Southern Rajasthan Research Articles

The impact of Covid-19 on household poverty: examining impacts and resilience in a 40-year timeframe in rural Rajasthan (India)

ABSTRACT To what extent has chronic poverty increased during the pandemic? In July and August 2021, we revisited seven villages of southern Rajasthan (India), where we had studied household poverty dynamics in 2002. We find that in the two decades before the pandemic (2002–2020), people’s structural positions improved vastly, chronic poverty fell from nearly half to less than 20% of households. These gains in resilience helped people cope with the pandemic. The majority suffered deep income losses between February 2020 and August 2021, but there is no evidence of any substantive rise in chronic poverty.

A Prospective Study on Functional Outcomes of Serial Cast Correction in Congenital Talipes Equinovarus (CTEV) by Ponseti Method.

Congenital talipes equinovarus (CTEV), often known as clubfoot, is one of the most common congenital deformities of the foot and ankle, affecting one in every 1,000 live births. The deformity has four components: ankle equinus, hindfoot varus, forefoot adductus, and midfoot cavus. The Ponseti casting technique of CTEV management has proven to be more effective, generating higher positive outcomes and lesser complications than conventional surgical methods. This study was conducted in a tertiary care teaching hospital centre in southern Rajasthan, India. Twenty cases with 31 feet of untreated clubfoot were included. The deformity was scored according to Pirani's scoring system. Manipulation and serial corrective casts were applied at weekly intervals according to Ponseti's method. Percutaneous tendoachilles tenotomy was done whenever required (guided by Pirani score). Final results were calculated using the Pirani score, noted before putting the patient on foot abduction orthosis. In our study, the average numberof casts required for full correction was 6.5. Heel cord tenotomy was required in 27 feet (87%) to achieve full correction. Final Pirani score significantly improved from an average of 4.8 on presentation to 0.055 after completion of casting. We conclude that the Ponseti technique of CTEV correction significantly reduces the need for invasive surgical procedures along with being exceedingly safe, effective, and affordable. The Ponseti technique of cast correction is crucial and provides a painless, plantigrade, cosmetically acceptable foot with higher functional outcomes and minimal complications.

Clinical and Functional Outcomes of Anatomical Plating in Distal Humerus Fractures in Adults.

Background Overall, 2% of all adult fractures are attributed to fractures of the distal humerus, including both supracondylar and intercondylar fractures. According to recent studies, stable fixation with anatomical reduction of intra-articular fragments and early mobilization is required for best outcomes. This study included patients with distal end humerus fractures treated by open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF) with anatomical locking plates and evaluated their clinical outcomes. Methodology This prospective study was conducted at a medical college teaching hospital in southern Rajasthan, India. In total, 20 adult patients with distal end humerus fractures who presented to the orthopedic outpatient department or casualty were admitted. Patients were treated by ORIF with anatomical locking plates, followed up, and evaluated for clinical and functional outcomes. Results Using the Mayo Elbow Performance Score, out of 20 cases, excellent results were noted in five patients, good results in seven patients, fair results insix patients, and poor results in two patients. Conclusions Locking plates are reliable and effective management options for distal humerus fractures. As locking plates are strong and rigid, the period of immobilization can be decreased. Early mobilization helps in preventing joint stiffness and fixed deformity of the joint.

Is maternal anemia among tribal women being neglected? A study from Southern Rajasthan.

Poor birth outcomes have been linked to maternal anemia. Tribal women are at higher risk of malnutrition and disease due to sociocultural barriers and poor educational status. The data on the prevalence of maternal anemia and its associated factors among pregnant tribal women are limited. A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted among 429 pregnant tribal women for maternal anemia from August 2021 to June 2022. A structured questionnaire was employed to collect sociodemographic data. The prevalence of anemia was 85.7%, with a mean hemoglobin level of 9.21 ± 1.3 g/dL. On applying WHO 2011 anemia criteria for pregnant women, 25.0% had mild anemia, 73.4% had moderate anemia, and 1.6% had severe anemia. The significant factors associated with anemic condition were household condition, monthly income, and husband's occupation. The higher prevalence of anemia among pregnant tribal women is alarming that necessitates a rethinking of health infrastructure and outreach in tribal dominant areas.

