Soviet Republics Research Articles

თბილისური ცათამბჯენების მშენებლობა

The first tall building was built in 1938 in Tbilisi. This is the famous "11-storey house" on Heroes' Square. Until the end of the XX century, the tallest building in Tbilisi was the 22-storey hotel "Iveria". It was built in 1967, according to the decision by the former Soviet government that there should be at least one tall building in every capital of the Soviet republics. From the beginning of this century, Georgia completely switched to the construction of monolithic reinforced concrete and the number of high-rise buildings immediately increased both in Tbilisi and throughout the country. The first real skyscraper with a height of more than 100 meters was built in 2016 in Tbilisi. It was the 138-foot tower of Hotel Biltmore. After that, six more skyscrapers were built, which should be considered as the beginning of a new phase of Tbilisi urban planning.

Single Motherhood of Refugees in Poland and the Challenges of Socialization in the Face of Cultural Alienation

Abstract Maternity is an extremely important aspect of self-determination regardless of the culture of origin. In the case of refugee women (functioning without the support of close relatives, the family, and their own society with its cultural norms), it additionally plays a crucial role in the construction of self-image. Women are often taken care of their children, which largely determines their adaptation strategies focused primarily on providing offspring with safety, development conditions, and stability. No less important it is also for their self-perception and self-determination, which are to a large extent conditioned by the gender roles in their culture of origin. In the article, I discuss the most common dilemmas of mothers-refugees among whom I conduct research since 2014 (coming from former Soviet Republics: Chechnya, Dagestan, Tajikistan) and I analyse their impact on the upbringing of offspring. At the beginning of the article, I present the basic terminological issues related to socialization and enculturation. These processes are considered to be one of the most important and difficult challenges faced by refugee women living in Poland. In the following part, I analyse the relationship between the self-assessment of the parental and educational activities effectiveness made refugee mothers and their adaptation attitudes and acculturation strategies.

ВІДНОСИНИ МІЖ РСФРР ТА УСРР В 1919–1929 РР.: ВІД СУВЕРЕНІТЕТУ ДО УНІТАРИЗМУ

У статті доведено, що заходи, спрямовані на політичне опанування Радянською Росією України, йшли поза площиною правового оформлення державних стосунків Росії й України. У відносинах між РСФРР і УСРР у 1920-х роках спостерігалося поєднання тактики інкорпорації засобами силової експансії з підкресленим деклару- ванням незалежності України та прийняттям рішень, що перетворювали останню на автономію. Тому відносини між РСФРР і УСРР 1920-х роках – це результат складної взаємодії історичних, політичних, економічних, культур- них, соціально-психологічних, географічних чинників, випадковостей, зовнішніх впливів та внутрішніх процесів. Міждержавні відносини РСФРР і УСРР ґрунтувалися на більшовицькій доктрині, спільності ідеологічних та політичних завдань, однаково організованого і на спільних засадах побудованого державного устрою та соціально-економічного укладу. Незалежні радянські республіки формально мали статус самостійних дер- жав у 1919 – початку 1920-х років, навіть були тісно пов’язані між собою. Роль центру відігравала Російська Федерація, навколо якої гуртувалися решта радянських республік. Прагнення до об’єднання зумовлювалося економічними зв’язками між ними, що складалися протягом тривалого часу, однаковою політичною струк- турою, а також ідеологічними завданнями унітаризму, централізму, тоталітаризму правлячої більшовицької партії. З утворенням Союзу Радянських Соціалістичних Республік змінилося правове становище республік із договірних на союзні. Відносин між республіками втратили характер міждержавних і формувалися як міжреспубліканські. У результаті проведення адміністративно-територіальних перетворень 1920-х років цілеспрямована уніфікаторська політика керівництва СРСР у 1920-ті роки у питанні визначення російсько- українського кордону призвела до того, що великі за площею та населені переважно українцями землі залишилися поза межами політичних кордонів України.

