Southern Part Of Korea Research Articles

Occurrence and Distribution of Viruses Infecting Pepper in Korea

We conducted a survey on pepper virus diseases in 31 regions in Korea from November 2001 to December 2004. Using electron microscopy, test plant reaction, rapid immuno-filter paper assay (RIPA), reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and/or analysis of viral nucleotide sequences, we found a number of viruses from 1,056 samples that we collected. These included Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV), Pepper mottle virus (PepMoV), Pepper mild mottle virus (PMMoV), Broad bean wilt virus 2 (BBWV2), Tobacco mild green mosaic virus (TMGMV), and Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV). Of the samples analyzed, <TEX>$343(32.5\%)$</TEX> were infected with CMV, <TEX>$209(19.8\%)$</TEX> with PepMoV, <TEX>$141(13.4\%)$</TEX> with PMMoV, <TEX>$12(1.1\%)$</TEX> with BBWV2, <TEX>$40(3.8\%)$</TEX> with TMGMV, <TEX>$5(0.5\%)$</TEX> with TSWV, <TEX>$153(14.5\%)$</TEX> with CMV and PepMoV, <TEX>$54 (5.1\%)$</TEX> with CMV and PMMoV, <TEX>$31(2.9\%)$</TEX> with PepMoV and PMMoV, <TEX>$3(0.3\%)$</TEX> with CMV and BBWV2, <TEX>$1(0.1\%)$</TEX> with CMV, PepMoV and BBWV2, <TEX>$8(0.8\%)$</TEX> with CMV, PepMoV and PMMoV, and <TEX>$30 (2.8\%)$</TEX> samples were infected with viruses which were not identified. CMV was the most predominant virus in all inspected fields and the number of the samples infected with PMMoV was relatively low as compared PepMoV infection level in pepper. TMGMV was only found in the southern part of Korea, while TSWV was isolated in Anyang and Yesan. However, we did not encounter in this survey the Alfalfa mosaic virus (AMV), Potato virus Y (PVY), Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV), and Pepper vein chlorosis virus (PVCV).

Transport and sediment–water partitioning of trace metals in acid mine drainage: an example from the abandoned Kwangyang Au–Ag mine area, South Korea

Transport and sediment–water partitioning of trace metals (Cr, Co, Fe, Pb, Cu, Ni, Zn, Cd) in acid mine drainage were studied in two creeks in the Kwangyang Au–Ag mine area, southern part of Korea. Chemical analysis of stream waters and the weak acid (0.1 N HCl) extraction, strong acid (HF–HNO3–HClO4) extraction, and sequential extraction of stream sediments were performed. Heavy metal pollution of sediments was higher in Chonam-ri creek than in Sagok-ri creek, because there is a larger source of base metal sulfides in the ores and waste dump upstream of Chonam-ri creek. The sediment–water distribution coefficients (Kd) for metals in both creeks were dependent on the water pH and decreased in the order Pb ≈ Al > Cu > Mn > Zn > Co > Ni ≈ Cd. Kd values for Al, Cu and Zn were very sensitive to changes in pH. The results of sequential extraction indicated that among non-residual fractions, Fe–Mn oxides are most important for retaining trace metals in the sediments. Therefore, the precipitation of Fe(–Mn) oxides due to pH increase in downstream sites plays an important role in regulating the concentrations of dissolved trace metals in both creeks. For Al, Co, Cu, Mn, Pb and Zn, the metal concentrations determined by 0.1 N HCl extraction (Korean Standard Method for Soil Pollution) were almost identical to the cumulative concentrations determined for the first three weakly-bound fractions (exchangeable + bound to carbonates + bound to Fe–Mn oxides) in the sequential extraction procedure. This suggests that 0.1 N HCl extraction can be effectively used to assess the environmentally available and/or bioavailable forms of trace metals in natural stream sediments.

