Southern Shoreline Research Articles

The oldest marine Cretaceous sediments in West Greenland (Umiivik-1 borehole) – record of the Cenomanian–Turonian Anoxic Event?

The stratigraphic borehole Umiivik-1 on Svartenhuk Halvø was drilled in August–September 1995 as part of a joint programme between the Government of Greenland, Minerals Office (now Bureau of Minerals and Petroleum) and the Danish State (Mineral Resources Administration for Greenland). The joint programme was based on a political decision from November 1994 made in order to attract the oil and mineral industry to Greenland. The drilling of Umiivik-1 is one of several petroleum geological projects in West Greenland that were initiated early in 1995. Analyses on the core include detailed sedimentological, palynological and organic geochemical studies. The other petroleum geological projects comprise: description and interpretation of the three exploration boreholes on Nuussuaq, GANT#1, GANE#1 and GANK#1 that the Canadian oil company grønArctic Energy Inc. drilled in the summer of 1995 (e.g. Christiansen et al. 1996a, c; Dam 1996a–c; NøhrHansen 1997a); seismic surveys in the fjords around Disko, Nuussuaq and Svartenhuk Halvø (FjordSeis 95); seismic surveys in the offshore area between 68° and 71°N (DiskoSeis 95); and seismic surveys in the offshore area south of 68°N (IkerSeis 95, KangaSeis 95 and ExtraSeis 95; Chalmers et al. 1998, this volume; Skaarup & Chalmers 1998, this volume). The prime objective of Umiivik-1 was to document oil-prone source rocks in mid-Cretaceous strata. Although several types of crude oil have been found in seeps and slim-hole cores in West Greenland since 1992, there was only limited knowledge on actual source rocks when the project was initiated. Detailed organic geochemistry, especially the distribution of biomarkers in seeping oils, provides important information on the type of organic material, the depositional environment and the thermal history of the source rocks that generated these oils (Christiansen et al. 1996b, 1997b; Bojesen-Koefoed et al. in press). However, there are only limited data on thickness, areal distribution, generative potential, and stratigraphic age of the actual source rocks. Considering the exploration possibilities in West Greenland, the presence of source rocks seems to be one of the main risk elements, if not the most critical factor. It was therefore generally accepted in 1994 that the level of exploration interest in West Greenland would strongly benefit from the actual demonstration of the existence, age and depositional environment of oil-prone source rocks and by quantifying their generation potential. The most likely candidate in this context was a possible mid-Cretaceous marine source rock (Cenomanian–Turonian) that was first suggested in West Greenland by Chalmers et al. (1993) on the basis of world-wide analogies, but later supported by direct data from Ellesmere Island in Arctic Canada (Núñez-Betelu 1994). The Svartenhuk Halvø area is one of the few areas where Upper Cretaceous and Lower Tertiary marine sediments are exposed onshore West Greenland (Fig. 1), and the mudstones outcropping on Svartenhuk Halvø are the oldest known, fully marine deposits from West Greenland (Birkelund 1965; Nøhr-Hansen 1996). These mudstones have recently been studied during field work by the Geological Survey of Greenland in 1991 and 1992, a programme which also included five shallow boreholes between 66 and 86 m deep (Fig. 1; Christiansen 1993; Christiansen et al. 1994). Based on analytical work from these cores and samples from nearby outcrops, thermally immature mudstones of Coniacian to Early Santonian age have been documented (Nøhr-Hansen 1996), thereby giving hope that immature or early mature sediments of Cenomanian– Turonian age could be reached by drilling to relatively shallow depths along the southern shoreline of Umiiviup Kangerlua (Fig. 1).

Holocene isostasy and late Cenozoic development of landforms including Beaver and Radok Lake basins in the Amery Oasis, Prince Charles Mountains, Antarctica

Geomorphological observations show no detectable uplift (i.e. falling relative sea level) of Amery Oasis since the establishment of relatively stable sea level during the mid-Holocene. The observations around the basin of Beaver Lake include an absence of raised shoreline features, the presence down to the present tidal limit of in situ ventifacts and residual landforms, the cliffed southern shoreline and adjacent shallow subhorizontal floor of Beaver Lake, and the composition of recent moraines on the basin's north eastern edge. This lack of Holocene uplift is consistent with low uplift rates observed from coastal oases of East Antarctica and suggests minor, rather than major, changes to the Antarctic ice sheet during the most recent Quaternary glacial cycle. The formation of Beaver basin is attributed to late Cenozoic glacial excavation by south flowing ice of the palaeo-Nemesis Glacier, initially eroding when relative sea level was higher than it is today. The basin containing Radok Lake was excavated by the palaeo-Battye Glacier probably when most effective during the numerous long cold periods of the late Cenozoic. The field evidence from landforms and the presence of marine fossil deposits suggests Amery Oasis was not overrun by erosive ice since at least the Pliocene, major ice streams such as Lambert Glacier flowing then, as now, around the oasis.