An MCDM Model for Sustainable Decision-Making in Municipal Residential Buildings Facilities Management

Measuring and monitoring sustainability plays an essential role in impact assessment of global changes and development. Multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) represents a reliable and adequate technique for assessing sustainability, especially in the field of municipal buildings management, where numerous parameters and criteria are involved. This study presents an MCDM model for the sustainable decision-making, tailored to municipal residential buildings facilities management. The main outcome of this research concerned normalized and weighted decision-making matrixes, based on the complex proportion assessment (COPRAS) and weighted aggregated sum product assessment (WASPAS) methods, applied for ranking investment alternatives related to the management of the buildings. The delivered model was applied to 20 municipal buildings of Kaunas city municipality, located in Lithuania, which an EU member state employing practices and regulations in accordance with the EU acquis, as well as a former Soviet Republic. The proposed model aspires to enhance sustainability practices in the management of municipal buildings and to demonstrate a solid tool that will allow informed decision-making in the building management sector.

ҚАЗАҚ ӨЛКЕЛІК САНИТАРЛЫҚ-БАКТЕРИОЛОГИЯЛЫҚ ИНСТИТУТЫ ТАРИХЫНАН

The article analyzes the history of the Regional Sanitary and Bacteriological Institute, which played a special role in the history of the formation and development of the health care system in the Autonomous Kazakh Socialist Soviet Republic. Sanbacin headed the scientific organization of the fight against infectious diseases and epidemics. It was an advisory institution of the People’s Commissariat of Health. For the first time in the research work, the history of the creation, formation and development of the Sanbacin is highlighted, its historical role in the fight against infectious diseases and epidemics is systematically analyzed. The work of doctors and employees of Sanbacin became an example of courage in the history of medicine in Kazakhstan.

Semantic Complex of Travel in Work of A. G. Bitov

The semantic complex of travel in the work of Andrey Bitov is analyzed. It has been proven that the range of the writer’s travelers is very wide; they correlate with each other. The authors state that, in a broad sense, A. Bitov’s literary travels add up to an extensive travel catalogue, which presents all kinds of embodiment of artistic space and time. In addition, the writer’s work is viewed as the embodiment of the vector of movement in the “space of freedom”, as the space of “longing for culture.” Particular attention is paid to a cycle of stories about the Soviet republics, where important tools for the writer to create the image of the Empire — the reflective and questioning author (Socratic dialogue) were found. The question about the popsition of exclusion (M. Bakhtin) and defamiliarisation (V. Shklovsky) is raised. The novelty of the study is seen in the fact that travel stories have become at the same time a defamiliarized narrative about Russia. The conclusion is made that the semantic complex of travel in the work of A. Bitov connects the geographical (physical) and spiritual (metaphysical) spaces, that is, the external objective world and the internal spiritual and intellectual space.

Mortality in Metropolises of Ukraine: Historical Parallels with the Study of Yu. O. Korchak-Chepurkivsky

