Soviet Area Research Articles

Research on the Image Shaping of Members of the Communist Party of China in Red Star over China from the Perspective of the Other

The Red Star Over China written by Edgar Snow is the first book written by a foreign author to record the Red Army in the Soviet area. This book not only truthfully and objectively portrays the image of the communists during the Yan'an period through Snow's perspective as the other, but also serves as an effective medium for propagating the real Chinese Communist Party and its members from the other's viewpoint during the period of the Anti-Japanese War. From the perspective of others, Snow used the transformation of narrative perspectives and contrast to show the characteristics of CPC members in political ideology, military affairs, daily life, and other aspects, and creates a series of unique communists who are different from the old and other parties. Male CPC members are firm in faith and invincible in courage, female CPC members are as powerful as men, "red devils" have strong self-esteem and strong ability, and leaders are both wise and brave and empathic with their subordinates. Snow, because of his own unique characteristics and value judgment, creates an objective, real and vivid three-dimensional image from the perspective of the other.

江西宁都红色资源特征及其可持续发展对策研究

As the political and military center in the early stage of the Central Soviet Area, Ningdu in Jiangxi was one of the command centers and main battlefields of the anti encirclement and suppression war in the Central Soviet Area. It was the famous birthplace of the Ningdu Uprising and the birth of the Red Fifth Army Corps, and is known as the “cradle of the Soviet Area”. Mao Zedong, Zhu De, Zhou Enlai, Wang Jiaxiang, Ren Bishi, Xiang Ying, Deng Xiaoping and other older generation proletarian revolutionaries carried out arduous and magnificent revolutionary practices in Ningdu, Jiangxi. Through long-term revolutionary practice and struggle history, they have accumulated rich red resources. This article categorizes the basic types of red resources in Ningdu, Jiangxi, and analyzes their typical characteristics such as wide distribution, diverse forms, spiritual education, and political distinctiveness. It also proposes sustainable development strategies such as firmly establishing the correct concept of protection and development, exploring resources to promote the construction of red cultural brands, extending the red resource industry chain and increasing the integration of business formats, and using full media to increase the publicity and promotion of red resources.

中央苏区时期毛泽东加强党的作风建设的经验探析

As an important part of party building, the party’s style of work is an important reflection of the party’s nature and purpose. During the Central Soviet Area, Mao Zedong continued to carry out self-revolution in the spirit of self-sublation and self-criticism on the basis of inheriting and developing the Marxist-Leninist theory of party building, and maintained the advanced nature of the Marxist party. Although Mao Zedong did not put forward the formal conclusion of the “three styles” and the “two musts” in the form of a complete text, he proposed to the whole party the strengthening of the party from three main aspects: ideological style, work style and life style. The idea of strengthening the Party’s style of work has enriched the Communist Party of China’s experience in theory and practice. This has important implications for persisting in promoting comprehensive and strict governance of the party in the new era, promoting the party’s self-revolution, and building an advanced Marxist political party.

Russkiy Mir (Russian World): An Exemplification of All-Russian Nationalism. The Strategy of Neo-Imperial Expansionism of the Russian Federation in Regional and Global Dimensions

Purpose: The primary aim of this article is to provide a comprehensive and indepth analysis of the Russian world (russkiy mir) as the main doctrine of neo-imperial expansionism. Russia consistently pursues the strategy of regaining influence in the post- Soviet area and, through the internationalization of the Russian world, seeks to achieve a dominant position on the European continent. The research problem is to analyze the extensive scope of influence of Russian ideology and the profound impact of this ideology on political and social processes taking place in other countries in Europe and the world. The impact through political and economic lobbying, propaganda, and informational operations of influence is extended not only to the area of the former USSR but also aimed at political circles and citizens of other European countries. Methods: The research optics adopted by the Author imply the use of the historical method of comparative and critical analysis of source texts. Result of the study: The analysis carried out leads to the conclusion that the ideology of the Russian world is expanding its sphere of influence mainly through propaganda and disinformation influence aimed at nationalist and Eurosceptic circles, including among representatives of the political elite of European countries identifying with such views.

Exploring the Influence of “Soviet Area Sports” on Self-Efficacy Based on the ABL Education Model

Exploring the Influence of “Soviet Area Sports” on Self-Efficacy Based on the ABL Education Model

Rebuilding “Greater Russia” and the Invasion of Ukraine

This article examines Vladimir Putin's commitment to rebuilding "Greater Russia" and its implications in the context of the invasion of Ukraine. Putin's vision involves re-establishing the former Soviet Union and extending Russian dominance beyond its borders, fueled by a belief in the historical and cultural ties between Russians and Ukrainians. The article explores Russia's assertive and unilateralist approach to international politics, its military interventions in neighboring countries, and the justifications used to expand Moscow's control over former Soviet territories. Highlighting the invasion of Ukraine in 2014 and its devastating consequences, the author raises questions about Putin's long-term goals and whether they involve recreating "Greater Russia" or countering perceived threats from the West and neighboring states. The author contends that despite other factors that might play a role in influencing Russian policy, the re-establishment of Moscow’s influence/control over as much post-Soviet territory as possible – the recreation of “Greater Russia” -- is the most important role – not NATO expansion, although it no doubt was an issue. If the Russians are successful in dominating Ukraine, other former Soviet areas – for example, the Baltics – are likely to become targets of future expansion.

