Soviet-Finnish War Research Articles

Moisei Schwartz: A military surgeon, educator, and researcher

The personnel of the Department of Dentistry (after 1942, the Department of Maxillofacial Surgery and Dentistry) of the Military Medical Academy named after S.M. Kirov made major contributions to the advancement of dentistry and maxillofacial surgery in Russia. This essay focuses on the professional life of Associate Professor Moisei Schwartz, Major of the Medical Service, whose research significantly contributed to experimental dentistry and periodontology. The essay uses the data presented in Russian literature on dentistry and maxillofacial surgery, as well as the recollections of dentists who knew Moisei Schwartz personally: V.P. Zabelin, Colonel of the Medical Service, and Associate Professor V.V. Fiolkovsky, Colonel of the Medical Service. Associate Professor Moisei Schwartz, Major of the Medical Service, performed several studies of the functional properties of jaw vessels, primarily mandibular vessels. He was the first to use the Kravkov–Pisemsky technique in dentistry to assess the effect of biogenic amines on isolated jaw vessels. His comparative studies of ear and jaw vessels in dogs using this technique revealed that jaw vessels are hypersensitive to acetylcholine, histamine, and adrenaline. In 1936, Moisei Schwartz developed an experimental periodontitis model using chronic irritation (ligation) of the inferior alveolar nerve in dogs. Moisei Schwartz fought in the Soviet-Finnish War of 1939–1940, as well as the World War II (1941–1945). Moisei Schwartz was a prominent scientist and experienced doctor with good manual skills, including surgical care in maxillofacial wounds. Moreover, he was a passionate researcher and educator. His contributions to experimental dentistry and periodontology are impossible to exaggerate.

The rhetoric of war on the pages of the magazine “Vitchyzna” in the 1940s

The subject of the study is the military rhetoric on the pages of the “Vitchyzna” magazine of the 1940s. The author processed two issues of the magazines “Soviet Literature” and “Ukrainian Literature” from 1941, researched and analyzed the content of each periodical according to chronology. The novelty lies in the use of a different toolkit for the analysis of Soviet periodicals, in particular, the less-studied magazine “Vitchyzna” and the determination of its leading role both in publishing and in the literary and artistic space of the 40s of the 20th century. The goal is to analyze the magazine’s system-typological features with the help of the historical context; to determine the specifics of military rhetoric at all its structural levels. The main methods of the study were comparative and systematic-typological, which were used to identify and interpret rhetorical features in the structure of texts and the literary and artistic context of the “Vitchyzna” magazine of the pre-war and war periods. The scholar traced the history of the creation and development of the magazine in the 1940s, which during the studied period had three titles: “Soviet Literature”, “Ukrainian Literature”, “Vitchyzna”. The researcher focused on the constant changes in the editorial staff, chief editors (I. Kulyk, I. Le, I. Stebun and Yu. Yanovsky) and their influence on the magazine’s rhetoric. Having singled out the most important structural and semantic features of both individual artistic texts and various headings (Poetry, Prose, Criticism, Literary and Artistic Chronicle, Bibliography) that unite these texts, she offered to consider the selected material through the prism of war rhetoric. The results of the research confirmed that war narratives were an integral part of Soviet society both before and during World War II. To reproduce a complete picture of the narratives of the Soviet government, the scholar in the study turns to 1939, which marks the beginning of the full-scale German invasion of Poland (September 1) and the “Winter” Soviet-Finnish War (November 30). Literary characters in poetry and prose from the content of magazines are characterized by excessive heroism and pathos. The system of figurative and poetic expression of the authors of the texts is diversified by rhetorical devices: metaphor, alliteration, anaphora, hyperbolization, juxtaposition of enemies / fighters of the Red Army, humor, identification with the audience (use of the pronoun “we”), appeal to authority. All works are designed for the Soviet reader of the time and are written according to the appropriate Soviet methods.