A study of COVID-19 infection, severity and associated factors among the patients admitted at a tertiary care center in southern Rajasthan

Background: Since December 2019, there has been various outbreaks of corona virus disease 2019 (COVID-19) disease. Whole world is combating this virus, but its reported clinical characteristics as well as outcomes vary greatly amongst studies. This study was conducted to study the clinical features, laboratory findings, comorbidities and severity of the disease among the patients admitted in tertiary care centre in Rajasthan. Methods: It was a hospital-based cross-sectional study conducted from 1st January 2021 to 30th June 2022 in a tertiary care hospital in Udaipur, Rajasthan. All the patients diagnosed with the help of reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RTPCR) for COVID-19, during the study period were included in the study. After taking consent, pre designed questionnaire was used to collect the personal, demographic and clinical information. Radiological, laboratory and mortality data were collected from hospital record. Results: A total of 400 patients were included in the study. Mean age of the patients was 46.83±17.09 years. Fever (88%) and cough (80%) were the most common symptoms followed by breathlessness (65.8%). About 31.8% (127) patients were found to have severe covid. Severity was found to be significantly associated with increasing age, urban area, breathlessness, co morbidities and D dimer, CRP and IL-6 levels (p value <0.05). Conclusions: India being a diverse country with a range of sociodemographic characteristics existing within the population, needs a robust approach to control the COVID 19 pandemic. This study presents the factors associated with severe disease and can help to formulate preventive and control strategies.

Prevalence of severe acute malnutrition among 6-59 months children from community-based SAM management program in Dungarpur district of southern Rajasthan: diving deeper through study of block-wise prevalence

Background: Acute malnutrition (severe and moderate) is a major public health problem in India and especially Rajasthan. National family health surveys now provide prevalence of SAM children till district level but there’s an undenying need for data at even more granular, like block level, to assess the field reality in more depth. The present study tries to demystify the same at block level by studying data collected from a community-based SAM management program i.e., AMMA (acute malnutrition management action) program in Dungarpur. Methods: As part of AMMA program, block wise data from 20 districts of Rajasthan was collected monthly during implementation and its dedicated MIS was used as the source of this data. The data includes information of all children screened in the age-group of 6-59 months in Dungarpur district which was subsequently analyzed and studied till block level. The SAM prevalence is assessed, using Mid Upper Arm Circumference (MUAC) of 6-59 months children. <12.5 cm of MUAC was considered as acute malnutrition while <11.5 cm of MUAC was considered as SAM as per WHO standards. Results: A total of 1,13,547 children were screened (84.91%) in the study period. A total of 4829 children (4.25%) were found with Acute Malnutrition, out of which 4622 were identified with moderately acute malnutrition (MAM) and 207 are identified with SAM. Out of total 207 children with SAM, 118 were girls (57%) while 89 (43%) were boys. The prevalence of SAM children in the district came out as 0.18% whereas state prevalence is 0.9%. Among blocks the SAM prevalence varied from as low as 0.02% in Dowda and Chikhali to as high as 0.63% in Jothari block. Conclusions: Prevalence of SAM in Dungarpur district is low at 0.18% but block-wise analysis helped in further disaggregating the burden. To identify all children with acute malnutrition in the district there’s an urgent need to do screening based on WFH Z-score instead of complete reliance on MUAC tape.

Epidemiological characteristics of patients with breast cancer attending tertiary care hospital in Southern Rajasthan