RESEARCH: Are Recent Watershed Disturbances Associated with Temporal and Spatial Changes in Water Quality of Lake George, New York, USA?

/ Lake George, a mesooligotrophic lake, is a historically important recreational site in northeastern New York, USA. A preliminary analysis of the data, collected during 1980-1990, suggested that the indicators of primary productivity have increased, particularly in the southern basin of the lake. This change was attributed to the recent increases in the urbanization and development of the southern shorelines. The suggestion of temporal and spatial degradation in lakewater quality has caused substantial concerns among the decision makers and the public alike. The main objective of this study is to evaluate possible eutrophication of the lake by quantification of temporal and spatial trends in concentrations of total phosphorus (TP), chlorophyll a (Chl a), silica (Si), and chloride (Cl) through the use of proper statistical techniques. Results indicate no statistically significant changes in the concentrations of TP, Chl a, or Si in the spring or summer from 1981 to 1993. A significant temporal trend of increase in Cl concentration is, however, detected. This is perhaps the strongest evidence that the development of the Lake George watershed has affected lakewater chemistry. In spring, the concentrations of TP, Chl a, Si, and Cl, averaged over all 13 years, were higher in the south basin, but differences are not statistically significant (i.e., P > 0.05). In summer, Si was slightly but significantly lower, and Cl was nonsignificantly higher in the south basin. Significant interactions between temporal and spatial changes are detected based only on summer values of TP and Chl a, indicating differential trends of change for these two variables in the south and north basins during the last 13 years.KEY WORDS: Repeated-measures ANOVA; Split-plot design; Lakewater chemistry; Lake George

The Distribution and Contaminant Burdens of Adults of the Burrowing Mayfly, Hexagenia, in Lake Erie

Hexagenia populations, eradicated in the 1950s by anoxia, are recovering in the western basin of Lake Erie. Water from the Detroit River, which provides the largest contaminant load into the lake, flows west-to-east through the center of the western basin. We hypothesized that body burdens of Hexagenia would reflect a gradient of decreasing contamination from west to east across the basin, and from the central axis toward shorelines. In summer 1994, we used light traps or made use of lakeside dock lights to collect subimagos (females and males) and imagos (females) for 2 h at sunset at three locations on the Detroit River and at 22 locations throughout Lake Erie. Imagos were found throughout the western basin, but at only three locations in other areas of Lake Erie. Mayflies were analyzed for 59 organochlorine compounds including 42 congeners of PCBs by electron-capture detector gas chromatography. Results were analyzed using principal component analysis to reduce autocorrelations among contaminants. There was a 1:1 correspondence for PCB concentrations between subimago and imago stages, indicating no change in body burdens between moults. The highest contaminant burdens of adults at Monroe, Michigan (an Area of Concern) reflects local sources of contaminated sediments. There are high concentrations in mayfly body burdens at Middle Sister and East Sister islands and lower concentrations near both northern and southern shorelines of the basin. Hexagenia are confirmed as effective and efficient monitors of organochlorines.

Post-fledging movements of juvenile Reed Warblers Acrocephalus scirpaceus and Sedge Warblers Acrocephalus schoenobaenus

We have studied post-fledging movements among Reed Warblers and Sedge Warblers by comparing recapture rates between three different ringing sites in South Central Sweden. The positions of these three sites forms a triangle with Kvismaren in the west, Essön in the north and Segersjö in the east. Each side of the triangle is approximately 10 kilometres. A canal connects Kvismaren and Segersjö enabling the birds to move in their natural habitat between these sites. Lake Kvismaren and Essön has no such connection. Segersjö and Essön are both situated at the southern shoreline of lake Hjälmaren but bays and peninsulas make the distance of the shoreline 26 kilometres long, i.e. 16 kilometres longer than the linear distance. We discuss different hypotheses that may explain the post-fledging dispersal. Our results indicate that there is a higher recapture rate of birds between Segersjö and Kvismaren than between Essön and Kvismaren. Both Reed and Sedge Warblers feed primarily in reed beds or similar habitats near water. This suggests that the post-fledging dispersal is an exploratory movement within the birds' main habitat rather than longer flights in random directions. The predominant direction of the dispersal might correspond to the general migratory direction.