Награждение званием Героя Советского Союза в предвоенных вооруженных конфликтах: статистический анализ (1936–1940 гг.)

Introduction. The experience of conferring the title of Hero of the Soviet Union in armed conflicts before the start of World War II is analyzed. It is alleged that representatives of all power structures became Heroes: the People’s Commissariat of Defense, the People’s Commissariat of the Navy and the People’s Commissariat of Internal Affairs. Materials and methods. When solving the set research tasks, published data from official statistics, as well as scientific literature, were used. The study was based on the principles of historicism, objectivity and systematics. The need to process quantitative data led to the use of the statistical method. Analysis. In 94% of cases, the title of Hero was used solely to distinguish members of the security forces. It is noted that 71% of all the awards were for distinction in the Soviet-Finnish War. Military personnel received 93% of the awards. In fact, representatives of the ground triad (armored, rifle troops and artillery) received 2 / 3 awards. Conclusions. Award practice shows that the award has been rarely used, exclusively for personal courage in battle; almost a third of the awards were made posthumously.

Outstanding Surgeon and Scientist Dmitry Alekseevich Arapov

In 2022, we are approaching 125 years since the birth of Dmitry Alekseevich Arapov, a prominent domestic surgeon, scientist, experimenter, organizer of the military medical services. Dmitry A. Arapov, one of the most prominent representatives of the S.S. Yudin scientific school, worked at the N.V. Sklifosovsky Research Institute for Emergency Medicine from 1929 till 1984. He quickly proved himself not only as an excellent doctor and a skilled surgeon, but also as a researcher, and soon became one of the closest students and associates of S.S. Yudin. Dmitry A. Arapov drafted as a field surgeon during the Soviet-Finnish war of 1939-1940, from the first to the last day he went through the Great Patriotic War, being the Head of the surgical service of the Northern Fleet in Polyarny. In this position, he significantly improved the system for providing emergency surgical care on ships and in naval hospitals, based on the experience gained over the years of work at the N.V. Sklifosovsky Research Institute for Emergency Medicine. From July 1950 Dmitry A. Arapov was Chief Surgeon of the USSR Navy, from May 1953 he was Deputy Chief surgeon of the Main Military Sanitary Directorate of the USSR Ministry of Defense, and from May 1955 again Chief Surgeon of the USSR Navy, until his retirement in October, 1968. At the same time, Dmitry A. Arapov did not leave his work at the N.V. Sklifosovsky Research Institute for Emergency Medicine until the last days of his life. Dmitry A. Arapov is the author of more than 200 research papers, including 14 monographs. Scientific interests of Dmitry A. Arapov went far beyond emergency surgery, to which he naturally paid most attention. His works are devoted to various issues of military and emergency surgery of the abdominal and thoracic organs, topical issues of burn injuries, surgical site infections, reconstructive surgery, neurosurgery, treatment of endocrine disorders, and anesthesiology and resuscitation. Also Dmitry A. Arapov successfully dealt with the problems of autotransfusion, blood reinfusion from the chest and abdomen, transfusion of fibrinolytic blood. The main directions of scientific research, laid down by Dmitry A. Arapov, are currently being continued at the Scientific Department of Emergency Surgery, Endoscopy and Intensive Care of the N.V. Sklifosovsky Research Institute for Emergency Medicine. Memory of Dmitry A. Arapov has been preserved to this day. To the 100th anniversary of the birth of D.A. Arapov, a scientific conference was held at our Institute. The naval hospital in the town of Polyarny, Murmansk region, was named after Dmitry A. Arapov, and in honor of D.A. Arapov, a memorial plaque was installed on its building. In the 70s of the twentieth century, People’s Artist of the USSR L.E. Kerbel created a sculpture of Dmitry A. Arapov, which was stored in the local history museum of the town of Polyarny. His bust portrait (by artist T.S. Smagina) is exhibited at the Scientific Department of Emergency Surgery, Endoscopy and Intensive Care of the N.V. Sklifosovsky Research Institute for Emergency Medicine. In addition, the N.V. Sklifosovsky Research Institute for Emergency Medicine owns an earlier portrait of Dmitry A. Arapov by artist F.S. Bulgak. We introduce these portraits into scientific circulation for the first time. We are confident that they will be able to tell contemporaries a lot about this scientist, surgeon and man who made a great contribution to surgery and military medicine, and rightfully entered the history of Russian medicine.