Background: Breast cancer is one of the most frequently diagnosed cancer and the leading cause of death worldwide. The risk factors for breast cancer can be genetic mutation, age, and family history, reproductive risk factors such as early age at menarche and late age at menopause, older age at first full-term birth, number of children, nulliparity, and duration of breastfeeding. Aim and Objectives: The aim of the present study was to investigate the epidemiological characteristics of the patients with breast cancer attending tertiary care hospital in Southern Rajasthan. Materials and Methods: This was a retrospective record-based study that was conducted in a tertiary health care hospital in Southern Rajasthan. Data were collected from the case files/records of the patients suffering from breast cancer. Information regarding the demographic details of patients (age at time of diagnosis, religion, place of residence, and education level), reproductive (age at menarche, age at menopause, age at first child birth, duration of breast feeding, and number of children) and life style related data were collected from case files for analysis. Results: The majority of the patients at the time of diagnosis were between 35 and 45 year age group followed by 46–55 year age group in the present study. The majority of the patients, 72.01% were from urban areas. The most of the patients at the time of diagnosis were in clinical Stage II and III. In the present study, 16% of the patients were <13 years of age at menarche, 12.23% had attained late menopause at >51 years, 7.99% patients had the first child birth at the age of >30 years, and 12.98% patients had the family history of breast cancer. Conclusion: Breast cancer develops earlier in Indian women compared to Western population and is one of the leading cause of mortality. Early detection and awareness about breast cancer through implementation of public health programs can help in reducing mortality.

Burden of Anaemia and its Impact on Lymphoma Patients in Southern Rajasthan, India: A Cross-sectional Study

Introduction: The frequency of lymphoma is progressively rising. A key clinical feature of lymphoid malignancies is anaemia. The impact of anaemia goes beyond physical symptoms and can negatively affect functional capacity and Quality of Life (QoL). The presence of anaemia has been identified as a predictive factor for event-free and disease-free survival in patients diagnosed with lymphoma and is regarded as a significant unfavourable predictor for treatment results. Aim: To investigate the prevalence and impact of anaemia in naive lymphoma patients. Materials and Methods: This hospital-based, cross-sectional study was conducted in the Department of Pathology at Geetanjali Medical College and Hospital, Udaipur, Rajasthan, India, from January 2019 to December 2022. A total of 66 patients diagnosed with lymphoid malignancies were included in the study. Various parameters of lymphoma cases were assessed to determine the presence of anaemia and its association with demographic features, disease stage, and haematological indices. Statistical analysis was carried out using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 20.0 The Pearson's Chi-square test was used to analyse the difference in the prevalence of anaemia in different groups. Results: The mean age of the study patients was 47.35±20.60 years .The present study included 66 patients with lymphoid malignancies and revealed a high incidence of anaemia among them, with 38 (57.58%) cases presenting with anaemia. There was a male predominance, with 52 (78.79%) out of 66 patients male. Out of the total number of patients, 36 (54.55%) were classified as having stage I and stage II disease, while 30 (45.45%) had stage III and stage IV based on age, Ann Arbor staging, extranodal involvement, Lactate Dehydrogenase (LDH) level, and lymphoma prognostic score. Differentiation between anaemic and non anaemic patients was made by statistical analysis. Based on the findings from the complete blood count, the patients were categorised according to the severity and type of anaemia. It was determined that 38 out of 66 patients, accounting for 57.58%, had anaemia. Conclusion: Anaemia was more prevalent in younger patients and females. Microcytic hypochromic anaemia and Anaemia of Chronic Disease (ACD) were the most common types observed. Anaemia was associated with bone marrow infiltration and advanced disease stages. The present study emphasised the importance of early diagnosis and appropriate management of anaemia in lymphoma patients, as it can negatively impact treatment outcomes and reduce QoL.

A cross-sectional evaluation of behavior and attitude of pharmacists toward dispensing non-OTC drugs without prescription in a city of Southern Rajasthan

Background: Over the counter (OTC), drugs are found to be safe and appropriate for use without supervision of a healthcare professional such as physician and they can be purchased by consumers without prescription. The study gains its importance because of the spreading of misuse of antibiotics and various drugs adverse drug reactions in the society. Aims and Objectives: The main aim of the study is to observe as to how many pharmacists/chemists/drug store sellers follow or violate the drug cosmetic act. Materials and Methods: It is an observational and cross-sectional study conducted among pharmacies of Udaipur city, urban areas of Southern Rajasthan. The study includes a sample size of 200 pharmacies selected through convenient random sampling. A detailed semi-structured questionnaire is administered to the pharmacists. The set of questions include types of drugs, reason for dispensing, knowledge, and attitude of pharmacist toward dispensing non-OTC drugs. All the private pharmacies willing to participate were included in the study. Data are entered in Microsoft Excel and statistically analyzed. Results: The results throw light on the behavior and pattern of dispensing habits of the drug store sellers of the city of Udaipur, Southern Rajasthan. It was observed that many pharmacists are in fact in the habit of dispensing non-OTC drugs in almost all the areas. Conclusions: Results give insights about the groups of drugs, logic, behavior, and knowledge level of pharmacists involved in dispensing practices in the city of Udaipur. There should be structured educational campaigns (or use of media, internet, newspaper, radio, television, advertisements, mobiles, etc.) for both pharmacists and public.