Holocene spit development on a regressive shoreline, Dornoch Firth, Scotland

The series of raised and modern spits and beaches which characterise the Dornoch Firth coastline are described. The beaches and spits in the inner firth are relatively small, having developed during the mid-Holocene with little-subsequent modification. In the central firth, large spit complexes developed on the northern and southern shorelines extending westwards during the mid-Holocene. However, during the later Holocene, spit growth was towards the east on the southern shore and towards the southwest on the northern shore. In the outer firth, spit and beach development mainly occurred during the later Holocene. The development of spits at the mouth of the firth changed the wave energy environment in the central section and resulted in the marked changes in spit alignment in this area. The features also indicate that during the rise and culmination of the Main Postglacial Transgression coarse clastic sediments derived from cliff erosion dominated. In contrast during the later Holocene, when relative sea level fell, sand-sized material derived from the nearshore and offshore zone predominated.

Contemporary and Historical Rates of Eolian Sand Transport in the Indiana Dunes Area of Southern Lake Michigan

As part of an effort to elucidate the role of eolian processes in the sediment budget of southern Lake Michigan, an 8-yr record of wind data was used to drive a model for simulating eolian sand transport along the southern shoreline. Computer simulations indicated that the potential rate of sand loss from the shore zone is currently between 1.2×10 3 and 2.7×10 3 kg per meter of shoreline per year. The sand, which is transported by strong northerly winds across vegetated foredunes and blowout dunes, is deposited in the backdune areas where it cannot be recycled by storm waves. The contemporary (short-term) rate of net sediment loss from the shore zone (ca. 2×10 3 kg m −1 yr −1 on the basis of the computer simulations) is 40 percent greater than an estimate based on dated eolian accumulates in relict beach ridges (l4×10 3 kg m −1 yr −1) but an order of magnitude less than the average rate of accretion during the last 3,000 years (ca. 1.7×l0 4 kg m −1 yr −1). Throughout most of the late-Holocene littoral drift from the northeast and northwest was sufficient to ensure beach growth despite the removal of sand by northerly winds. However, the construction of numerous breakwaters updrift of the Indiana Dunes area has disrupted the natural sediment balance so that eolian transport is contributing to beach erosion. The potential loss of sand from the backshore by net eolian transport is equivalent to about 150 mm of shoreline retreat per year.

Determination of Basinwide Paleocurrent Patterns in a Shale Succession from Anisotropy of Magnetic Susceptibility (Ams): A Case Study of the Mid-Proterozoic Newland Formation, Montana

ABSTRACT In shales of the Mid-Proterozoic Newland Formation, magnetic fabrics can be used as indicators of paleoflow direction. The long axis of the anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility (AMS) ellipsoid parallels paleoflow and is inclined in the upcurrent direction (Schieber and Ellwood 1988). To apply the AMS paleocurrent method to shales on a basinwide scale, oriented samples from the two members of the Newland Formation and its lateral equivalents were collected over the entire southeastern Belt basin. For the lower member of the Newland Formation the data show a parallel-bipolar and north-south-oriented paleoflow pattern. The pattern for the upper member of the Newland Formation is more complex: it indicates the presence of a northern and southern shoreline from where sediment is transferr d deeper into the basin (parallel-unimodal pattern), as well as a central zone of overlap with a parallel bipolar pattern. The results of the study show that AMS-based paleocurrent patterns support paleogeographic reconstructions based on stratigraphic and sedimentologic studies, and that tectonic deformation did not significantly alter primary fabrics. In the upper member of the Newland Formation, shore-normal vs. shore-oblique sediment transport for sandy and muddy storm deposits, respectively, is in agreement with a recently proposed depositional model for storm deposits (Duke et al. 1991).