Finnish-Turkish Relations as Reported by Envoy Yrjö-Koskinen

This article focuses on Finland’s relations with Turkey in 1940–1944. Although Turkey recognized Finland’s independence as early as 1918 and established diplomatic relations with Finland in 1926, Finland did not have a diplomatic mission in Ankara until 1940. The protracted nature of the relations was mainly determined by the lack of a basis (political or economic) for Finland’s interest in Turkey. A sharply changed situation following the Soviet-Finnish war (1939–1940) and the war in Europe inevitably required additional information for evaluation of the processes taking place. Neutral Turkey could provide such an opportunity even by virtue of the fact that the Finnish diplomatic representative was able to contact with diplomats of both Axis and Western powers (with the British Embassy before relations with Finland were severed by England in 1943). The content of the reports of the Finnish envoy A. A. Yrjö-Koskinen enable to imagine the extremely difficult situation of Turkey, which was under constant political pressure from the opposing sides. From the point of view of the Turkish state and military leadership, the victory of either side in the World War posed a risk to Turkey. In reality, Yrjö-Koskinen’s role as the head of Finland’s diplomatic mission was reduced to collecting somewhat chaotic information about world events, not always accompanied by his own analyses or comments. At the same time, the envoy’s reports to the Finnish Foreign Ministry showed the lack of any evident Turkish interest in the development of relations with Finland.

«КАК УЕТУ ОПЯТЬ ОТСЮДА НА СВОЮ РОДИНУ». РЕПАТРИАЦИЯ В СССР ПЕРЕМЕЩЕННЫХ В ФИНЛЯНДИЮ ИНГЕРМАНЛАНДСКИХ ФИННОВ В 1944–1945 ГГ. (ПО МАТЕРИАЛАМ КОЛЛЕКЦИИ ПИСЕМ ИЗ СОБРАНИЯ ЛЕНИНГРАДСКОГО ОБЛАСТНОГО ГОСУДАРСТВЕННОГО АРХИВА В Г. ВЫБОРГЕ)

A valuable material for studying the history of resettlement in Finland and the subsequent repatriation of the Ingrian Finns during the Second World War is provided by sources of personal origin. In the collection of the Leningrad Region State Archive in Vyborg, there is a collection of letters shedding light on the social and living conditions of the displaced Ingrians, their families and friendships, interaction with the authorities and the Finnish people, their moods and reactions to the events taking place at the front and in international politics. These are letters in Russian and in Finnish, as well as in the Ingrian dialect. Most of the documents in the collection refer to the final stage of the Soviet-Finnish war of 1941–1944 and to the period after the conclusion of the armistice, when the possibility of repatriating the Ingrians to the USSR began to be discussed. The most important theme in the letters is homesickness and discussions with relatives of the problem of returning. The documents eloquently testify that many Ingrian settlers were never able to start a new life in Finland, considered it a foreign country for themselves, persistently emphasized national differences with the Finns, connection with Russian culture, and dreamed of returning home.

On Guard of Independence: Finnish Security Policy 1918—1922

The article is devoted to the problems of Finland's security policy in the first years of independence. The emphasis is placed on the primacy of the settlement of relations with the eastern neighbor. Official policy was characterized by inconsistency and a penchant for adventures. The first Soviet-Finnish War of 1918—1920 was part of the Russian Civil War and foreign military intervention. In connection with the Genoa Conference of 1922, the Finns were most concerned about the possible revision of the results of the Tartu Peace Treaty of 1920 and the possible rapprochement of Russia and Germany. Genoa allowed us to sum up the search for a reliable ally, which ended in nothing. The only alternative was the policy of non-alignment or “brilliant isolationism”, which lasted until the mid-1930s.