The purpose of this paper is to make a comparative analysis (find historical parallels) of the situation with mortality causes in four cities of Ukraine in 1923–1929 and in our time, by comparing the mortality structure in 1926 and 2019, to identify structural changes and make assumptions regarding their determinants. Based on data from statistical tables of mortality in the four largest cities of the Ukrainian Socialist Soviet Republic (Kyiv, Kharkiv, Dnipropetrovsk, and Odessa) for 1923–1929 and data from the State Statistics Service of Ukraine for 2019 on the distribution of deaths by death cause in the same cities and in Ukraine, the structural shares by main classes were calculated (according to the current classifications). Changes in the contribution of various causes of death to the mortality of the urban population are estimated. The overall progress (the advancement of medical science and practice, the improvement of living conditions (including sanitation and hygiene) and quality of life, the increased population’s awareness of health issues and access to medical care, etc.), immunization programs, the development and production of effective drugs have significantly reduced the mortality and transformed its structure.
 It is shown that the list of the leading causes, especially their ranks, given in the research of Yu. O. Korchak-Chepurkivsky, differed significantly from the analogous list for modern metropolises of Ukraine. In contrast to the situation in the four largest Ukrainian cities in 2019, with the majority of deaths caused by diseases of the circulatory system (about 65%), almost the same total share (67.4%) of deaths in the above cities in 1926 was determined by five classes (infectious or communicable diseases, diseases of the respiratory and digestive organs, cardiovascular diseases, and diseases of the nervous system and sense organs). The largest share of deaths in the four largest cities of the Ukrainian Socialist Soviet Republic was found to be caused by infectious and parasitic diseases (over 27%). Given that part of the infectious pathology (the diseases of the digestive system and nervous system in the first place) was registered by the then nomenclature in other classes, their contribution to the totality of deaths can be assessed as more significant (at least by 10–15%).
 The structural share of mortality from infectious and parasitic diseases in the four largest cities has decreased from 27% altogether to nearly 2%. There was a significant transformation in the spectrum of causes: while in 1926 high mortality was due to scarlet fever, whooping cough, typhoid fever and paratyphoid fever evolved to almost zero, in our time its significant part was caused by a new pathology, a disease caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). At the same time, the significance of tuberculosis as a cause of death is a striking difference between the mortality pattern in Ukrainian cities and the situation in modern developed countries. The decreased structural shares of infectious, respiratory and digestive diseases (some of which are also of infectious etiology), along with the prevalence of pathologies occurring in the perinatal period, congenital malformations, deformities and chromosomal abnormalities, were the largest changes in the infant mortality structure.

The Space of Eurasia and the Challenges of Time: Belorussian Case

The article is focused on ideas, expressed in a new book the complex political and economic processes taking place in the Republic of Belarus require "a game of scaling".Whether counting the participants of protest rallies, or analyzing statements of the authorities and the opposition, or assessing inventory and exchange rate dynamics,Specialists aspire to provide a reliability of the analysis of current processes.However, the strategic analysis and a forecast within the framework of this approach is impossible. The border situation of Belarus cannot be considered exhaustively studied. The borderline changes its quality. Located between socialist Poland and the Soviet republics, Belarus did not move geographically, but the political and geographical changes were fundamental. Belarus found itself in the center of a mosaic space, the key characteristic of which is being located on the frontier. The question is where a new frontier of civilizations will be fixed ‒ near Brest or near Smolensk?The author of the book as well as the author of this article are confident that the informal civilizational border is located near Brest and Grodno.

ФАКТОР РОССИИ В ДЕЯТЕЛЬНОСТИ НАТО ВО ВРЕМЕНА ПРЕЗИДЕНСТВА Д. ТРАМПА

The article says that the "Russian question" will always be a "stumbling block" in relations between American and European NATO partners. And if Americans, out of habit, find it beneficial to remove any conflicts, including local military ones, from their borders as much as possible, and there is no better field for battle, from which the American speculators will once again emerge victorious than Europe, then Europeans in this Europe - to live taking into account the interests of such a political giant as the Russian Federation. In this regard, the political figures of Putin and Trump in Europe traditionally cause a great public outcry, and following or confrontation with the political positions of both unites and leads political figures from the largest and strategically important countries of Europe (Germany, France, Poland, Ukraine). The United States needs NATO as a conduit for its foreign policy and as a chain dog that will not allow Russia to regain the political gains of the Second World War lost in the 1990s, as well as significant political influence in the countries of Eastern Europe and the former Soviet republics.