우리나라 한중콘크리트 적용기간의 변화

In this paper, the changes of the period of cold weather concrete in Korea with the elapse of age are discussed to investigate the influence of elapse of age on period of cold weather concrete. The climate data of Korean Meteorological Administration(KMA) ranging from 1971 to 2000 was used. The period of cold weather concrete was calculated by following the specification of Korea Concrete Institute(KCI), American Concrete Institute(ACI) and Architectural Institute of Japan(AIJ), respectively. Previous research by the authors used the climate dada of KMA from 1961 to 1990 and research conducted by Kim M.H. used the climate data from 1931 to 1980 were also compared with the period of present paper. According to the results, in present paper, the period of cold weather concreting by KCI was calculated about 95days on average and the period by ACI was 101 days on average and the period by AIJI was 92days on average. For the variation of the period with the elapse of time, the period of cold weather concrete by KCI and ACI in present paper was shortened by as much as 56days compared with that of previous paper 10years ago. However, the period of cold weather concreting by AIJ did not exhibit a marked reduction in the period compared with that of previous paper by the author. But the period by Kim following AIJ exhibited a decrease in the period compared to the period by present paper by as much as 3days. For regional influence, the period of cold weather concreting in southern part of Korea was found to be much shorter than those at northern part. This may be due to the rising of mean temperature caused by global warming effect.

VARIABILITY OF THE VOLATILE COMPOSITION OF AGASTACHE RUGOSA IN SOUTH KOREA

VARIABILITY OF THE VOLATILE COMPOSITION OF AGASTACHE RUGOSA IN SOUTH KOREA

감나무 둥근무늬낙엽병의 발생과 병원균(Mycosphaerella nawae)의 전염원 동태

The circular leaf spot of persimmon is occurred almost every place where persimmon is cultivated, especially the disease outbreak severely in southern part of Korea. The disease reveals unusually long incubation period after pathogen invade into leaf tissue and no practical control measure is available once the symptom has appeared. Most of the farmers just follow the suggested spray schedules calculated on the basis of weather condition of ordinary years. Therefore the damages due to circular leaf spot greatly differ year after year. In this article, we tried to describe and summarized the investigation on the circular leaf spot pathogen, Mycosphaerella nawae, related to disease outbreak such as overwintering of pathogen, inoculum formation and spread, incubation period after infection, and secondary inoculum. With the summary of these results, we suggest the disease cycle of circular leaf spot of persimmon. The pathogen overwinters in diseased leaves as mycelial form or pseudoperithecial premodium. The pseudoperitheria become matured in spring as the temperature raise and forms asci and ascospores. The maturation of pseudoperithecia are closely related to the temperatures during March and early April. The ascospores completely mature in early May and the ascospores released when the pseudoperithecia absorbed enough moisture after rainfall. The release of ascospores are diverse greatly with the variation of maturity of pseudoperithecia. Generally the spore start to release from middle of May to early of July. Duration of ascospore release is depend on the weather condition of particular year, especially amount and number of precipitation. The ascospores produced from pseudoperithecia is known to the only inoculum for circular leaf spot disease. But according to the results obtained from our investigations, the conidia formed on the lesions which incited by natural infection. This conidia are infectious to persimmon leaves and formed identical symptom as natural infection. The time of producing secondary inoculum of circular leaf spot of persimmon is considered too late to develop new disease. Generally the importance of secondary inoculum is low but the conidia produced in early September are competent to develop new disease and new infection also significantly affect to harvest of persimmon. The importance of circular leaf spot disease is recognized well to farmers. The approaches to control of the disease should be initiated on the basis of the knowledges of inoculum dynamics and ecology of disease development. The forecasting system for circular leaf spot is need to be developed.

Response of global warming on regional climate change over Korea: An experiment with the MM5 model

This study is to investigate changes in regional surface climate arising from global warming with MM5 downscaling simulation for the period 1971–2100. The main focus is on the drought conditions over Korea. Palmer Drought Severity Index (PDSI) is utilized as a measure of drought severity. The important findings show the increase of surface air temperature by 6°C and precipitation by 25% over Korea at the end of the 21st century. The increasing trend of temperature is associated with an increasing trend of evapotranspiration and precipitation. Climatological precipitation amount appropriate for existing conditions is larger than the precipitation amounts. Hence, it actually produces deficit in precipitation. This exhibits a negative PDSI. As a result droughts are expected to be severe and frequent. Better resolved topography in MM5 induces large changes in local precipitation compared with temperature. Consequently peaks of negative PDSI anomalies appear over southern parts of Korea, where a large reduction in precipitation is noticed in addition to warming.