Military doctor V.V. Fialkovsky: life path and contribution to the development of military maxillofacial surgery and dentistry

On the page of memory among domestic dentists and maxillofacial surgeons, it is impossible not to recall a prominent figure in domestic maxillofacial surgery and military dentistry, Vladimir Vasilyevich Fialkovsky. The purpose of the study was to highlight the scientific, clinical, pedagogical, and social activities of a prominent maxillofacial surgeon, candidate of medical sciences, associate professor, and colonel of the medical service V.V. Fialkovsky, as well as his services to military medicine. Based on the analysis of Russian literature and the life, professional activity, scientific works of the candidate of medical sciences, associate professor, colonel of the medical service V.V. Fialkovsky, this paper presents his role in the formation and development of military dentistry, maxillofacial surgery, and military medicine in Russia. The paper also presents the life transformation of Vladimir Vasilyevich Fialkovsky as a military doctor, researcher, and teacher which began during the battle in Lake Khasan and Khalkhin-Gol River, SovietFinnish (Winter) War, and the Great Patriotic War. The main directions of his scientific activity touched upon the development and improvement of methods for the treatment of gunshot wounds and inflammatory diseases of the maxillofacial region and injuries and pathology of the masticatory apparatus in radiation sickness. V.V. Fialkovsky clarified the function of the maxillary sinuses and the physiological significance of its walls and described the age and functional restructuring of the bone tissue of the upper jaw under the maxillary sinuses and its significance for direct prosthetics. Vladimir Vasilyevich studied in detail the possibility of bone grafting of gunshot defects of the lower jaw in acute radiation sickness, plasticizing soft tissue defects by free skin and mucous membrane grafting, and flaps on the feeding leg. He also described the manifestations of chronic radiation sickness in the oral cavity, their treatment, and prevention and revised some erroneous attitudes in the principles of surgical treatment of wounds in those exposed to radiation. The study also described the personal qualities of V.V. Fialkovsky, attitude of the leader of the Kirov Military Medical Academy, and the staff of the Department of Maxillofacial Surgery and Dentistry to him. V.V. Fialkovsky was one of the pioneers of Russian military dentistry.

Воспоминания о Борисе Павловиче Орлове

Memories of Novosibirsk economist Boris Pavlovich Orlov consist of three episodes. The first analyzes his work “Development of Transport in the USSR”. The author analyzes the fundamental nature of the work, the use of archival data and the truthfulness of the analysis. An objective coverage of the history of Soviet transport is noted, especially during the periods of the first five-year plan and the Soviet-Finnish war. The author gives a qualified analysis of the reasons for the orientation in railway transport towards the development of track facilities and the expansion and renewal of rolling stock instead of new railway construction. The second episode is connected with the defense of Ph.D. thesis of the author, in which Boris Pavlovich was the first opponent. Despite the seditiousness of many of its provisions for that time, Orlov supported it and highly appreciated it. The third episode is connected with the author’s leadership of the student scientific society at the Faculty of Economics of the Novosibirsk State University, of which Orlov was then the dean. The scientific work of this society, which boldly explored the acute problems of the socialist economy, was subjected to political persecution. Boris Pavlovich did not take any part in this company, at the risk of his administrative position. In conclusion, the high level of Boris Pavlovich Orlov’s qualifications, his honesty, civic courage and decency are discussed in the article.