Status and Trends of the Lake Ontario Macrobenthos

The benthic macroinvertebrate community of Lake Ontario was examined relative to communities found in the other Great Lakes and also relative to trends over time. In the nearshore, populations are heavily influenced by municipal and industrial inputs. For example, oligochaete abundances in the nearshore are higher than in any of the other Great Lakes (excluding shallow Lake Erie), communities have been altered even to relatively deep depths near the major river mouths, and the pollution-sensitive Pontoporeia hoyi is scarce along the southern shoreline east of the Niagara River mouth. In the profundal, benthic composition is similar to that found in the other Great Lakes, but biomass is less than might be expected given the amount of organic material settling to the bottom. Benthic standing stocks in this region have apparently declined almost threefold since the 1960s. Reasons for this decline do not appear to be related to trends in water column productivity or to predation pressure, but may be related to the accumulation of contaminants. Research needs include studies to assess benthic trends over a much broader area of the lake and studies to examine the impact of sublethal levels of contaminants.

Distribution and Dispersal of the Zebra Mussel (Dreissena polymorpha) in the Great Lakes Region

Dreissena polymorpha (Pallas), a small mussel common throughout most of Europe, was discovered in June of 1988 in the southern part of Lake St. Clair. Length–frequency analyses of populations from the Great Lakes and review of historical benthic studies suggest that the mussel was introduced into Lake St. Clair in late 1986, probably as a result of the discharge of ballast water from an ocean-crossing vessel. Following the 1990 reproductive season, Dreissena populations ranged from the head of the St. Clair River, through Lake St. Clair, the Detroit River, Lake Erie, the Welland Canal, and the Niagara River to the western basin and southern shoreline of Lake Ontario. Isolated populations were found in the St. Lawrence River and in harbours in Lakes Huron, Michigan, and Superior. The rapid dispersal of this organism has resulted from its high fecundity, pelagic larval stage, bysso-pelagic drifting ability of juveniles, and human activities associated with commercial shipping, fishing, and boating (research and pleasure). Virtually any waterbody that can be reached by boaters and fisherman within a few days travel of the lower Great Lakes, particularly Lake Erie, seems to be at risk of being invaded by this nuisance species.

Local and Long-Range Movement of Adult Western Corn Rootworm (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) as Evidenced by Washup Along Southern Lake Michigan Shores

During the months of July through early September from 1984 through 1986, large numbers of live, predominantly female, western corn rootworm (WCR), Diabrotica virgifera virgifera LeConte, adults appeared on the southern shoreline of Lake Michigan on 16 occasions. Correlation of the numbers of beetles washed ashore with the passage of synoptic scale weather systems shows that the beetles accumulate on the shoreline after the passage of cold fronts starting at approximately the date of maximum emergence of WCR and continuing for 24–49 d. The WCR deposited on the shoreline appear to have originated from fields local and distant from the shoreline, with local WCR predominant in deposition events near the time of local maximum emergence and long-distance WCR predominant in deposition events later in the season. Insects appear to be carried along the front. Precipitation does not appear to result in greater deposition of WCR onto the surface, therefore descent of the insect must be by active flight or downdrafts in the front.

OIL SPILL INCIDENTS AND DISPERSANT APPLICATIONS IN KUWAIT

ABSTRACT Since the discovery of oil in Kuwait, most oil-related activities have been located along the coastline 50 km south of Kuwait City. Other related industrial activities have been developed in this area apart from oil and petroleum products export in order to diversify the national sources of income. For these reasons, the potential for large oil spills in Kuwait's marine environment is highest along the south coast, where oil refineries and exporting facilities are located. An average of 219 barrels of oil were spilled annually between 1979 and 1985, and 2,100 gallons of dispersants were used in cleanup operations. The majority of incidents involved less than 5 barrels of oil and 500 gallons of dispersants. Incidents involving more than 100 barrels of oil and 5,000 gallons of dispersants were confined to the Sea Island and Mina Al-Ahmadi North and South Piers. This distribution undoubtedly affects the concentration of petroleum residues in various components of the marine environment, resulting in an increase in tar ball density along this coast, reaching a maximum at Ras Az-Zor, and significantly higher levels of vanadium and petroleum hydrocarbons in sediments and oysters collected south of Mina Al-Ahmadi. The objective of this paper is to report on the number, volume, and frequency distribution of oil spill incidents in Kuwait and the usage of dispersants in cleanup operations. Vanadium and petroleum hydrocarbon concentrations also are described as is the sensitivity of the southern coastal environment to oil spills. Recommendations have been made on how to conduct cleanup operations for any future oil spill incidents along the southern shoreline of Kuwait.