Corydalis namdoensis B.U. Oh et J.G. Kim: A new species of Corydalis sect. Corydalis (Fumariaceae) from Korea

A new species of Corydalis sect. Corydalis (Fumariaceae), C. namdoensis B.U. Oh et J.G. Kim, is described from the central and southern part of Korea. The new species is distinct from its close relative C. albipetala in having very variable leaf shapes, broadly flattened fusiform fruits, seed arrangement nearly in two rows in capsule, V-shaped inner petal apex and limited distribution area.

Development of a Rapid Molecular Detection Marker for Colletotrichum species with AFLP

Sweet persimmons have been increasingly cultivated in the southern part of Korea. However, anthracnose disease caused by Colletotrichum species is one of the major hindrances in cultivation and productions. In this study, we used polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to detect Colletotrichum species with the AFLP (amplified fragment length polymorphism) method. In AFLP, we used E3 (′5-GACTGCGTACCAATTCTA-3′) and Ml (5′-GATGAGTCCTGAGTAACAG-3′) primer combination and, as a result, 262 bp segment was observed in Colletotrichum species only. Specific PCR primers were designed from the sequence data and used to detect the presence of the fungus in genomic DNA isolated from symptomless sweet persimmon plants. Based on sequence data for specific segments, Co.Bl (5′-GAGAGAGTAGAATTGCGCTG-3′) and Co.B2 (5′-CTAC-CATTCTTCTA GGTGGG-3′) were designed to detect Colletotrichum species. The 220 bp segment was observed in Colletotrichum species only, but not in other fungal and bacterial isolates.