Ethnocultural and business organizations of the Korean diaspora in Kazakhstan (1991-2020)

Sociocultural processes that have taken place over the past three decades in the former Soviet republics are in the limelight of political, economic, and historical research. The Korean diaspora of the Republic of Kazakhstan is the object of particular interest, as it reflects the essence of the national political course and the level of development of democratic institutions in the country. Special attention is given to ethnocultural and business diasporic organizations and institutions of the Kazakh Koreans. The period from 1991 to 2020 demonstrates fruitful activity of the diaspora in the area of ethnic policy, establishment of domestic and international business relations. The last 30 years mark the renaissance of national culture of the Koreans in Kazakhstan due to the work of the Korean theater, performance groups, and educational centers across the country. This article discusses the following questions: institutionalization of the Korean diaspora in Kazakhstan; special role of the institutions in preservation of the centers of ethnic culture; impact of the activity of diasporic structures upon the relations with the state and historical homeland; functional role of ethnic organizations in socialization of the members of the diaspora and their advancement in the economic and political spheres. The answers to these questions define the relevance and novelty of this research in studying the problems of historical and national development of the new independent states of the post-Soviet region.

Edinym frontom: partizany Leningradskoj oblasti i ih svyazi so sredneaziatskimi sovetskimi respublikami

During World War II, representatives of almost all the Soviet Republics fought in partisan detachments in the occupied territory of the Leningrad Region. Among them were many representatives of the Central Asian republics: Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan and Uzbekistan. Many Leningrad citizens, including relatives of partisans, had been evacuated to Central Asia by that time. However, representatives of Asian workers’ collectives came to meet with the partisans. The huge distance, the difference in cultures and even completely different weather conditions did not become an obstacle to those patriots-Turkestanis who joined the resistance forces in the North-West of Russia.

From “Dear Ilyich” to the covenants of the leader: transformation of perception of the personality of Vladimir Lenin in the rural province in the 1920s (Buryat-Mongol Autonomous Socialist Soviet Republic)

The life of Vladimir Ilyich Lenin, the founder of the Soviet state, had acquired more and more mythological features with each new decade after his death until it finally transformed into a symbol of the demiurge leader – the creator of the new world (by the will of political leadership and by the transformation of mass consciousness). This process began already in 1924, with the erection of the first wooden mausoleum on Red Square. In contrast to the ideologically advanced teams of industrial enterprises in the autonomy's capital city of Verkhneudinsk, the image of Lenin for whom, despite staying in a template form, had still acquired interpretations of a common man, for a significant number of rural residents of the Buryat-Mongol Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic, his personality had remained almost unknown and only vaguely associated with the Revolution and Communists. Interpretations of Lenin's personality by the rural population of Buryatia during the 1920s are analysed in this article. The aim of the article is to study the transformation of the image of Lenin in the perception of the rural population of Buryatia during the 1920s, which will make it possible to follow more fully the initial stage of the dogmatisation of the teachings of the founder of the Bolshevik Party.

Intellectual Evolution of Georg Lukács in the Context of Developing Lenin’s Idea of Revolution

The Hungarian philosopher, Georg Lukács, recognized the crisis-consciousness of his generation at the turn of the 20th century and began to search for solutions in the art. However, his theory about art proved to be illusory, being unable to reshape society. After many philosophical attempts to realize his theory in praxis, in 1918 Lukács turned to Marxism and later became one of the most influential Marxist thinkers of his time. In 1919, when the Hungarian Soviet Republic fell, Lukács, like many other intellectuals, had to flee abroad. In emigration, he started to summarize the experiences of the fallen revolution and referred to Lenin’s ideas in his early Marxist works, in ‘History and Class Consciousness’ (1923) and ‘Lenin: A Study on the Unity of his Thought’ (1924). This paper aims to follow Lukács’ path, how he became a Marxist from an Essayist, and what solutions he found for the social crises of his era.

Memorial heritage and social memory of youth of Eurasian integration countries

Based on the results of a sociological study, the article attempts a narrative explication of the attitudes of young people in Armenia, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Moldova, Tajikistan, and Russia toward their shared memorial heritage in the context of the permanent reinterpretation of the Soviet past in the former Soviet republics which appears important in the context of the ongoing search for new forms of economic and political integration in the Eurasian space. The study allows providing a characteristic of the place of the Soviet memorial heritage, especially that dedicated to the participation of the USSR in World War II, in the social memory of young people as a unifying factor of millennial and post-millennial generations of the former Soviet republics – participants in Eurasian integration which can contribute to the successful implementation of integration projects in the post-Soviet space. The post-memory generation is generally in favor of preserving the Soviet toponymic names of city streets and squares but young people in countries with a greater degree of linguistic and ethnocultural differences support renaming practices more often. At the same time, the authors note the ambivalence of young people’s attitudes towards the future of memorialization policies in their countries which preserves the possibility of potential revision and reconsideration of the Soviet past in the future.