Significance of Immunohistochemistry Testing in the Diagnosis and Subtyping of Lung Carcinomas- A Retrospective Study from a Tertiary Care Centre in Southern Rajasthan

Introduction: In the present era, the classification of lung carcinoma is not confined to Small Cell Lung Carcinoma (SCLC) and Non Small Cell Lung Carcinoma (NSCLC). Precise subtyping of lung carcinoma has a direct impact on patient management and prognosis. Further molecular study helps in identifying adenocarcinoma receptors, such as Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR) and Anaplastic Lymphoma Kinase (ALK), which are useful in targeted therapy. Aim: To assess the role of Immunohistochemistry (IHC) in accurate diagnosis and subtyping of lung carcinoma and to analyse the prevalence of EGFR mutations and ALK rearrangement in lung adenocarcinoma. Materials and Methods: A retrospective hospital-based, observational study was conducted at the Department of Pathology of American International Institute of Medical Sciences, Udaipur, Rajasthan from January 2020 to August 2021. Total of 105 cases of guided core needle biopsies from lung and bronchoscopic biopsies were included. IHC markers were applied based on histopathological diagnosis from a panel of p63, Cytokeratin 7 (CK7), AE1/AE3, Thyroid Transcription Factor (TTF1), Napsin A, p40, synaptophysin, chromogranin, CD56 and Ki67. Adenocarcinoma cases were further analysed for EGFR mutations and ALK rearrangements. Data was tabulated and analysed statistically using Microsoft Excel to determine the percentage frequency distribution of cases. Results: Among 105, there were 88 males and 17 females and the mean age of the population was 60.57 years. The most prevalent subtype of lung malignancy was squamous cell carcinoma (44.7%) followed by adenocarcinoma (29.5%). The diagnostic accuracy of squamous cell carcinomas and adenocarcinomas on morphology was 93.1% and 84.6%, respectively and for small cell carcinoma it was 100%. Amongst 28 cases of adenocarcinoma, EGFR mutation was found in 46.42% cases whereas ALK mutation was found only in 21.42% cases. Conclusion: The study highlights the importance of IHC, and a substantial prevalence of EGFR mutations was found in patients with lung carcinoma.

A cross-sectional study on menstrual hygiene knowledge, practices, and problems among adolescent girls in Southern Rajasthan, India

Background: Menstruation is an exceptional phenomenon that the nature has planned for women. Most adolescent girls enter to their puberty stage without preparing themselves due to the shortage of adequate information. Most women are uncomfortable to discuss regarding “menses” as it is a social taboo and adolescent girls could not have access to gain adequate information. Aims and Objectives: The objectives of the study are as follows: To assess knowledge regarding menstruation in adolescent girls. To give details about menstrual hygiene related practices and find out associated problems. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out from January to February 2018 in Udaipur city of Rajasthan. Total of 440 school going adolescent girls from 9th to 12th standards were included in study. Results: Mean age of menarche in the present study was 13.31 ± 1.03. Mothers found to be the main source of information regarding menstruation. The association between education of mother and sanitary napkin use among adolescent was found to be statistically significant. Only 23.79% adolescents with menstrual-related problems had taken treatment. Conclusions: Knowledge and practices regarding menstruation were compromised in adolescents.