국내 맥류재배지의 바이러스병 발생과 분포

월동 후 맥류 재배지에서 나타나는 이상 증상으로는 주로 잎에 황화등의 변색과 모자이크성 반점 등이 나타난 것으로 조사되었다. 2001년부터 3개년간 이들 증상엽을 조사한 결과 전국 평균 70％ 이상이 바이러스에 의해 감염이 되어 나타나는 것으로 확인되었다. 이는 월동 후 맥류 재배지에서 나타나는 황화나 변색 등의 이상 증상이 바이러스의 감염에 주로 의해 발생하게 되는 결과를 보였다. 전국일원의 맥류 재배지에서 2001년부터 2003년까지 3개년간 BaYMV, BaMMY, SBWMV와 BYDV-MAV(2003년) 등 4종의 바이러스의 발생율을 조사한 결과 대상 바이러스 중 BaYMV가 가장 높은 감염율을 나타냈다. BaYMV는 조사 3개년 동안 전국 평균 발생율이 각각 75.1％, 71.7％ 및 71.1％로 큰 차이 없이 가장 높은 발생율을 보였다. 다음으로는 BaMMV가 20.5％, 37.4％와 15.7％를 보인 반면, SBWMV는 0.7％, 10.1％ 및 2.5％의 낮은 발생율을 보였다. BYDV-MAV는 1.1％의 발생율을 보였다 지역별로 조사한 결과 BaYMV가 19.0％의 경기도를 제외하고는 65.5∼85.7％로 전국적으로 우점하는 것으로 나타났다. BaMMV는 전남북 지역에서만 전체 지역 발생율의 약 73％를 차지하여 전남북 지역이 주 발생지로 나타났다. BaYMV의 연차간 변화를 분석하였다. 그결과 '96 이후 최근까지 감염율이 계속 증가하는 것으로 확인이 되었다. 본 시험 결과 국내 맥류 재배지에서 BaYMV가 월동 후 보리의 황화의 주원인이 되며, 또한 전국적으로 가장 우점하는 병해로 확인되었다. 그리고 BaYMV는 최근까지 연차간 발생율이 계속 증가하는 것으로 조사되었다.저장기간이 길어질수록 점차 증가하여 제조 당일에 2.67에서 저장 17일에 2.99로 높아졌다. 7. 키위드레싱의 저장에 따른 색도를 살펴보면 명도(L값)는 저장 3일에 가장 낮은 값을 보였고 녹색도(a값)는 저장기간이 경과함에 따라 오히려 증가하여 더 짙은 녹색을 띄었으며 황색도(b값)는 저장기간이 길어질수록 감소되었다. 이상의 결과로 볼 때 키위드레싱은 기름으로 올리브유를 사용하고, 기름의 양은 전체 드레싱의 32%를 첨가하며, 산은 레몬즙만 12%를 사용하고, 양파즙은 12%를 첨가하여 제조하는 것이 가장 바람직하다고 여겨지며 저장 10일까지의 품질 변화는 일어나지 않았다.데 효과가 있을 것으로 사료된다. 대인관계 4개의 측정항목에서 높은 증가율을 보여 치료효과가 큰 것으로 판단된다. 원예 치료 실시 후의 자체설문지 평가결과 원예 활동을 통해서 달라진 점은 개인적으로 가족, 이웃 간의 긍정적인 변화를 이끌어내고 있다는 것을 발견할 수 있었고 다양한 원예프로그램이 인상깊었다고 하였으며 다음진행에 추가적으로 야외에서 진행할 프로그램에 대한 욕구가 표출되었다. 이것을 통해 개인적 치료경험과 가족, 이웃 간의 지지망 형성이 중요하며 긍정적인 영향을 주었다는 것을 볼 수 있었다. 또한 다양한 원예치료프로그램의 적용과 야외 활동을 조화롭게 적용한다면 성공적인 프로그램 진행에 도움을 될 것으로 판단된다. 이상의 결과를 종합하면 정신지체장애인에게 원예치료 프로그램을 실시한 이후에 원예에 대한 관심이 높고 자아존중 감이 향상되었으며 원예치료 프로그램에 대한 높은 만족도를 보였고 원예치료에 대한 참가성, 흥미성, 지속성, 대인관계성에서 높은 증가율을 보여 치료프로그램의 개입이 유의미한 효과가 있는 것으로 나타났다. The symptom expressions such as yellowish and mosaic spots in overwintering barley have been considered to be a damage by cold or water. However, it had revealed that the symptom expressions were caused by viruses throughout three year nationwide surveys. Barley yellow mosaic virus (BaYMV), Barley mild mosaic virus (BaMMV), and Soil-borne wheat mosaic virus (SBWMV) was detected in 2001-2003 and Barley yellow dwarf virus-MA V (BYDV -MA V) from field samples collected on March in 2003. The results of investigation showed that the incidence of BaYMV was more than 70％ and that of BaMMV and SBWMV was 15.7-37.4％ and 0.7-10.1 ％ in three year surveys, respectively. The incidence of BYDV-MAV was approximately 1 ％ in 2003 only. The distribution of BaYMV was relatively uniform throughout barley fields in Korea, but the incidence of the virus in Gyunggi Province was as low as 19％ compared to 65-85％ in the rest of regions. On the other hand, 70％ of BaMMV was found to be in the west south regions of Korea, Jeonbuk and Jeonnam Provinces. Taken together, both BaYMV and BaMMV were thought to be dominant casual agents in overwintering barley by either single or mixed infections. Previous survey data for BaYMV from 1994 to 1996 indicated that the incidence of the virus was approximately 40％ in Jeonbuk, Jeonnam, and Gyungnam Provinces. Thus, comparing with the results from the recent nationwide survey, the incidence of BaYMV had been rapidly increasing in overwintering barley fields in the southern part of Korea.