Normative and Institutional Foundations of Modern State Policy Regarding Complainers Abroad

Currently, about 30 million [8] compatriots live in the world who finds themselves outside of Russia. The collapse of the USSR and the formation new independent states saw millions of Russian people separated from Russia by borders, and faced discrimination on the basis of language, which caused an increase in the migration activity of the Russian population in the post-Soviet space. This situation requires a review of the principles and directions state authorities’ activity in the migration sphere and determination of the necessary regulatory legal framework for regulating the processes of the influx of migrants from the former Soviet republics to Russia. The purposes of the research are 1) to study the regulatory and institutional foundations of modern public policy in relation to compatriots abroad and 2) to identify its main directions. The main research method is the analysis of official documents, regulatory legal acts, reporting and analytical documents of authorities implementing the state policy regarding compatriots living abroad. The state policy of the Russian Federation regarding expatriate citizens is a system of legal, diplomatic, social, economic, and organizational measures aimed at supporting and protecting Russian compatriots, ensuring the exercise of their rights and legitimate interests, as well as creating conditions under which they could would live as equal citizens in foreign countries or return to the Russian Federation. The state policy of the Russian Federation regarding compatriots abroad is implemented in two opposite directions, which significantly reduces its effectiveness. The mechanisms for implementing this policy are various forms of horizontal and vertical cooperation and interaction in various fields such as humanitarian, social, educational, cultural, and economic. A significant number of policy implementation entities required the creation and use of modern mechanisms for coordinating their activities. The resources spent on the return of compatriots to their homeland are not able to compensate for the emigration outflow from Russia, however, mechanisms aimed at solving the latter problem are not provided. In fact, the local population is excluded from the scope of this policy, which entails a number of problems associated not only with the attitude of the host society towards the migrants, but also with the desire of a significant part of the youth to leave Russia.
 Keywords: state policy, compatriots, institutions

The development and construction of narrow-gauge locomotives at the Dnipropetrovsk electric locomotive plant (1969–1991)

The article attempts to investigate the historical circumstances of the development and serial construction of narrow-gauge electric locomotives at the Dnepropetrovsk Electric Locomotive Plant based on a comprehensive analysis of sources and scientific literature. It is determined that during the 1960s and 1990s the staff of the Special Design and Technology Bureau of the Dnipropetrovsk Plant, having a strong research and production potential, developed and created projects of unique narrow-gauge electric locomotives of PEU 1 series (IELNG1 – industrial narrow-gauge electric locomotive type 1) and PEU 2 (IELNG2 – industrial narrow-gauge electric locomotive type 2) to meet the needs of the Soviet mining industry in the complex mining and geological conditions of Central Asia with modern high-tech electric vehicles. The development of the research and production base of the machine-building enterprise is traced, the production nomenclature of which, originally represented exclusively by electric locomotives and traction units for industrial purposes, was expanded to the production of main traction rolling stock and special repair equipment. It was found that due to the economic crisis of the CIS countries in the first half of the 1990s, the rupture of economic ties of the former Soviet republics and the lack of need for such equipment on electrified access roads of narrow-gauge Ukrainian mining enterprises all work on designing promising projects and serial production of narrow-gauge electric locomotives at the Dnipropetrovsk Electric Locomotive Plant were stopped, and the Special Design and Technology Bureau of the enterprise, having received a state order, was reorganized into the Ukrainian Research Design Institute of Electric Locomotive Construction and focused on the development of main wide-gauge locomotive fleet of the railway network of Ukraine. Despite the fact that the Ukrainian Research Design Institute of Electric Locomotive has been liquidated and the Dnipropetrovsk plant is in decline, taking into account the historical experience of electric locomotive building in Ukraine is of fundamental importance in the general perspective of Ukrainian transport engineering and the domestic railway industry in particular. Further study of the history of Dnipropetrovsk Electric Locomotive Plant requires analysis of the historical circumstances of the institutionalization of the Special Design and Technology Bureau of the enterprise from the creation of shunting electric locomotives and traction units for industrial purposes to the development and re-equipment of main traction rolling stock and specialized repair equipment within the state enterprise «Ukrainian Research Design Institute of Electric Locomotive Engineering» under the leadership of Academician Victor Bratash.