Survey of drugs prescribed in department of dermatology of a tertiary care center

Background: Prescriptions are detailed instructions about a patient’s course of treatment that is provided in writing by a medical professional. Hence, prescription not only manifests the knowledge of medical practitioner but also perspective toward the patient, considering his or her economical and social condition. The study which incorporates components such as availability of drugs, rationality of prescription, cost per prescription, and affordability is called drug utilization study. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), drug utilization is the marketing, distribution, prescribing, and use of medications in society with a focus on the ensuing medical, social, and financial repercussions. To confirm the importance of pharmaceuticals in routine medical practice, it is very helpful and effective to study drug utilization and prescription patterns. These studies have a strong emphasis on many facets of drug use, including prescription, administration, effects, and associated occurrences such as positive or negative drug reactions. Aims and Objectives: This study was aimed to evaluate the prescription pattern of drugs and their utilization in the outdoor patients of dermatology department of a tertiary care hospital in southern Rajasthan. Our objectives were to assess whether the use of drugs is rational or not and to identify different drugs used in various types of dermatological disorders. Materials and Methods: A prospective cross-sectional observation study was conducted over a period of 11 months (May 2020–March 2021) on 400 prescriptions. Patients with severe ailments who were shifted indoor, pregnant women, and patients <18 years were excluded from our study. Data were gathered, recorded, and analyzed using statistics in accordance with a predetermined format. Results: Out of 400 patients included in the study, 64% were males and 36% were female patients. We deduced from this survey that maximum number of patients attending dermatology department were suffering from fungal infection followed by dermatitis. In our study, 508 (41.30%) and 722 (58.69%) of the medicines were delivered topically and orally, respectively. In all patients, topical medications were prescribed to the greatest number of patients. Antihistamines were the medications that were most frequently prescribed in our study, followed by antifungal medications. Tablet levocetirizine is the antihistaminic medicine that is most frequently prescribed, whereas Vitamin E, terbinafine, calcium, and Vitamin D3 are rarely. For a variety of dermatological conditions, the maximum number of patients received three prescription medications. According to the WHO criteria, generic names were prescribed for all of the medications. Conclusion: This drug prescribing and utilization study gives an idea to the prescriber regarding prevalent disease pattern in the area. It also helps to improve quality of prescription and promote rational and cost effective treatment.

Use of complementary and alternative medicines in ENT outpatient department of tertiary care hospital in Southern Rajasthan

Background: Complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) use is highly gaining popularity along with main treatment streams these days. Physicians cannot ignore this fact and should question and counsel patients about pros and cons of CAM for cure of different ailments. Aim and Objectives: The objective of the study was to know about use of CAM among patients visiting Ear, Nose, and Throat (ENT) outpatient department (OPD) in tertiary care hospital of Southern Rajasthan. Materials and Methods: An observational cross-sectional study was conducted in ENT OPD for 2 months. Two hundred and fifty patients were considered for the study. Semi-structured questionnaire was prepared and made to be filled by the patients during their visit to ENT OPD after taking informed consent. Various questions were asked like extent of use of alternative therapies, type of CAM used by the patients, patient’s knowledge about ADRs and drug interactions, reasons for which alternative medicine might have been used. Results: Among 250 patients, CAMs were used by 36 patients. The most common CAMs were either Ayurveda or Homoeopathy medicines or both. The majority of patients obtained their information from family and friends. Maximum patients used these alternative medicines for relief of cough and hoarseness of voice. Conclusion: The study throws light on use of alternative drug therapy and streams of medicine along with routine hospital treatment among patients visiting ENT OPD. This knowledge helps to understand about patients’ alternative approach to diseases, about self-medication, patient’s belief about different types of therapies and also ignorance of possible health hazards, side effects, and complications due to use of concomitant main and alternative medicines for treatment purposes.