Contributions of heavy metals from municipal runoff to the sediments of Lake Pontchartrain, Louisiana

A study was conducted to determine the distribution and sources of heavy metal pollutants in the sediments of Lake Pontchartrain. Sediment samples were collected from the northern and southern shorelines and analyzed for heavy metals by atomic absorption spectrometry. The heavy metals of interest were barium, copper, nickel, lead, and zinc. The concentrations of these metals indicate that the principal source of heavy metal pollution is associated with urban stormwater runoff and municipal discharges.

Bay view tower, hull, Massachusetts

Hull, Massachusetts is a working-class community situated on a narrow, sevenand-one-half mile long peninsula jutting out from the southern shoreline of Massachusetts Bay. Although Hull is endowed with 24 miles of beaches and shoreline, years of poor economic conditions have made development a much higher priority among the town's residents than environmental protection. However, in recent years, the town has learned that its coastal environment influences the shape of its development and cannot be ignored. For over 20 years, Hull has been trying to attract development to revitalize its depressed economy. As part of this goal, the Hull Redevelopment Authority (HRA) acquired an 18-acre tract of land on Nantasket Beach in the mid-1960's which it hoped to redevelop into homes and businesses (Figure 1). In 1979, after years of unsuccessful development attempts, a contract to build on this site was finally negotiated with Consultants Inc., a private firm from Providence, Rhode Island. The first phase of the redevelopment package included an 1 l-story, 150-unit apartment building, called Bay View Tower, for elderly and handicapped people. Initially, the developers had the full support of the HRA and most of Hulrs residents (Alabrandy 1985). However, a difficult and complex implementation process resulting from the design and siting of Bay View Tower would later diminish the project's popularity. The high-rise building was sited on a barrier beach and required filling coastal wetlands, fragile resources protected under state and federal laws. In addition, barrier beaches are considered unsafe for development because they are subject to severe storm damage and flooding. For these reasons, the site was criticized as a poor location to house elderly and handicapped people. Consultants Inc. needed a variety of local, state and federal permits before

DEPOSITIONAL ENVIRONMENTS ASSOCIATED WITH PALEOSPIT DEVELOPMENT: PLUM ISLAND, MASSACHUSETTS

This study presents a model of cyclic spit accretion for the southern shoreline of Plum Island, Massachusetts, since 2,500 years B.P. A three-dimensional analysis of 325 cores taken from the sand unit underlying Stage Island Pool on Plum Island and bivariate plots of the graphic statistics derived from 40 sand samples permitted identification of three subsurface environments: beach/dune ridge, interdune, and washover/ tidal channel. The cyclic recurrence of these environments is proposed as the mechanism leading to the formation and growth of the southern end of the island since at least 2,500 years B.P.

Emergent coasts of Akimiski Island, James Bay, Northwestern Territories, Canada: geology, geomorphology, and vegetation

Akimiski Island contains good examples of emergent coastal landscapes of a cold mesotidal inland sea. The Paleozoic reefal trend of the Attawapiskat Formation dictated the overall shape and the main structure of the island. Differential erosion and deposition by Pleistocene glaciers have fluted the island in a north-south direction. That surface was later modified by emergent landforms developed in the last 3500–4000 yrs. The modern steeper southern area reaches an elevation of 60 m approximately 3 km inland from the southern shoreline, and contains well-developed sandy and gravelly longitudinal beach ridges and spits, now inactive and covered by a lichen-rich taiga (boreal forest). The flatter, northern part of the island shows a wide transition between the primarily erosional, sand-starved, coastal marshland and the inland organic-rich fens. Partially paludified longitudinal and transversal beach ridges subdivide those northern flat wetlands forcing a straight course to the north-flowing streams. The vegetation zonations of the marshes are as varied as the coasts, facing different oceanographic conditions. Longshore and tidal currents affect the western and southern coasts greatly. Tides, waves and sea ice affect the others more. The marshes resemble those of the mainland in having well-defined Puccinellia phryganodes lower marsh, Carex subspathacea upper marsh, and peat-forming coastal fens. Some components of the marshes of the island, such as isolated mounds with vegetation minisequences, incipient permafrost features generated by seasonal frozen ground conditions, and intense grazing by large populations of geese, are typical of cold settings, more commonly found along mainland coasts farther to the north in James Bay and Hudson Bay.