Academic Historiography in Azerbaijan at the Crossroads of Time (1989-1991)

The scientific development in the USSR has come a long way. Despite all the obstacles posed during its formation and development, it has reached a reasonably high level by the mid-1980s. This achievement was mainly in the natural and technical sciences. The progress was determined by the USSR’s desire to keep the palm in space exploration, nuclear physics, petrochemistry, and other sciences of strategic importance for the country’s development. In these areas, contacts were established with world scientific centers and exchange of scientific achievements took place. As a result, Soviet scientists became winners of prestigious international awards, including the Nobel Prizes. As for the humanities and especially the social sciences, the dominance of Marxist-Leninist ideology and the corresponding interpretation of historical events significantly affected the development of Soviet sciences and reaching the world level quality. Until the mid-1990s, political history as an area of science of history, practically, did not exist. The “History of the CPSU” and the “History of the Communist Party of Azerbaijan” virtually monopolized the multifaceted nature of political themes, reducing it to the apologetics of the party history. Everything changed with the beginning of ‘Perestroika’ and ‘Glasnost’ (the officially announced publicity policy). As a result, the previously unknown pages of the past of the country and national republics became public. Almost every day, there were sensational publications of various authors published by popular magazines and newspapers, which also printed previously classified documents from historical archives. Traditional historical researchers and academicians were in shock. It was not easy for historians to abandon the 70-year-old account of history tied to ideological dogmas; the crisis associated with the loss of orientation was overcome with great difficulty and mainly by young historians. In the late 1980s, foreign historians, who studied the history of Azerbaijan, began visiting the country. Until that time, their existence was known only to a narrow circle of historians, who worked with foreign literature in specialized repositories of local and central libraries. For the first time, Azerbaijani historians left the USSR in 1990, when a conference was held at the University of London on the history of the South Caucasus. The event was attended by historians from Azerbaijan, Armenia, and Georgia, as well as the so-called Sovietologists - scientists from Great Britain, the USA, and France. It is symbolic that in the same year in Moscow the last all-Union conference on political history was held. The event was attended by scientists from the Soviet republics, which declared independence the following year.

Perception of Emotions and Cultural Distance Among International Students in Russia

The accurate perception of culture-specific emotions of the people living in the host country, may be the most significant, and yet the most underestimated challenge for the international students in the process of adjusting to a new culture. The latest report of the Institute of International Education (IIE) about Russia, confirmed that, in the year 2020, around 353,000 international students are currently studying in the Russian Federation. The studies of van de Vijver in 2007 and 2009 have confirmed that the foreign students from former Soviet republics or former USSR countries (students from post-soviet states, not including Russia: Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Estonia, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Latvia, Lithuania, Moldova, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Ukraine and Uzbekistan) have lower degrees of perceived cultural distance with Russian culture, this can be explained by the fact that the students from former Soviet republics can speak Russian language fluently, and share religion and traditions with Russian culture. Consequently, the group of students from former USSR countries adapt better to Russia in comparation to the rest of international students. The results of our study in 2020, revealed that the perception of Russian culture-specific emotions among international students studying in the Russian Federation, is significantly predicted by the similarity between the culture of the international students living in Russia and the culture of Russian society. Moreover, our study confirmed that the group of students from former Soviet republics, or former USSR countries, perceived more similarities with Russian national culture; therefore, this result is consistent with the findings of the aforementioned studies of van de Vijver in 2007 and 2009. Thus, we can consider that the accurate recognition of Russian culture-specific emotions and the perceived similarities to Russian cultural standards, may be very significant for the international students studying in the Russian Federation, especially for their process of adjusting to Russian culture. Nevertheless, further research on this topic is needed.