Comparison of Analgesic Effect of Clonidine as an Adjuvant with Different Concentration of Ropivacaine (0.35% and 0.2%) in Thoracic Paravertebral Block among Modified Radical Mastectomy Patients: A Randomised Double Blinded Clinical Study

Introduction: Thoracic Paravertebral Block (TPVB) appears promising for reduction of postoperative pain in Modified Radical Mastectomy (MRM). Various combinations of local anaesthetics and adjuvants have been tried in TPVB but search for an ideal combination is still on. Aim: To evaluate analgesic efficacy of clonidine (1 µg/kg) as adjuvant with different concentrations of ropivacaine (0.35%, 0.2%) for TPVB in MRM surgery. Materials and Methods: This randomised double blind comparative clinical study was carried out in a tertiary care centre in Southern Rajasthan from January 2019 to March 2020, clinical study, 120 American Society of Anaesthesiologists (ASA) grade I, II patients aged 18-60 years female patients undergoing MRM surgery were randomised into three groupsRP, RC and LDRC to receive 0.35% Ropivacaine 19 mL, 0.35% Ropivacaine 19 ml+Clonidine (1 µg/kg) and 0.2% Ropivacaine 19 ml+Clonidine(1 µg/kg) diluted upto total 20 ml with normal saline, respectively. TPVB was performed at T4 level as single injection followed by administration of general endotracheal anaesthesia. The primary outcome measured was duration of analgesia. Secondary outcomes measured included consumption of rescue analgesic, Visual analog scale and perioperative haemodynamic parameters. Quantitative and qualitative data were analysed using Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and Chi-square test respectively. p<0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: Mean duration of analgesia was prolonged in clonidine groups RC and LDRC (811.5±110.99 and 753±119.76 min, respectively) as compared to group RP (400.125±108.13 min), although no statistically significant difference was noted between group RC and LDRC. Similar observations were noted when total dose of rescue analgesic in group RC (82.50±7.21 mg) and LDRC (99.38±35.57 mg) was compared to group RP (142.50±53.169 mg) as well as when total number of rescue analgesic doses in group RC (1.10±0.496) and group LDRC (1.32±0.474) were compared to group RP (1.92±0.694). Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) was noted at rest, cough, movement at 0, 4, 8, 12, 24 hours and showed a statistically significant difference between ropivacaine group RP and ropivacaine clonidine groups. Conclusion: Addition of clonidine to ropivacaine in TPVB during breast cancer surgery results in lower pain scores, prolong duration of analgesia and reduce postoperative requirement of rescue analgesics. Both lower (0.2%) and higher (0.35%) concentrations of ropivacaine provide equally effective postoperative analgesia.

Diagnostic Accuracy of Peripheral Blood Film Examination in Comparison to Bone Marrow Aspiration in Various Haematological Disorders: A Cross-sectional Study

Introduction: Bone marrow aspiration is a routine diagnostic procedure performed in hospitals for the diagnosis and management of haematological disorders. It involves cytomorphological assessment of all blood cells through bone marrow aspiration and Peripheral Blood Film (PBF) examination. Aim: To analyse the diagnostic accuracy of PBF in comparison to bone marrow aspiration for diagnosing various haematological diseases in southern Rajasthan, India. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted at the Department of Pathology, Rabindra Nath Tagore (RNT) Medical College, Udaipur Rajasthan, India, from January 2016 to June 2022. The study included microscopic findings of 638 bone marrow cases along with corresponding PBF and complete blood count findings. The results were entered into an MS Excel sheet and evaluated using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) 22.00 software. Chi- square test was used to calculate p-values. Results: The study included a total of 638 bone marrow aspiration cases, with 368 cases (57.68%) being male and 270 cases (42.32%) being female. The mean age was 30.8 years (4 months to 87 years). The most common bone marrow diagnosis was Erythroid Hyperplasia, with 187 cases (29.31%) (including micronormoblastic, megalonormoblastic, normoblastic, and nutritional), followed by Chronic Myeloid Leukaemia (CML) with 154 cases (24.14%), and acute leukaemia with 152 cases (23.82%). Among the benign diagnoses, micronormoblastic erythroid hyperplasia was the most common with 68 cases (27.09%). Among the malignant diagnoses, CML was the most common with 154 cases (39.79%). The sensitivity of PBF diagnosis was 100% for Chronic Lymphocytic Leukaemia (CLL), CML, and Prolymphocytic Leukaemia (PLL), and 82.24% for acute leukaemia; 45.5% for lymphoma infiltration. The specificity was 100% for all cases. The accuracy was 95.75% for acute leukaemia, 99.06% for lymphoma infiltration, and 100% for CML, CLL, PLL, and myeloproliferative disorder-eosinophilia. The p-value was <0.001 for Acute Leukaemia, CML, CLL, PLL, myeloproliferative disorder-eosinophilia, and <0.002 for lymphoma infiltration. The overall sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, and p-value were 84.5%, 100%, 90.6%, and <0.001, respectively. Conclusion: While bone marrow examination is crucial for confirming the diagnosis of haematological disorders, PBF examination alone can be used for phasing and confirming the diagnosis of CML and CLL.