논 담수심 처리에 따른 관개용수량의 분석

The purpose of this study was to investigate tile effects of pending depth treatment on water balance in paddy fields. Field experiment was performed in an experimental farm in Taegu, southern part of Korea during the rice growing season In 2001, 2002 and 2003. Experimental plots were three 8m 80m rectangular plots. Three pending depth treatments, very shallow, shallow, and deep were used. Daily values of water balance components were measured in the field. The irrigation amounts measured at the experimental plots showed that the very shallow and the shallow ponded plots required smaller amount than the deep ponded plot. The shallow ponded plot saved irrigation water about 17.7% compared with the traditional deep ponded plot in 2001 The very shallow ponded plot saved irrigation water about 25.7% compared with the traditional deep ponded Plot in 2002, The shallow ponded plot saved irrigation water about 18% compared with the deep ponded plot in 2003.

Two new taxa of Allium (Alliaceae) from Korea: A. koreanum H.J. Choi et B.U. Oh and A. thunbergii var. teretjfolium H.J. Choi et B.U. Oh

Here we described and illustrated two new taxa of Allium (Alliaceae) from southern part of Korea. One new species, A koreanum H. J. Choi et B. U. Oh was clearly distinguished from A. splendens of sect. Reticulato-bulbosa by larger and stellately spreading pale pink perianth, apparently exsert filaments, and conical stigma as well as chromosome number. Another new variety, A. thunbergii var. teretifolium H.J. Choi et B.U. Oh was also easily distinguished from its relatives, var. thunbergii and var. deltoides by terete and hollow leaf blade. Keys to the two species of Allium sect. Reticulato-bulbosa and the three varieties of A. thunbergii (sect. Sacculiferum) in Korea were described.

RT-PCR에 의한 벼 줄무늬잎마름병 정밀진단

현재까지 벼 줄무의잎마름병(Rice stripe virus, RSV)은 남부지방에 국한되어 발생되어 왔다. 그러나 최근에는 RSV의 발생이 충청도, 경기도를 포함한 중부지방까지 확산되는 경향을 나타내고 있다. 이병의 병징은 육안으로는 생리적인 장해 현상과 구분하기가 힘들다 본 실험에서는 이병주 및 애멸구(Laodelphax striatellus)로 부터 viral RNA를 추출한 후 RNA복제효소 및 외피단백질유전자에 특이적인 primer를 제작하여 RT-PCR법에 의해 RSV를 검정하였다. 그결과 이병식물체 및 보독 애멸구로부터 RNA복제효소 유전자에 특이적인 band(1,023 bp) 및 외피단백질유전자에 특이적인 band(969 bp)가 관찰되었다. Until now, occurrence of rice stripe virus (RSV) is limitted in southern part of Korea. However, recently the occurrence of RSV is increased and spreaded in central part of Korea including Chungcheong and Kyonggi province. It is very difficult to distinguish RSV symptoms on virus symptom physiological damage of rice. We detected RSV viral RNA from infected rice and its insect vector Laodelphax striatellus using specific primer of RSV-polymerase and coat protein gene with reverse transcription (RT)-PCR. The result of RT-PCR, we observed specific band including RSV-polymerase (1,,023 bp) and CP (969 bp) in both host of rice and insect vector.

기후변화가 용담댐 유역의 유출에 미치는 영향

본 연구는 기후변화가 유역의 유출량과 수자원에 미치는 영향을 조사하고 평가하는데 목적이 있다. 이를 위하여 먼저, YONU GCM의 제한실험과 점증실험을 실시하여 전구적 규모의 기후변화 시나리오를 작성하였으며, 통계학적 축소기법과 추계학적 일기발생기법을 이용하여 대상지점의 일 수문기상 시계열을 모의하였다. 이렇게 얻은 시계열자료를 2CO2 상황에서의 유출량자료로 변환하기 위해 준 분포형 강우-유출 모형인 SLURP 모형에 입력하였다. 본 연구에서는 이 방법을 용담댐 유역에 적용하였으며, 그 결과, 기후변화시 연 평균 유출량의 경우 현재상황에 비해 약7.6％ 감소하는 것으로 모의되었으며, 계절적으로 볼 때 겨울철과 가을철에는 유출량이 증가하였으나 여름철에는 감소하였다. 그러나, 유출량의 계절적 패턴은 변화가 없는 것으로 모의되었다. The main purpose of this study is to investigate and evaluate the impact of climate change on the runoff and water resources of Yongdam basin. First, we construct global climate change scenarios using the YONU GCM control run and transient experiments, then transform the YONV GCM grid-box predictions with coarse resolution of climate change into the site-specific values by statistical downscaling techniques. The values are used to modify the parameters of the stochastic weather generator model for the simulation of the site-specific daily weather time series. The weather series fed into a semi-distributed hydrological model called SLURP to simulate the streamflows associated with other water resources for the condition of <TEX>$2CO_2$</TEX>. This approach is applied to the Yongdam dam basin in southern part of Korea. The results show that under the condition of <TEX>$2CO_2$</TEX>, about 7.6％ of annual mean streamflow is reduced when it is compared with the observed one. And while Seasonal streamflows in the winter and autumn are increased, a streamflow in the summer is decreased. However, the seasonality of the simulated series is similar to the observed pattern.