Bottom sediments of Lake Rotoma

Abstract Lake Rotoma is a deep (70–80 m), oligotrophic, warm monomictic lake of volcanic origin with insignificant stream inflow and no clearly defined outflow. For at least 60 years up to 1972 the lake level fluctuated markedly about an overall rising trend of some 6–10 m. Nearshore profiles are related to the prevailing wave climate superimposed upon the overall rising lake level, shelves being wider, less steep, and deeper about the more exposed eastern and southern shorelines. The outer portions of shelves extending well below modern storm wave base into waters as deep as 15–25 m are relict features from lower lake level stands. Sediments fine from sand‐gravel mixtures nearshore to silts in basinal areas. Their composition reflects a composite provenance involving the lavas and tephras about the lake, as well as intralake diatom frustules and organic matter. The distribution pattern of surficial bottom sediments is an interplay between grains of both biological and terrigenous origin, supplied present...

Distribution of Macrobenthic Species in Lake Ontario in Relation to Sources of Pollution and Sediment Parameters

Bottom samples were collected in Lake Ontario during the International Field Year for the Great Lakes (IFYGL) in November 1972. Samples were collected in triplicate at 55 stations located throughout the lake. Sand prevailed at the shallow areas but silt dominated the intermediate and deep-water areas. Total carbon and total Kjeldahl nitrogen content of the sediment increased with increased depth, but no trend was evident in the total phosphorus content. Oligochaetes and the amphipod Pontoporeia affinis accounted for 92% of all organisms collected. The former group dominated the shallow areas while the latter dominated the intermediate and deep-water zones. Stylodrilus heringianus and Limnodrilus hoffmeisteri were the most widely distributed species, being collected at 51 of the 55 stations. Several approaches were used to evaluate trophic conditions in the lake - the indicator species approach, the oligochaete-density index, a modified “Goodnight-Whitley” index, and the Brinkhurst % L. hoffmeisteri index. The indicator species approach proved to be the most sensitive index because inconsistencies arose when the other indices were applied. The most obviously eutrophic areas were near the mouth of the Niagara River and off Toronto. These areas were characterized by high oligochaete densities dominated by either L. hoffmeisteri or T. tubifex. Mesotrophic conditions were evident along the southern shoreline from the mouth of the Niagara River to Rochester, New York. Stylodrilus heringianus, L. hoffmeisteri, T. tubifex, and P. affinis were significantly related to some of the measured sediment parameters in either the intermediate or deep-water areas.

Recreational Welfare Losses from Water Pollution Along US Coasts

AbstractThe economic impact of marine water pollution on recreation losses is directly related to the extent of beach closures. As water quality enhancement increases the supply of beaches available to the public, more participants are expected at both newly opened and formerly used (but polluted) sites. Swimmers are usually more sensitive than other sport enthusiasts to beach conditions. A conceptual methodology is developed to assess the economic welfare benefits of beach cleanup. Empirical data required by the method are compiled for all coastal regions of the continental USA. Annual damages to swimming are then estimated in the range of $27.5 to $65.3 million for 1970. The results indicate that the North Atlantic coastline accounts for almost 60% of total activity day losses, compared to roughly 30% for the Great Lakes region. The remaining areas—the Pacific, South Atlantic, and Gulf states—incur relatively minor damages. Especially along the West coast, influential public concern for environmental protection has contributed toward progress on coastal zone management. Many southern shorelines avoid serious pollution problems by their lack of heavy industrialization and urbanization. Recreation losses constitute only a portion, albeit an important one, of total damages attributable to contaminated marine waters. Other human activities or natural attributes adversely impacted include commercial fishing, navigation, shoreline property values, aesthetic amenities, and ecological habitats. Welfare losses for these items could well exceed that for recreation, although current informational deficiencies on welfare measures and empirical data preclude such an assessment.

Upwelling and the occurrence of cold water around Cape Recife, Algoa Bay, South Africa

Between February 1989 and March 1990 a study was undertaken to investigate sea temperature variability around Cape Recife, Algoa Bay, during and after upwelling events. Data were collected by moored thermistors and during a ship's cruise, and wind measurements were made at Cape Recife and Bird Island. Results confirmed upwelling off the southern shoreline of Cape Recife during easterly or north-easterly winds. When the wind switched to westerly or south-westerly, upwelling relaxed and cold water that had broken the surface during upwelling was dispersed eastwards towards the point of Cape Recife. Within a few hours of the change in wind direction to westerly, cold water was observed along the Algoa Bay shoreline of Cape Recife. The influence of wind-forcing and Kelvin waves on upwelling and the emergence of cold water along the Bay-side shoreline of the cape are discussed.