Southern Shan States Research Articles

Metallogenesis in SE Asia

Southeast Asia may be subdivided into three distinct metallogenic provinces— ( a ) peripheral Cenozoic volcanic arc, ( b ) Mesozoic Sundaland core, and ( c ) cratonic China north of the Red River Suture: a is a major producer of copper with minor gold and silver; b is the World's foremost producer of tin with subordinate tungsten and antimony; c is the World's premier tungsten and antimony province, with subordinate tin and mercury. Ophiolites, obducted since the Palaeocene from Pacific and marginal basin lithosphere, yield substantial chromite, increasing amounts of nickel from residual laterite, and massive Cyprus-type sulphides. Palaeocene to Miocene dioritic stocks, within the ensimatic arcs of the Philippines and north Sulawesi, contain important porphyry coppers. Gold and silver are important associates, but molybdenum is rare. Kuroko-type sulphides and mesothermal copper-gold vein deposits are important in the Philippines and Taiwan. Epithermal gold-silver telluride vein deposits are more widespread throughout the Cenozoic volcanic arc. Tin mineralization, spatially related to acid granitoids of Permo–Triassic age in Indonesia and the Malay Peninsula and of Cretaceous age in Phuket and Tenasserim, is widespread in province b. Important lode deposits are confined to Billiton and the East Coast Belt of the Peninsula, emplaced within the zone of fracture around high level granitoids. Some stratiform iron-tin deposits characterize this Eastern Belt. Other tin fields, which yield the bulk of the region's production, contain few worthwhile lode deposits. Huge amounts of tin have been produced from the contact zones of large deep-seated batholiths in Bangka, along the Main Range of the Malay Peninsula, and in the Phuket region of Thailand. The tin has been concentrated in Quaternary placers by the favourable combination of climate and topography. In the Southern Shan States and north Thailand, the deposits are associated with Triassic granites and have yielded more tungsten than tin, as well as significant amounts of antimony. Major tungsten and less important tin deposits are associated with Mesozoic granitoids in the Caledonian foldbelt of southeastern China. The important antimony and mercury occurrences lie on the continental side of the tungsten-tin belt. Gold, antimony and mercury mineralization is associated with Tertiary igneous rocks in West Borneo, and mercury occurs in Palawan island. Iron contact-metasomatic and sedimentary ore deposits are associated with the Mesozoic igneous rocks in China and Sundaland, and with Cenozoic dioritic rocks in the Philippines. The metallogenic zonation of China may be related to subduction of oceanic material beneath a continental margin, persistent since the early Mesozoic. In SE Asia, more complex patterns of subduction have resulted in less well defined metal zonation in the continental regions. Cenozoic mineralization in the Philippines and Indonesia resulted from convergent tectonics of great complexity involving both continental and oceanic crust of diverse origins.

The International Relations of Laos

L AOS, SOMETIMES KNOWN as the Country of a Million Elephants, has been described by one of its former Prime Ministers as a landbound island among more powerful neighbors-China, Burma, Thailand, Viet-Nam and Cambodia. A product of Thai ethnic stock and Indian cultural influence, Laos became a political entity in the 9th century A.D. and reached its cultural and political apex early in the i8th century. At that time, the Lao kingdom, then called Lan-Xang, included sections of Yunnan, of the Southern Shan States, of the Vietnamese and Cambodian mountain plateaus, and large stretches of present-day northeastern Thailand. Within less than a century, however, feudal rivalries fed from outside began to weaken the central government and Lan-Xang broke into two distinct kingdoms: Luang-Prabang in the north and Vientiane in the south.' The inhospitable mountain chains and forests of North and Central Viet-Nam for a while shielded Laos from the Vietnamese, but the low hills and open plains of the Mekong valley were an open invitation to attacks from the growing Siamese state. In i828, the kingdom of Vientiane was totally destroyed by the Siamese, and soon thereafter all of Laos was split into Siamese and Vietnamese spheres of influence, the former predominating in Vientiane and Champassak and the latter controlling most of Luang-Prabang's hinterland. The arrival of the French, who proclaimed a protectorate over the kingdom of Luang-Prabang on October 3, i893, was at first greeted with relief, but the French, largely through ignorance of the local situation, accepted the Mekong as the international boundary between Thailand and Laos with the result that the most productive parts of both Vientiane and Champassak became permanent parts of Thailand.2 This error was somewhat corrected by the Franco-Siamese boundary treaties of I902 and I907, which restored the provinces of Sayaboury and Bassac to Laos, but the remaining trans-Mekong areas of Laos have now become integral parts of Thailand. The French colonial administration maintained a dual relationship with Laos. The kingdom of Luang-Prabang, as a protectorate, remained a dis-

A Record of Gestation Periods and Growth of trained Indian Elephant Calves in the Southern Shan States, Burma.