The water dimensions of Russian – Ukrainian Conflict

In areas of Europe where water is scarce under global climate change, it can be used as a tool of pressure. The article illustrates the multidimensionality of this problem using the example of Russia's conflict with Ukraine with a particular focus on the weaponization of water in the period 2014-2022. Sustainable water management is not a local problem but it refers to the situation of any conflict in the entire post - Soviet area. It presents cases and analyses chronologically the course of action in which water is used as a trigger, weapon, and casualty. We operate at the interface between ecohydrology, the politics and the functioning of the human population. We point out that many of the environmental problems that occurred during the Russian Federation's invasion of Ukraine are the result of the exploitative policies adopted during the Soviet Union era in relation to water resources. The article's conclusions also discuss post-war scenarios.

Bibliometric Analysis of the Literature on the Spirit of the Soviet area based on Citespace

Bibliometric Analysis of the Literature on the Spirit of the Soviet area based on Citespace

Analysis of the Characteristics and Effects of Red Music During the Agrarian Revolutionary War

Red music during the Agrarian Revolutionary War was rooted in the leadership of the Communist Party of China and grew up in the revolutionary struggle. Based on a study of the background, style and effect of red music in this period, this paper discusses the role of red music in propagating revolutionary theories, mobilizing the masses and inspiring people during the founding and development of revolutionary bases such as Jinggangshan Mountain, Central Soviet Area and Shaanxi-Gansu Border.

Political Mobilization in Sichuan-Shaanxi Soviet Area from the Rural Traditional Perspective (1932-1935)

Political Mobilization in Sichuan-Shaanxi Soviet Area from the Rural Traditional Perspective (1932-1935)

Excavate Spiritual Power in History and Explore Innovative Practice for the Future – Research on Curriculum Teaching and Innovation Ability Training

For science and engineering students, how to carry out curriculum ideological and political education is a very important research topic. The course makes full use of the rich red cultural resources of the Soviet Area, excavates ideological and political materials from history, integrates the Spirit of the Soviet Area into the whole process of professional course learning, faces the challenge of future scientific and technological development to the cultivation of professional talents, advocates the craftsmanship spirit, explores the practice of cultivating innovative ability, and cultivates the red and professional social director builders and successors through the "two combination and double promotion" curriculum reformation.

Taking the Longer View: A Neoclassical Realist Account of Russia’s Neighbourhood Policy

This essay complements the other contributions to this special issue by placing Russia’s neighbourhood policy into a broader temporal and theoretical perspective. It shows that Russia’s political elite during the last three decades has been largely united behind the goal of establishing a Moscow-centred regional security order. Yet, despite this broad-based consensus, Russia’s policy in the former Soviet area has varied markedly across time and space. To account for this pattern, the essay develops and tests a neoclassical realist approach that explains why, how and when major powers such as Russia pursue regional primacy.

HORTICULTURE IN AZERBAIJAN

Azerbaijan is the largest country in the Caucasus. The Republic of Azerbaijan is one of the richest countries in the post-
 Soviet area in terms of natural resources, which spans 9 out of 11 existing climatic zones. This circumstance requires a special
 approach to dealing the issues of agriculture. Azerbaijan has an old history of growing many Mediterranean subtropical and
 nut-fruit crops, such as Juglans, Corylus, Castanea, Amygdalus, Pistacia, Olea, Punica, Ficus, Diospyros, Vitis and others.
 The article deals with such nuances of Azerbaijan’s agriculture as the problem of land shortage and water scarcity, the need
 for innovation, the development of organic agriculture. The statistics of the development of fruit growing and viticulture in
 Azerbaijan are given. The land reform in the Republic of Azerbaijan is considered. Despite a number of challenges facing the fruit growing industry at the present stage of development of the national economy, it has been one of the most profitable in
 the agricultural sector for quite a long period of time.

