Southern Oases Research Articles

ISSUES OF LIVESTOCK FARMING IN THE RESEARCH OF B. KH. KARMISHEVA

It is known that in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, animal husbandry developed in its own way, as one of the important industries along with agriculture. The favorable climate of the southern oasis and the availability of wide pastures are important in this. The scientific study of this area has been widely analyzed in the studies of ethnographers such as B. Karmisheva, K. Shoniyozov, I. Hidoyatov, N. Borozna. Among them, the work of B. Kh. Karmisheva is also important, the scientist distinguishes four types of animal husbandry in his works. These are the portable method, the plowing-pasture method, the plowing method and the plowing method. The article reveals the specific aspects, differences, similarities, and gradual development of these methods over time. In addition, an attempt was made to reveal the types of livestock, their distribution by regions and breeds. In the course of the article, it was emphasized that the economic activities and traditional activities of the residents of the Central Asian region have ancient historical experiences and are distinguished by their own characteristics. It has been shown on the basis of various sources that the inhabitants of the oasis are considered one of the peoples with an ancient sedentary culture, which preserved and improved the traditions of their ancestors for thousands of years. B.Kh. Karmisheva said that the descendants of large tribes such as Transoxiana Turks, Kungyrot, Lokai, Karluq, Turks, who came from the Dashti Kipchak, from the tribes that were formerly nomads, were herdsmen. It tries to reveal on the basis of field materials that they were driven to the steppe meadows, and how cattle breeding affected their way of life.

ISSUES OF LIVESTOCK FARMING IN THE RESEARCH OF B. KH. KARMISHEVA

It is known that in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, animal husbandry developed in its own way, as one of the important industries along with agriculture. The favorable climate of the southern oasis and the availability of wide pastures are important in this. The scientific study of this area has been widely analyzed in the studies of ethnographers such as B. Karmisheva, K. Shoniyozov, I. Hidoyatov, N. Borozna. Among them, the work of B. Kh. Karmisheva is also important, the scientist distinguishes four types of animal husbandry in his works. These are the portable method, the plowing-pasture method, the plowing method and the plowing method. The article reveals the specific aspects, differences, similarities, and gradual development of these methods over time. In addition, an attempt was made to reveal the types of livestock, their distribution by regions and breeds. In the course of the article, it was emphasized that the economic activities and traditional activities of the residents of the Central Asian region have ancient historical experiences and are distinguished by their own characteristics. It has been shown on the basis of various sources that the inhabitants of the oasis are considered one of the peoples with an ancient sedentary culture, which preserved and improved the traditions of their ancestors for thousands of years. B.Kh. Karmisheva said that the descendants of large tribes such as Transoxiana Turks, Kungyrot, Lokai, Karluq, Turks, who came from the Dashti Kipchak, from the tribes that were formerly nomads, were herdsmen. It tries to reveal on the basis of field materials that they were driven to the steppe meadows, and how cattle breeding affected their way of life.

T HE IMPACT OF URBANIZATION PROCESSES ON THE DAILY LIFE OF CITY RESIDENTS (IN THE CASE OF SOUTHEASTERN CITIES OF UZBEKISTAN)

Most of the inhabitants of Surkhan oasis lived in rural areas and 5% in cities. Based on the analysis of the sources, it can be observed that there were specific changes in the processes of urban planning at the beginning of the 20th century. In particular, during this period, there were administrative centers such as Termiz, Boysun, Sherabad, Behbudi, Shahrisabz, Guzor, Kitab, and Koson in the southern oases.

Putting the Associative Actor to the test in Tourism: Comparative Study of two Rural Communes, Asrir in the Province of Guelmim and Tighdouine within the Western High Atlas of Marrakech- Kingdom of Morocco

We seek to justify the importance of the association’s internal and external organization and the territory dynamics in the new development challenges for tourism promotion. The study field is made up of two sites: the Southern Oasis Tourist Association in the rural commune of Asir-Guelmim and six associations in the rural commune of Tighdouine-Province of Tahnaoute-Al Haouz, Marrakech. The qualitative analysis of the comments collected from interviewed actors involving the members of the associations and local institutional actors aims to understand more the aspects of the internal and external management of the targeted associations. Apart from their divergent experiences and territories, this article emphasizes the importance of management carried out by the association.

Demographic Processes in Turkestan Region at the End of the XIX - Beginning of the XX Centuries

This article highlights and analyzes the issues of the policy of colonization and resettlement of the Russian Empire and its impact on the demographic processes of the population in the southern oases of the Bukhara Emirate and draws appropriate conclusions.