Cephalic Measurements of Different Tribal Groups of Udaipur District of Southern Rajasthan, India

Introduction: Cephalometry is an important part of physical Anthropology and medicine which is used for the determination of the morphological characteristics of the head. Cephalometric results can also be of great assistance in evaluating patients while imaging, in the filed of paediatrics, craniofacial surgery and study growth patterns. Aim: To determine cephalic measurements (head circumference and auricular head height) in tribes of Udaipur Rajasthan and also to find out gender-based differences, if any. Materials and Methods: This anthropometric study was carried out in the Department of Anatomy, RNT Medical College, Udaipur, Rajasthan. The subjects were 500 tribal people (269 male and 231 female) aged between 21 to 50 years. Head circumference (cm) and auricular head height (cm) were measured using Todd’s Head spanner and measuring tape to nearest 1 mm. Data were subjected to statistical analysis to find out Mean±SD and Independent group t-test was used for comparing two independent groups. The p-value <0.05 was considered to be statistically significant. Results: Overall, there were 269 (53.8%) tribal males and 231 (46.2%) females with mean age 33.10±8.64 and 34.67±8.17, respectively. The mean values of head circumference (cm) in Bheel, Damor, Garasia, Kathodi and Meena were 56.17±0.85, 56.13±1.11, 55.99±0.90, 56.53±1.08 and 56.26±1.13, respectively. The mean auricular head height (cm) in Bheel, Damor, Garasia, Kathodi and Meena were 13.20±0.39, 13.17±0.43, 12.99±0.24, 13.51±0.45 and 13.17±0.41, respectively. The values for mean head circumference (cm) and auricular head height (cm) were 56.19±1.02 and 13.17±0.40, respectively, in all study participants. The mean head circumference (cm) and auricular head height (cm) of tribal males were significantly higher (56.45±1.03 and 13.32±0.40, respectively) than females (55.87±0.90 and 13.00±0.32, respectively). Conclusion: Significant differences exist in mean values of head circumference and auricular head height between the tribal males and females, which indicates gender differences with significantly higher values for all anthropometric parameters in the male counterpart.

Response of guava (Psidium guajava) genotypes to air-layering under sub-humid southern Rajasthan

Response of guava (Psidium guajava) genotypes to air-layering under sub-humid southern Rajasthan

First report of the South American tomato pinworm, Tuta absoluta (Meyrick), as invasive pest in Udaipur Region of Southern Rajasthan in India

First report of the South American tomato pinworm, Tuta absoluta (Meyrick), as invasive pest in Udaipur Region of Southern Rajasthan in India

IMPACT OF EMPLOYER BRANDING ON RETENTION OF EMPLOYEES IN MINING INDUSTRIES IN SOUTHERN RAJASTHAN

To invite talented employees, employers have implemented certain practices in recent years. Employee branding is a tool of management that can assist to retain staff and decrease compensation levels. Employer branding focus on both attracting have employees and retaining existing employees employer branding can become more successful if it make its existing employees statue, more stability of employees show that employees are highly satisfied with their organization. In this study researchers investigated effects of employee branding on staff retention in mining industries in Southern Rajasthan. This study also covered factors affecting on employer branding in mining industries in Southern Rajasthan. From the result of the study it can be inferred that employer branding of mining companies is effective.

A Comparison Of Difficulties Faced By Indian Marble Industries In Domestic And International Marketing : A Special Refrence To Southern Rajasthan

A Comparison Of Difficulties Faced By Indian Marble Industries In Domestic And International Marketing : A Special Refrence To Southern Rajasthan