Discussion about Education of Party History in Central Soviet Area and Yan’an Period of Army and Militray Academy

Army; Military academy; Education of Party History

A Comparative Study of the School Education in Central Soviet Area and the Realization Path of Marxism Popularization in the Political Mobilization in Sichuan-Shanxi Soviet Area

A Comparative Study of the School Education in Central Soviet Area and the Realization Path of Marxism Popularization in the Political Mobilization in Sichuan-Shanxi Soviet Area

Fenomen parapaństw na obszarze poradzieckim

One of the consequences of the collapse of the Soviet Union was the outbreak of several conflicts in the post-Soviet area and the emergence of the so-called para-states. Based on the systemic method of treating parastates as a system, internal and external influence factors will be indicated. The article aims to present the reasons for creating para-states and analyze internal and external determinants, i.e. attributes of their statehood as factors that guarantee their operation and ensure continued survival. In this context, the thesis was made that Russian political, economic, and military support for para-states ensures their functioning. Moreover, the article indicates the role of para-states in the Russian Federation’s foreign policy towards the post- Soviet area, with which the central thesis of the article is related. It says that supporting para-states politically, financially, and militarily is one of the instruments of Russia’s policy towards the post-Soviet area and is intended to keep it within the Russian sphere of influence.

The Research on the Original Ecological Compensation Mechanism in the River Basin of the Central Soviet Area: From the Angle of Ecological Civilization

Most of the areas of economic poverty are the birthplace of most rivers in China, at the same time; these areas are extremely important ecological function reserve. For the whole society, It makes much sense to take effective protection to river basins to, in this process, the construction of ecological compensation mechanism is the key to the protection of river basins, not only be conducive to the protection of the ecological environment, but also be useful to the harmonious development of river basin upstream and downstream. From the perspective of ecological civilization, this paper analyzes the related theories of river basin ecological compensation mechanism, according to Coase's law of environmental economics and Pareto optimality; it explains the related model of river basin ecological compensation mechanism in China. And on this basis, we present the corresponding policy implications.

Die Mehrdeutigkeit geteilter religiöser Orte. Eine ethnographische Fallstudie zum Kloster Sveti Naum in Ohrid, Mazedonien

<i>Die Mehrdeutigkeit geteilter religiöser Orte. Eine ethnographische Fallstudie zum Kloster Sveti Naum in Ohrid, Mazedonien</i>

Uses of the concept of “class” in the Chinese communist revolution: a study of the land reform undertaken in the Chinese Soviet area led by Mao Zedong

ABSTRACT The period between 1927 and 1934 witnessed a waxing and waning of the Chinese Soviet revolution; one aspect of it was the social engineering campaigns, such as the Land Reform carried out in the Chinese Soviet Area. In it, the concept of class, originally an imported ideological and theoretical concept from pure Marxism, was applied to China’s local society. Correspondingly, the Chinese Soviet regime changed its approach to the Land Revolution (tudi geming), i.e. from “targeting local landlords and appropriating their wealth” to a set of procedures and routines centered on “holding mass meetings and designating class labels.” Established literature on the Land Revolution generally treats “class” as a certain criterion or a kind of objective social reality, based on which researchers tend to judge certain land reform policies as having been on a spectrum from “too radical” to “too conservative.” However, they largely ignore the details of the process through which a “class” concept was grafted onto China’s local society – both rural and urban. By taking stock of and analyzing historical records regarding the land revolution and class categorization in the Central Soviet Area, this article examines how “the class” evolved from such a purely theoretical concept to specific policies. By so doing, it drives home the importance of structural factors that are critical to our understanding of the internal logic of the Chinese Communist revolution.

Исламский капитал в экономике Казахстана

Over the last decades Islamic Finance has been expanding its role in the global economy, including in the Post- Soviet Area. Who are the key players of Islamic Finance market? What are their investment strategies here? This paper considers above questions by investigating more than 250 deals involving Islamic investors over the period 1991–2020 in Kazakhstan Republic. The data on deals gathered from two main sources: i) M&amp;A database Zephyr (Bureau van Dijk), and ii) open sources (information agencies, company annual reports, press-releases, presentations, interviews). We are analyzing the growth of the Islamic Finance industry in Kazakhstan, and dependency on two key investors – Islamic Development Bank and Abu Dhabi Government. Then We study the structure of Islamic Finance investments by the type of investors. We found that despite the small share of Islamic banks and Islamic leasing (ijara) companies they have become an important factor of the financial sector in Kazakhstan. We saw that the potential for issuing sukuk and developing Islamic insurance (takaful) have not yet been realized but Islamic Finance became one of the six pillars of the Astana International Financial Centre (AIFC). In addition, we have identified several factors critical to further Islamic Finance market development in the Central Asia. In conclusion there is a question whether Kazakhstan financiers and policymakers will be able to apply creative approach to Islamic Finance that not only allow to adopt the experience of other countries, but also bring something new. Acknowledgements. This study is funded by RFBR, project number 19-310-60002 “Islamic Finance in the Post-Soviet States: challenges and opportunities for investment growth in the CIS countries”.