Two Unpublished Fragments of the Sanskrit Suvarṇabhāsottama-sūtra in the Serindia Collection (IOM, RAS)

Two newly identified fragments of the Sanskrit Suvarṇabhāsottama-sūtra from Central Asia are stored in the St. Petersburgs Serindia Collection of the IOM, RAS under the call numbers SI 3045 and SI 4646. The uniqueness of the Central Asian Sanskrit manuscript rarities lies in the fact that they represent the earliest known version of this popular Buddhist text of the Mahāyāna tradition. Found in the Southern oases of the Tarim Basin in a rather fragmented condition, the manuscripts of the Sanskrit Suvarṇabhāsottama-sūtra written in the Brāhmī script are currently scattered among various manuscript depositories of the world. Among the manuscripts of the Sanskrit part of the Serindia Collection eight fragments of this Sūtra have been identified so far, and this article aims to introduce two previously unpublished fragments. The fragments are parts of the pothi type folios of paper containing on both sides ten lines in Sanskrit recorded in the so-called Early Turkestan Brāhmī, and paleography permits to date these two manuscripts to the 5th c. AD. The set of codicological and paleographic features (the same number of lines and line spacing, identical writing style and form of Brāhmī akṣaras, similar paper characteristics and width of the fragments) allows to suggest that both fragments could belong to the folios of one and the same manuscript of Suvarṇabhāsottama-sūtra, or at least that they were created in one scriptorium. Moreover, these fragments also reveal similarities with other manuscripts of this sūtra in the Serindia Collection. The introduction of these newly identified Sanskrit fragments into scientific circulation will provide additional material for solving the problems related to the source studies of the Suvarṇabhāsottama-sūtra.

Social and chronological aspects of the Late Bronze age burial site of Kokcha 3 (Uzbekistan)

The Amu-Darya Delta (ancient Khwarazm, modern Uzbekistan) was a borderland between northern steppe-based Andronovo-Srubnaya groups and southern oasis cultures in the Late Bronze Age. The local sites are known as the Tazabag'yab culture, of which Kokcha 3 is the largest excavated burial site. As such, Kokcha 3 provides the largest representative record of the local burial customs for this era. Scholars have documented a complex burial ritual for males, females and two types of double burials and reconstructed two chronological phases at the site. However, a study incorporating these different sources is still missing.In this paper, the anthropological and archaeological record of Kokcha 3 is studied using multivariate statistical approaches and spatial distribution patterns. The burial ritual was most likely divided according to gender. Double burials are distinguished between simultaneous and consecutive burials, which include different demographics and are likely to be used in different contexts. On the excavation plan, three separate areas for males, females and double burials can be reconstructed. The two-phase chronology model is verified using correspondence analysis, establishing the funeral pottery as chronological marker at Kokcha 3. Conclusions about the prehistoric landscape are drawn from the results and a hypothesis on the social structure of the Kokcha 3 community is proposed considering the context of a borderland situation. The results presented may also be relevant for the interpretation of the archaeological record of the Late Bronze Age in other regions in south Central Asia.

Characterization of Goat Breeding Systems in Tunisia and In the Mediterranean Region

Despite its socio-economic role in Tunisia, the goat has been considered as an agent of natural resource degradation due to the excessive exploitation of forests and rangelands. Currently goat farms are beginning to regain interest in different Tunisian climatic conditions. Goat breeding is distributed throughout the territory, particularly in the mountain areas, natural rangelands and southern oases. The main systems encountered are (i) systems integrated into farms, (ii) livestock systems in mountainous and forest regions, (iii) oasis ecosystems and (iv) transhumant livestock systems. These farming modes are influenced by developments in agricultural systems in general, which change due to socio-economic development and are dependent on the availability of funding through national projects. In North African countries in general, transhumant pastoral systems dominate arid and semi-arid zones and are characterized by the seasonality of food resources, which are tightly influenced by rainfall. Extensive pastoral farming, mixed with sheep in regions with a dry climate and limited water resources, is the most widespread. Goat farming is a form of savings rather than an economic activity. Concerning the majority of Mediterranean countries; the existing farming systems reveal the importance of socio-territorial unity and available natural resources. The classification of goat farming systems is based on the resources used (natural rangelands or crop residues), the intensity of resource use (extensive or intensive), the types of livestock breeders (nomadic or sedentary), or the product generated and it's quality. The dominant systems in the European countries of the northern Mediterranean shore are farms oriented to the production of goat's milk intended for the manufacture of cheeses.