Proceedings of the Zoological Society of LondonVolume A113, Issue 1-2 p. 27-27 A Record of Gestation Periods and Growth of trained Indian Elephant Calves in the Southern Shan States, Burma. Capt. E. C. Burne., Capt. E. C. Burne. In his covering letter to the Secretary, dated February 10, 1942, Capt. Burne writes:–“I enclose growth figures taken over those calves born to the Company's (Messrs. T. D. Finlay & Son, Ltd.) elephants in their Shan States Forests during the last 28 years. Height measurements are not taken before the calves are trained, at three years old or thereabouts. I also enclose records we have kept more recently of the period of gestation.” News has recently reached us from India, that owing to the invasion of Burma by the Japanese, Capt. Burne has probably lost all his valuable note-books and records, as they had to bo left behind when the British residents were obliged to retreat.Search for more papers by this author Capt. E. C. Burne., Capt. E. C. Burne. In his covering letter to the Secretary, dated February 10, 1942, Capt. Burne writes:–“I enclose growth figures taken over those calves born to the Company's (Messrs. T. D. Finlay & Son, Ltd.) elephants in their Shan States Forests during the last 28 years. Height measurements are not taken before the calves are trained, at three years old or thereabouts. I also enclose records we have kept more recently of the period of gestation.” News has recently reached us from India, that owing to the invasion of Burma by the Japanese, Capt. Burne has probably lost all his valuable note-books and records, as they had to bo left behind when the British residents were obliged to retreat.Search for more papers by this author First published: June 1943 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.1943.tb00063.xCitations: 1 AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat No abstract is available for this article.Citing Literature VolumeA113, Issue1-2June 1943Pages 27-27 RelatedInformation

Notes on a large Spiriferoid from the Southern Shan States

At a locality about three miles south of Mawchi, in the Kantarawaddy State, a unique specimen of a large Spiriferoid was found a few years ago by Mr. Vernon Hobson, then working for the Mawchi Mines Co., in an area where previously no fossiliferous rocks were known to exist. This specimen was sent me by him in 1936 for determination; and in the hope that some other fossils would soon be obtained from this locality which would throw more light on the age of the rocks, the publication of any description of the fossil was post-poned. For unfortunately, the specimen was not found in situ, though Mr. Vernon Hobson, in a letter to me dated 19th June, 1936, stated that he was satisfied that it was not a residual fossil, and that the rock-matrix in which it is imbedded was thoroughly typical of the beds developed for miles round in this area. Moreover, he stated that there are no overlying formations within twelve miles, and that these lie at lower elevations, while pendants of younger rocks do not occur in the area, so that “there is no evidence that overlying rocks existed close above [the present surface rocks] prior to the present phase of erosion”.

DeSchauensee on 'Birds from Siam and the Southern Shan States' Zoological Results of the Third DeSchauensee Siamese Expedition, Part II. Birds from Siam and the Southern Shan States Rodolphe Meyer deSchauensee

DeSchauensee on 'Birds from Siam and the Southern Shan States' Zoological Results of the Third DeSchauensee Siamese Expedition, Part II. Birds from Siam and the Southern Shan States Rodolphe Meyer deSchauensee