Anthonomus (Anthonomus) persicae sp. nov. on Peach Flower Bud and a Key to Korean Anthonomini (Coleoptera, Curculionidae)

One weevil species was collected on the flower buds of peach tree ( Primus persicae (L.)) on April, 1998 in southern part of Korea. It is described as a new species, Anthonomus (Anthonomus) persicae sp. nov. with the illustrations of morphological characters. A key to genera, subgenera and species of the tribe Anthonomini in Korea, including the new species, is also provided.

People’ s Socio-political Experiences in Youngbo village, 1905-1953

Youngbo village is one of influential consanguinous villages in Young-am county. In the beginning of 20th century, young Confucians from noble families in Youngbo village supported the notion of anti-western and engaged in the anti-Japanese movement which continued until 1910s. In 1920s, people in Youngbo village realized that they needed to take modern education and sciences.BR Young people in Youngbo village had a chance to learn about the socialism while they were away from home for education. They made an underground organization called “Society for Socialists in Youngam County” in April, 1932. It was in that same year June 4, when Youngbo Farmers Demontration was occurred. This was not planned by underground organizations, however. Farmers who attended a May Day rally instantaneously agreed on the idea that rights of new tenants should be restricted and this was led to a demonstration on the spot. This incident was followed by arrest of farmers around Youngbo area and caused the revelation about Society for Socialists in Youngam County.BR After the 1945 Liberation of Korea, Committee for the Preparation of Korean Independence and People’s Committee in Youngam were led by those who were involved in the incidents of Society for Socialists in Youngam County. Most people in this leader group were from Youngbo village and Gurim village. However, these people were pushed out of the organization as American Military Government was established in Korea. New right-wing leaders who were mainly from old local official’s families took the initiative in the community and many left-wing leaders put in jail. Others who were classified as left-wing by American Military Government were driven to enter a mountain area and became partisans.BR Korean War had made quite an impact on the lives of people in Youngbo village. As North Korean soldiers occupied Youngam area, some important positions such as Chairman of People’s Committee and Captain of Police were given to people in Youngbo village because these people were helping partisans in a mountain area before the war. It was not that these people themselves were left wing as well but that Youngbo village was happen to be located very close to the mountain area. Until the Korean War had broken, there were not killings in Youngbo village.BR As North Korean soldiers retreated from southern part of Korea in September, 1950, people in Youngbo village had no choice but to enter a mountain area for their own safety. Youngbo village has become a borderline between the right wing police and the left wing partisan. It was not until Youngbo village people believed the area was under the control of South Korean Police. which was spring of 1951, that they came out of the mountain area. A couple of hundreds people, however, did not come back to the village because they suspected that they could be killed if they went back. These people ended up being killed by the police or army in the mountain area of Keumjung-Myon.BR Ironically, people in Youngbo village were killed in their effort to avoid the danger of death. The massacre was not due to the struggles with each other supporting different ideologies. which were in fact the common cases in many other villages. Since people in Youngbo has long been tied together through various mutual aid associations in the village, they seemed to be able to escape from even worse tragedy.