Types of Spelling Mistakes in Personal Documents of Russian Citizens and Migrants Applying for Russian Citizenship

The paper analyses mistakes and inconsistencies that tend to occur in the spelling of surnames, first names, and patronymics in personal documents of Russian citizens when they register for pensions and other welfare payments, as well as in the documents of migrants applying for Russian citizenship. The material for the study was retrieved from in-person enquiries received at the Department of Russian Language, General Linguistics and Speech Communication of the Ural Federal University during 2005–2021. The certificates issued by the author in response to those requests served to confirm the identity of the names of applicants and their relatives in birth certificates, passports, employment records, marriage certificates, etc. The material includes the documents drawn up on the territory of the USSR and former Soviet republics, and some in the far abroad. The paper identifies the types of mistakes and variations in the spelling of names, patronymics, and surnames in these documents and looks for the reasons to such variation. The study showed that along with spelling mistakes which are generally few (dropping / replacing a letter, adding an extra letter, word formation errors), there are much more frequent cases of variation of names, patronymics and surnames due to linguistic and sociolinguistic reasons: 1) the use of orthographic name variants, 2) the use of the literary and colloquial version of the name, 3) replacing a little-known name with a more popular one with similar pronunciation, 4) the existence of word-formation and phonetic variants including multilingual equivalents of the personal name, 5) new variants appearing in the course of rendering the name into Russian and transliteration of specific vowels and consonants of other languages, 6) changes in the graphics and spelling in the languages of the former Soviet republics and a tendency to correct the Russified forms of names, patronymics, and surnames initially recorded in Soviet times to match the updated norms.

Еко-націоналізм, Асоціація «Зелений Світ» і шлях до незалежності України наприкінці 1980-х – на початку 1990-х рр.

Introduction. The problem of social activism in the Ukrainian SSR after the Chernobyl disaster is widely studied by researchers. American researcher J. Dawson developed the theory of eco-nationalism in the late 1990s, according to which a specific movement emerged in the “nuclear” Soviet republics – eco-nationalism that combined ecological and national movements. She contends, however, that the two movements existed in parallel and their degree of convergence depended on the local context. Novelty. Although there are a number of studies on specific aspects of this theory, they are fragmented and the situation in the Ukrainian USSR has not been the subject of deep research. The purpose of the article is to investigate the social activism in Ukraine in the late 1980s - early 1990s taking the example of the Ukrainian environmental association «Green World». Methods. The study is based on an analysis of the original documents of the KGB and the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Ukraine and the memoirs of members of the association. Results. The Chernobyl accident was a catalyst for the general public’s dissatisfaction with the Soviet government’s policies in many areas. First of all, it led to the emergence of the anti-nuclear movement, which we identify with the environmental one. Important role in the emergence of environmental movement in Ukraine played creative intellectuals - writers who at the same time represented the ideas of cultural nationalism. The accident radically changed their views on nuclear energy and sparked a public debate on its prospects in the republic. At the initiative of the Union of Writers of Ukraine, the “Green World” Association was established. During 1987-1989, it started activities, hold many protests, adopted the program and strategy. “Green World” has become a leader of the environmental movement and an umbrella to unite disparate environmental informal groups. Conclusions. Although the association’s official documents do not contain slogans of obvious nationalist orientation and it has chosen an ecological niche for its activities, we have found a number of facts that allow us to claim that it supported many nationalist actions and demanded expansion of the Ukrainian ethnic group’s sovereignty in the USSR. Thus, it contributed to the spread of the eco-nationalism ideology and the shaking of the foundations of the USSR, which led to Ukraine’s independence in 1991.