the result of a long-term scientific work of the Institute of post-Soviet and Interregional Studies of the Russian State University for the Humanities that for many years has been a leading center for the study of post-Soviet countries abroad in Russia and the world. It is a fundamental study of geopolitical and socio-cultural processes in the former Soviet Republics. The author emphasizes that the studying the experience of transformational processes in the post-Soviet space is relevant both from a scientific and practical point of view, especially now when the world is in a state of extreme geopolitical turbulence. In addition, it is noted that the monograph touches on the entire spectrum of modern geopolitical, economic and socio-cultural issues and processes of the post-Soviet space: the prerequisites and reasons for the formation and development of the Commonwealth of Independent States, integration and disintegration processes at the present stage, prospects for business cooperation, modern security threats, challenges to the spread of the Russian language, the role of the energy sector in within the framework of cooperation between post-Soviet countries. The monograph is distinguished by its scientific novelty and relevance, it contributes to the development of important questions from a scientific point of view, and gives impetus to further effective research development of such problematics.

УЧЕБНИКИ ПО ИСТОРИИ, ИЗДАННЫЕ В КИРГИЗСКОЙ РЕСПУБЛИКЕ. ОПЫТ АНАЛИЗА

As the history of the Perestroika period has shown, the History teaching in school is often aimed not so much at educating the student as at shaping his worldview. The upbringing of a whole generation of young people in the spirit of constantly emphasizing the negative features of the Soviet past led to the fact that the collapse of the USSR was generally accepted with approval in most of the former Soviet republics. Therefore, the analysis of the content of history textbooks seems to us to be an extremely important and topical issue. Since the world has obviously entered a new stage of growing international tension in recent years, such an issue has become even more significant today. The article considers a number of textbooks on the history of Kyrgyzstan published in that country in the 21st century. Having analyzed the nature of the presentation of the history several major periods of history, the author concludes that modern Kyrgyz historiography is characterized, first of all, by traditional approaches that were formed back in the Soviet period. Although the tendencies of describing certain events in a purely negative way, characteristic of the 1990s, still persist in places, they no longer dominate.