Research Items

Excavations at Kuala Selinsing, Perak. Mr. Ivor H. N. Evans, having carried out further excavations on the Tanjong Rawa site, Kuala Selinsing, Perak, Malay Peninsula, has now summarised his conclusions in an account of this later work (J. Fed. Malay States Museums, vol. 15, pt. 3). The inhabitants were not Mohammedans, and were traders in beads of semi-precious stones and glass. Some of these were of local manufacture. The stone beads probably came from India; others show affinities with Borneo and Sarawak, and with ancient beads found among Kachins and Chins, these in the latter instance being derived ultimately from both China and India, sources with which the Selinsing people may have been in touch. A piece of yellow lead slag may point to a connexion with the southern Shan States. The beads from Kuala Selinsing belong to a late iron age to early porcelain age culture that existed in India, the Malay Peninsula, Borneo and the Philippines. The people were almost certainly Hindus, as a definitely Hindu type of gold object has been found in the lower layer of the excavations; while a cornelian seal with a Pallava inscription (one of the most remarkable objects found in Malayan excavations in recent years) points to a connexion with southern India. The village would appear to have been built originally over the water, but accumulations of household refuse produced an island above the level of the highest tides. Burials took place under or among the houses, the bodies being placed in canoes and broken porcelain strewn over them. There are many types of pottery, mostly wheel-made with patterns akin to ancient Korean and Chinese. The settlement appears to have come to a violent end soon after A.D. 960, a date indicated by the presence of celadon wares. The earliest date suggested for the seal is about A.D. 400, but it was not found in the lowest level and may have been treasured for hundreds of years after the date of its manufacture, or perhaps be a survival of a script obsolete in India.

XI Description of a New Species of Margaritanopsis (Unionidae) from the Southern shan States, with notes on Solenaia Soleniformis

XI Description of a New Species of Margaritanopsis (Unionidae) from the Southern shan States, with notes on Solenaia Soleniformis

Aquatic Rhynchota from the Southern Shan States

Aquatic Rhynchota from the Southern Shan States

Rhododendrons and Lime

IN a note in NATURE of February 17, 1916 (vol. xcvi., p. 684), reference was made to Mr. Forrest's discovery of rhododendrons growing on limestone rocks in N.W. Yunnan. In this connection Lady Wheeler-Cuffe, writing from Maymyo, Upper Burma, informs the Editor that she found “a beautiful blush-white rhododendron growing actually wedged into a bare limestone crag on the very summit of Sindaung (6022 ft.), in the southern Shan States, a few years ago.” Mr.Forrest also states definitely that he found rhododendrons with their roots actually spreading in the crevices of the limestone rock.

XLII.—A Contribution to our Knowledge of the Birds occurring in the Southern Shan States, Upper Burma

XLII.—A Contribution to our Knowledge of the Birds occurring in the Southern Shan States, Upper Burma

Along a Shan Road, Southern Shan States, upper Burma

Along a Shan Road, Southern Shan States, upper Burma

An additional List of Birds ohtained at Kalaw, Southern Shan States, during April and May, 1896

An additional List of Birds ohtained at Kalaw, Southern Shan States, during April and May, 1896

Notes on some Birds obtained at Kalaw, in the Southern Shan States

Notes on some Birds obtained at Kalaw, in the Southern Shan States

XXX.—List of the fishes collected by Mr. E. W. Oates in the Southern Shan States, and presented by him to the British Museum

XXX.—<i>List of the fishes collected by Mr. E. W. Oates in the Southern Shan States, and presented by him to the British Museum</i>

Geographical Notes

MAJOR HOBDAY reports of the operations in Upper Burma that during the season of 1887–88, the whole of the Yaw country has been thoroughly surveyed by surveyors attached to the various columns converging on Gangaw. On the north a connection has been made with the work executed by Colonel Woodthorpe's party last year in the Kubo Valley. A good deal of the geography of the Schwele River and the Mohlaing district has also been obtained. The extent of surveying that has been done by the surveyors who accompanied the column from Bhamo to Mogdung and thence by the Jade Mines and Endawgyi Lake to Katha, on the Irrawaddy, is not yet known, as reports have not yet been received. In the Southern Shan States a party under Lieut. Jackson, R. E., has carried on survey operations in continuation of last year's work from Fort Stedman to Pekon, in the Saga Valley, thence viâ Maukme, and Moné to Maing-pan and the Salween River, where the Siamese mission under Mr. Archer was met. Returning to Moné, they carried the survey through Legya and Bansan to Maing-ye. In the Northern Shan States a sub-surveyor has carried our surveys from Thibaw to Namsan, and across the Myit-nge or Namtu River to Theinni, on the Salween, and thence viâ Maing-yaw to Manse and Maing-ye, thus effecting a junction with Lieut. Jackson's work. Major Hobday himself has extended the triangulation from Kyan Nyat to Bhamo, of which the position is thus determined, and a basis provided for the surveys in the direction of Mogaung. It is hoped that the triangulation executed by this party will be connected during this season with that of the surveys in Lower Burma. In addition to the work done by members of this department, many reconnaissances have been executed by regimental and other military officers and the results given to Major Hobday for incorporation in his sheets.