Military dentistry of the USSR in the Soviet-Finnish (Winter) War of 1939–1940

BACKGROUND: The Soviet-Finnish (Winter) War is of interest not only from the side of operational and tactical art and variety of directions of military troop operations but also from the side of material and medical support of troops and sanitary evacuation of the wounded.
 AIM: To present data on military dentistry and dentists of the USSR in the Soviet-Finnish (winter) war.
 MATERIAL AND METHODS: The research materials were official statistical reports on the activities of medical units, research and dissertation works, regulatory legal documents, materials of scientific conferences, books, monographs, and scientific articles testifying to the activities of medical workers during the Soviet-Finnish (Winter) War.
 RESULTS: The study of archival documents made it possible to establish that the main burden on the organization of medical care for the wounded during the Soviet-Finnish (Winter) War was assigned to the Department of Dentistry of the Military Medical Academy. Given the combat experience of military dentists in the areas of Lake Khasan and Khalkhin-Gol River during the Soviet-Finnish (Winter) War, they created models of standard transport bandages for the upper and lower jaws. They also developed instructions and manuals on the surgical treatment of gunshot wounds of the maxillofacial region at the stages of medical evacuation, features of treatment, nutrition, and care of maxillofacial wounds in front conditions, which, according to eyewitnesses of that time, was a real problem.
 CONCLUSION: The experience of military dentists in the combat area of the Workers and Peasants Red Army in the Soviet-Finnish (Winter) War has brought lots of new things to maxillofacial surgery and traumatology from the point of view of organizational and therapeutic.

Факторы боевого применения советской авиации в конфликте с Финляндией 1939–1940 годов

This article is devoted to the analysis of the factors which influenced the effectiveness of the combat use of the Soviet aviation during the Soviet-Finnish war of 1939-1940. The object of the study is the armed forces of the Red Army, the subject of the study is the air force of the Red Army which participated in the war with Finland in 1939-1940. The sources for the work are archival materials - reports on the combat work of the Air Force of the combined arms armies during the conflict, on the use of certain types of aircraft, as well as military command work documents. In addition, the study contains published materials from compilations - documents of the Main Military Council, the Headquarters of the High Command, the command of the Leningrad Military District, as well as the conclusions and minutes of meetings of the Main Military Commission and the Air Force Commission. The aim of the work is to study various conditions and factors which inluenced the work of Soviet pilots during this conflict. The study examined the initial plans and tactics of the Soviet command for the use of aviation, their evolution in the course of hostilities. In addition, various problems and emergency situations which Soviet pilots faced with during the war were analyzed in this study. For the sake of completeness of the study at the end of the article attention is paid to the post-war analysis of the participation of the Soviet aviation in hostilities, and those problems which the Soviet command drew attention to are considered. The main factor underlying the entire combat work of the Soviet aviation at the initial stage of conflict was the fact that for the Soviet command the war with Finland was the first large-scale clash with another state, when a large number of aircraft were to participate in the hostilities. The Soviet leadership simply did not have experience in such operations, did not know how to use aviation correctly and what those operations required for. It were namely these facts which determined the initial not entirely successful tactics of using aviation, the poor preparedness of air reconnaissance. In addition, misunderstanding of the conditions of the future theater of operations played a significant role. Soviet air units were not equipped with the necessary uniforms and machinery. Weather conditions, in turn, also made their own adjustments to the work of aviation. At the same time, it is necessary to point out the insufficient training of pilots.

Socialist competition as the most important factor in increasing of the combat readiness of the Red Banner Baltic Fleet on the eve of the Soviet-Finnish war and during its course (1939-1940)

Socialist competition as the most important factor in increasing of the combat readiness of the Red Banner Baltic Fleet on the eve of the Soviet-Finnish war and during its course (1939-1940)

Historical experience of the organization of management and interaction of the forces of the Workers' and Peasants' Fleet and the grouping of troops of the Workers' and Peasants' Red Army in the Soviet-Finnish War of 1939-1940

Historical experience of the organization of management and interaction of the forces of the Workers' and Peasants' Fleet and the grouping of troops of the Workers' and Peasants' Red Army in the Soviet-Finnish War of 1939-1940