Analysis of genetic relationships of Ardisia spp. using RAPD markers

SummaryThree Ardisia species, A. pusilla, A. japonica, and A. cranata, are native to the southern part of Korea, Japan, and China, and have been marketed as a berry-bearing ornamental plant. The genetic relationships among these three native Ardisia plants collected from various locations in Korea as well as commercially available Ardisia of unknown origin was investigated by analysis of randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers. Arbitrary 10-mer oligonucleotide and 12-mer oligonucleotide primers generated a total of 78 polymorphic bands ranging from 400 bp to 2,000 bp. Members of each Ardisia species were clustered together when a dendrogram was constructed using a squared euclidean distance of 10.0. A. pusilla was more closely associated with A. japonica than A. crenata. A. japonica currently marketed in floral and nursery trades were most closely related to a native plant from Jindo, Korea. A. crenata was divided into two or three groups based on geographical origin. A. crenata plants on the market in Korea are related to those from Florida, USA, which were originally started from seeds imported from China. Molecular markers generated by RAPD analysis were successfully used to characterize genetic relationships among three species of the genus Ardisia and to characterize different accessions.

Detection and Distribution of Apple scar skin viroid-Korean Strain (ASSVd-K) from Apples Cultivated in Korea

Apple scar skin viroid (ASSVd) has been one of the most destructive diseases in Korean apple orchards. Symptoms of the scar skin viroid disease were detected in various apple cultivars, namely, Sansa, Fuji, Chukwang, Miki-Life, Hongro, and Songbongeum cultivated in the southern part of Korea. The RNA molecules were extracted from the apples bearing dapple apple symptoms with the application of CF-11 RNA extraction method. The purified RNAs were used for the synthesis of cDNA with RT-PCR. The PCR products were cloned and sequenced. The viroid RNA molecules from the six different cultivars bearing the dapple symptos showed the same nucleotide sequences as that of the Korean strain of ASSVd（ASSVd-K). ASSVd-K was detected from apple orchards in Kunwi, Sangju, Uiseong, Yeong-yang, Andong, and Youngduk in Gyeongbuk Province in 2001, and in Muju in Jeonbuk Province in 2002. As the viroid disease could be propagated vegetatively, it can be widely transmitted gradually in Korea.

Development of an in vitro Environmental Monitoring System by Using Immune Cells.

Phagocytic abilities between casein-induced Sprague-Dawley (SD) rat macrophage and kidney macrophage of fish were compared. First of all, latex bead phagocytosis abilities of macrophages from rat and fish by the same water sample were compared. In vitro exposure of the water samples to the induced SD rat macrophages for 4 hr at concentrations ranging from 10 × to 80 × of the water sample reduced the latex bead phagocytosis of the macrophages with concentration dependency. This result was similar with that of the head kidney macrophages from Cyprinus carpio and Carassius auratus. The most important advantage of using rat macrophage is its availability, because it is very hard to catch resident fishes in highly polluted rivers, and it is almost impossible to determine the extent of biological crisis in the river. These critical difficulties of previous monitoring systems could be solved by the application of casein-induced SD rat macrophages. With the above result, rat macrophage was used to investigate the acute toxicity of polluted water samples and compare pollution levels of the Kumho, Kum and Mankyung Rivers and Miho Creek in the southern part of Korea. Finally, it was confirmed that the in vitro monitoring system for exposure of SD rat macrophage to polluted water samples was available for environmental monitoring purposes.

An Ethnography of Child-Rearing Experiences of Korean Mothers Living on Koje Island