Outstanding doer of Russian dentistry Zakhar Borisovich Piryatinsky

he study is devoted to the professional and social activities of the outstanding Russian dentist, associate professor Zakhar Borisovich Piryatinsky. The paper presents an analysis of hard-to-reach literary sources and statements of contemporaries about Z.B. Piryatinsky. The data on the formation of Z.B. Piryatinsky as a dentist, his professional activities during the First World War and the Great Patriotic War, in the battles near Lake Khasan and the Khalkhin-Gol River, as well as in the Soviet-Finnish (winter) war of 1939—1940. His role in the opening of the Odontological Society, the first state dental laboratory at the Palace of Labor, the Institute of Public Dentistry, the dental laboratory in the center of Leningrad, which was reorganized into the Central Dental Polyclinic, then into the Scientific and Practical Dental Institute, and later — the Leningrad Dental Institute, was noted. In the conclusion, it is noted that, being one of the founders of domestic dentistry, as well as the school of dentists and maxillofacial surgeons, he is rightfully recognized as one of the patriarchs of national healthcare.

Valaam Monastery School of Painting

The article is dedicated to the formation of Valaam’s own school of painting for monks and novices of the monastery. This process consisted of several stages connected to both the historical development of the monastery itself, as well as the expanding influence of the Russian Imperial Academy of Arts. The official establishment of the painting school, which trained artists according to academic methods, dates back to the late 19th – early 20th centuries. The entire preceding history of the monastery paved the way for the inauguration of the school. In particular, the monastery gathered a carefully selected collection of engravings and reproductions of famous religious paintings, art manuals, human anatomy atlases and picturesque copies of popular works of art. Construction of the new Transfiguration Cathedral, to be supposedly painted by monastery artists, provided the main impetus for the eventual opening of the school. Gifted Valaam monks Alipiy (Konstantinov) and Luka (Bogdanov), as well as a student of the Russian Academy of Arts, V. A. Bondarenko, taught at the monastery’s school. Among some of the most diligent students of the school were hegumen Gavrill (Gavrilov), the main proponent of its establishment and its trustee, along with monk Fotiy (Yablokov), the future head of the icon painting workshop. The school continued to operate until the monks of the Valaam Monastery were forced to flee to Finland as a result of hostilities that broke out in the archipelago during the Soviet-Finnish war of 1939–1940.

Проблемы советской военной авиации перед началом Великой Отечественной войны

Relevance. This article is an attempt to analyze the state of the Soviet military aviation, including combat training, in the pre-war period and the influence of these factors on military operations in the initial period of the war. The study of the reasons for the failures of the Soviet troops during this period, especially the heavy losses of combat aviation, was carried out in many works over a long period of time, but these works mainly dealt with issues related to aviation technology. The state of combat training and military discipline in aviation units and formations and the influence of subjective factors on their level are practically not considered in these works. Therefore, the relevance of this article is beyond doubt. The purpose of the article is to reveal the state of the Soviet military aviation, taking into account the objective and subjective reasons, the level of its readiness for combat operations and the implementation of various measures to improve them in the course of preparing the general preparation of the USSR for the war. Objectives. To consider the problems of the Soviet military aviation, taking into account the state of discipline and combat training, identified in various military conflicts and the Soviet-Finnish war; to evaluate the considered reasons for the results of aviation combat operations in the initial period of the war. Methodology. The article is based on the general principles of historicism, scientific objectivity and consistency. In addition, methods of interpretation and content analysis were used. Results. The Soviet-Finnish war and military conflicts in the second half of the 30s of the last century revealed great shortcomings in the training and armament of the Red Army aviation. These shortcomings were actively discussed at the highest level of the military leadership. Many decisions were made to eliminate them. So, the creation of new aviation technology, especially fighters, has accelerated. The restructuring of the entire combat training system was begun in order to correct the shortcomings and increase the readiness of the flight personnel and the command of aviation units and formations. But, despite the measures taken, the level of general readiness of military aviation was not brought to the required level for various reasons (including due to lack of time), which ultimately became one of the main reasons for the tragic events of the summer and autumn of 1941. Conclusion. The general state of the Soviet military aviation in the period under review was determined not only by the objective factors (for example, the level of the aviation industry development), but also largely by subjective, personal factors.

РЕЦЕНЗІЯ НА КНИГУ (НАУКОВО-ПОПУЛЯРНЕ ВИДАННЯ) А. ГАЛУШКИ, Є. БРАЙЛЯНА «Змова диктаторів. Поділ Європи між Гітлером і Сталіним. 1939–1941. Харків: Клуб сімейного дозвілля, 2019. – 368 с.»

The book «Conspiracy of dictators. The division of Europe between Hitler and Stalin 1939–1941», co-authored by A. Halushka and E. Brailyan, is reviewed. This publication is popular science and is designed for a wide range of readers interested in the history of World War II. The publication reflects in detail, in a popular style, such segments as the political and economic situation in the world in the period between the world wars; creation of a military situation and escalation of conflict on the eve of World War II; the course of military operations in the first two years of the global confrontation (1939–1941), using the principle of parallel coverage of the aggressive actions of the Nazi and communist regimes from the moment of concluding the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact to the beginning of the implementation of the «Barbarossa» Plan. A detailed description of the military-tactical component of the main combat operations within the chronology stated by the authors is noted, among them the aggression of two dictatorships against Poland (September – October 1939), the Soviet-Finnish War (December 1939 – March 1940), the French campaign (May – June 1940), and the Battle of Britain (July – October 1940) and others. Emphasis is placed on the availability of a detailed description of the operations of the warring parties in the African, Mediterranean and Middle Eastern theaters of operations, including the coverage of independent operations of the Italian armed forces. In the presence of qualitatively presented factual material and photos in symbiosis with the relevance of such Ukrainian-language content, a conclusion was made about the success of the selected issues and prospects for further work, taking into account a wide target audience.

Scientific works of Professor T.Ya. Aryev – the first head of the department of thermal lesions of the Military Medical Academy them. CM. Kirov for the period 1932–1945

Abstract. The subject of scientific research of the first head of the department of thermal lesions of the Military Medical Academy. CM. Kirov Professor Tuviy Yakovlevich Aryev. The presentation of the material is carried out in chronological order and is tied to those events that occurred in the life of a then-young scientist. The role of family members and scientific leaders in choosing a specialty, making a decision on the beginning of scientific work and the research topic, which has become central during the historical period under consideration, is shown. The high quality of the research is indicated by the publication of the results of T.Ya. Aryev in German and French scientific journals. The growth of professional skills was facilitated by the admission to the Department of General Surgery at the Military Medical Academy. The role of the head Professor S.S. Girgolava manifested itself in the fact that two years after the start of research, the monograph Frostbite was written, and a dissertation was successfully defended a year later. The knowledge gained, the development of the principles and methods of performing scientific work have become an integral feature of T.Ya. Aryeva. Even during a business trip to the armed conflict zone on the Halki-Gol River, he was able to collect material and perform a number of works related to the characteristics of surgical combat trauma of that period. The subsequent analysis of the results of the treatment of wounded with frostbite during the Soviet-Finnish War formed the basis for the development of fundamentally new proposals for the prevention, diagnosis and medical care of victims of frostbite at the stages of medical evacuation. New techniques have contributed to increasing the effectiveness of medical support for troops during the Great Patriotic War.