Nursing practices should be based on the understanding of human beings. In order to understand human beings, it is important to study the lifestyles and thoughts of people in their natural environment. In this sense, the cultural aspects of a society need to be studied for a culture-bound nursing service. Child care, which is an important element of nursing, is also strongly influenced by the culture of a society. Therefore, a cultural study is necessary to understand the child-rearing practices of any society. The major purpose of this dissertation is to provide basic foundations for developing a culture-based theory for nursing intervention through studying traditional cultural elements of child care in Korean society. The study examined child-rearing practices in a small village on Koje Island in the southern part of Korea. It utilized ethnographic methodologies including participatory observations and in-depth interviews. The study participants were 9 Korean mothers living on Koje Island. The average age was 52. The data were collected between July in 1998 and December in 1999. The average number of interviews per person was 7-8, and the duration of each interview was approximately 2 hours. The data were analyzed using the Spradley Analytical Method. The following 9 major child-rearing aspects of mothers on Koje Island were discovered as a result of the study: 1. Firstly, mothers on Koje Island were mostly concerned about the "Old Birth Goddess' Curse", especially during their child's early years. This concern was evidenced by their careful behavior when their child was very young and by their praying to the Old Birth Goddess not to be jealous of their babies.2. Secondly, they wished their children to live a different and better life than themselves. It was represented by their strong motivation toward their children's education as well as their expectation for their children's success. In traditional Korean culture, Korean people think that the rise and fall of the household depend on their offsprings. Therefore, Korean mothers wish their children attain to a higher level of social status through education.3. Third, mothers are concerned about their children's righteousness. Mothers on Koje island expect their children to live with discretion, justice, strength, respect, harmony, and to do their best in life.4. Next was an 'anticipation of their children's happy marriage'. The attributes of this category were an 'anxiety about their children's married life', and 'an expectation of a good spouse for their children'. Because Korean people believe that only a son can continue the bloodline of a family, especially Korean mothers have a great concern of the possibility of their daughters not having a son after marriage. Also they have different expectations toward their daughter-in-laws than son-in-laws.5. Korean mothers also derived their satisfaction from their son. It was characterized by 'excessive affection toward their son', 'dependency on their son', and 'being afraid of their married daughter having a girl like themselves'. Korean society has been a patriarchy. Therefore, a son is beloved as someone who will take care of his old parents, be in charge of ancestral rites, and provide a daughter-in-law who can conceive a son.6. The sixth category concerned 'the differences in their expectations for their children'. The attributes in this category were 'different expectations depending on their children's gender', 'different expectations depending on their children's ability', and a 'great sympathy toward children with low abilities'. Korean mothers expect their son to become better than their daughter.7. The seventh category was related to their 'roles in child-caring practices'. Traditionally a child was raised in an extended family system in Korea So it was not the sole duty of a mother to bring up the child. Korean mothers used to receive much help rasing children from their in-laws, and family members. On the other hand, many children grew up by themselves, because their mothers were very busy taking care of housework. Furthermore, many children also grew up in poverty.8. Mothers also had issues related to 'conflicts in child rearing'. They were characterized by 'lack of understanding', 'rudeness of children', and 'giving vent to one's anger'.9. Finally, mothers regretted not doing their best in child-rearing practices. It was characterized by a 'bitter feeling of repentance', 'feeling irritated', and 'feeling of unsatisfaction'.

SIMULATION OF A CENTRAL SOLAR HEATING SYSTEM WITH SEASONAL STORAGE IN KOREA

A Central Solar Heating Plant with Seasonal Storage (CSHPSS), which is under construction in Korea, is simulated using TRNSYS to predict thermal performances and economic aspects. The system is located in Cheju Island, a far southern part of Korea, and consists of two arrays of collectors, a medium-sized storage tank, and two thermal loads. The loads are an office building and a greenhouse for agricultural research. Simulation results clearly reveal that Cheju Island is climatically best suited for solar heating in Korea showing 50 to 80% more solar fractions than other inland areas. The main reason for the better thermal performance for Cheju is its warmer winter climate. The system under construction has a 184 m 2 collector area ( A) and 600 m 3 of storage volume ( V). TRNSYS prediction for the system is that about 39% of the total heating load of 885 000 MJ/year can be provided from the sun. The estimated Return Of Investment (ROI) range from 25 to 30 years. The validity of the design is checked through a `what-if' test around the design point of A=184 m 2 and V=600 m 3. The solar fraction for different system sizes and the `virtual solar self-sufficiency' conditions are also calculated even though the actual system is not economically viable with the designed small size. Our calculation reveals that low-cost CSHPSS systems could be constructed anywhere in Korea, provided only that the system size is sufficiently large.