소련·핀란드 겨울전쟁과 영국의 정책

Before the outbreak of the Soviet-Finnish Winter War on 30 November 1939, the Northern Department of the British Foreign Office argued positively the intervention of the Finnish problem. Though the Northern Department estimated that the Finnish intransigence towards the Soviet Union was folly, it inspired Finnish resistance for British national interest. Besides on 28 November, Churchill suggested to the War Cabinet the torpedo of the Russian ice-breaker. The French Prime Minister Daladier held the initiative in Allied policy towards Finland by Finnish strong resistance and expelling the Soviet Union from the League of Nations on 14 December. The Geneva resolution of the League of Nations intensified the British intervention towards the Soviet-Finnish War. In these circumstances. the British Chiefs of Staff that have opposed the intervention towards Finland before the Winter War endorsed the Scandinavian expedition at the cost of war with the Soviet Union by the end of December. Ironside influenced strongly a change of attitude of the Chiefs of Staff. But the influence of Churchill and Daladier was decisive. In the course of the development of British anti-Soviet intervention plans, Ling’s Report in the middle of January was the turning point of British intervention policy towards Finland. The middle of January thus must be regarded as the turning-point of the Winter War. The War Cabinet began to regard the assistance to Finland as an end. Furthermore, Daladier that suggested a plan of an expedition to Petsamo argued to expand the anti-Soviet front through an attack on Baku and Batum. Also, Churchill argued the strong anti-Soviet line through the speech of the light of freedom on 20 January. Thus by late January Churchill and Daladier began to see the Soviet Union as the main enemy. In the circumstances of the reinforcement of British intervention, on 29 January 1940, the Soviet Union responded to the peace fellers of the Ryti-Tanner government. In particular, on 12 February the Mannerheim Line was broken for the first time in the war. As a result, the Finnish military situation was aggravated severely. In the face of aggravated military situation and Finnish peace feelers, the Supreme War Council decided to send the allied regular army on 5 February. After this decision, in view of the comprehensive anti- Soviet plan Churchill pursued the military intervention to Finland at the risk of the war with the Soviet Union. Even Churchill suggested the military operation in Baku and the Black Sea and the Caspian Sea. Furthermore, the appeasers of France argued to change the declared but unfought war with Germany into an undeclared but fighting against the Soviet Union. But on 29 February the Finnish government accepted in principle the peace terms of the Soviet Union. In the face of this situation, Churchill and Daladier tried to coerce the appeal of the aid of Finland through a threat of aid in order to prevent the termination of the Winter War. (Korea University / kssgh@hanmail.net)

РАДЯНСЬКА АГРЕСІЯ 1939 РОКУ ПРОТИ ФІНЛЯНДІЇ У КОНТЕКСТІ ДРУГОЇ СВІТОВОЇ ВІЙНИ: ПЕРЕДУМОВИ, НАСЛІДКИ, УРОКИ ДЛЯ УКРАЇНИ

У статті аналізуються передумови, перебіг та наслідки радянсько-фін- ської війни 1939-1940 рр., яка дозволила Фінляндії, єдиній із колишніх ро- сійських колоній, зберегти суверенітет. Побіжно розглядаються дії Радянської Росії, а згодом СРСР щодо відновлення імперії (з початку її розпаду (1917 р.) і до кінця Другої світової війни), а також Німеччини, яка після поразки у Першій світовій війні виношувала не менш реваншистські плани. Обґрунтовується думка, що дії СРСР та Німеччини, спрямовані на поділ сфер впливу у Європі, спровокували виникнення Другої світової війни. Особлива увага приділяється перебігу радянсько-фінської війни. Зокрема висновується, що Збройні сили Фінляндії виявилися краще підготовленими до війни, хоча теж несли значні втрати в особовому складі. Сила оборони фінів полягала в умілому використанні озброєння, військової техніки, природних перешкод і – що найголовніше – у високому морально-психологічному стані особового складу і фінського народу загалом, що знайшло своє вираження у такому по- нятті, як “дух Зимової війни”. Відтак аналіз перебігу і наслідків радянської агресії проти Фінляндії та боротьби колишньої колонії за право бути незалежною дає підстави вивести низку уроків для сучасної України, врахування яких дозволить їй вистояти і зберегти суверенітет за умов російської агресії.