Distance from industrial complex, urban area cover, and habitat structure combine to predict richness of breeding birds in southeastern Tunisian oases

The rapid expansion of urban areas and industrial units has put much strain on natural environments and biodiversity. Quantifying the impact of human pressures on avian biodiversity is vital for the identification, preservation, and restoration of important areas. Here, data collected in 11 coastal Mediterranean oases were used to assess the impact of urban and industrial landscapes and habitat structure on the richness of breeding birds. Results of generalized linear mixed models analyses showed a quadratic effect of distance to the industrial complex on breeding bird richness, being optimal (6.41 ± 0.89) at 24km. The results also showed a negative effect of the cover of urban areas. Our analysis also emphasized the importance of southern oases for breeding bird richness mostly because of their remoteness from the industrial complex and their significant coverage of fruit trees and natural ground cover. Variation partitioning analysis revealed that the shared fraction of industrial landscape, oasis habitat structure, and space was relevant in explaining the richness of breeding birds. It is highly recommended to (i) uninstall the Gabès industrial complex from this Mediterranean area, (ii) enhance the habitat quality in southern oases by planting other fruit trees, such as pomegranate and olive, and (iii) pursue scientific research in these Mediterranean coastal oases, as they offer a good opportunity for assessment and improvement of knowledge on both the impact of industrialization on quality of habitats and the richness of bird species.

Urban and industrial landscapes interact with microhabitat to predict occurrence of European Turtle Dove (Streptopelia turtur) in Mediterranean oases: Implications for conservation

The assessment of the impact of urban and industrial landscapes on the occurrence of vulnerable species is one key step in the view to maintaining them in environments that are becoming urbanised. In the present study, we aimed to investigate this issue with regards to the vulnerable European Turtle Dove (TD) (Streptopelia turtur) in the coastal Mediterranean oases. Here, we used data on a series of variables, including microhabitat and urban-industrial landscapes, to identify the best predictors that cause variation in the probability of TD occurrence by means of generalized linear mixed models. The results revealed a significant interaction between the distance to the industrial complex and coverage of fruit trees at the microhabitat scale in explaining this probability (Adj. R2 = 22%; P = 0.001). This probability becomes higher than 0.50 when the distance from the industrial complex is more than 8 km and the cover of fruit trees is above 30%. A high probability of TD occurrence is also recorded in the presence of a very weak cover of urban areas. In the Gabès region, the highest probability of TD occurrence was recorded in the southern oases, thus highlighting their central role in conserving this Columbidae. For the species’ conservation, it is imperative to (i) uninstall the Gabès industrial complex from this coastal Mediterranean area, (ii) protect the southern oases, which constitute important breeding areas for the species in the south-east of Tunisia, (iii) enhance habitat quality in the farthest oases from the industrial complex, and (iv) set up a monitoring system aiming to quantify the impact of urban growth on this North African TD population.

Новый фрагмент санскритской Саддхармапундарика-сутры из Хотана

Introduction. The collection of Sanskrit manuscripts of the Lotus Sutra is a richest one in the Serindian Collection of the Institute of Oriental Manuscripts (RAS, 27 call numbers). Most of the fragments of the Sanskrit Lotus Sutra from the Serindian Collection belong to the Central Asian edition, including the famous Kashgar manuscript by N. F. Petrovsky that is the most extensive version of the Sutra (about 400 folios) and the core of the Sanskrit manuscripts containing the text of ‘Saddharmapuṇḍarīka’. Most of the Sanskrit manuscripts of the Lotus Sutra in the Serindian Collection were compiled in the southern oases of the Tarim Basin and made in poṭhī format. The texts of these manuscripts were written in Southern Turkestan Brāhmī in black ink on paper. According to paleographic data, these manuscripts can be dated to the 8th–9th centuries AD. Goals. The article seeks to introduce into academic circulation a new fragment of the Sanskrit Lotus Sutra from the Serindian Collection of the IOM (RAS). The new unpublished fragment of the Lotus Sutra stored under call number SI 6584 has been identified relatively recently. It is an excerpt from Chapter XVIII of the Lotus Sutra (‘The Chapter Describing the Religious Merit [Obtained through] Joyful Participation [in Dharma]’, ‘Anumodanāpuṇyanirdeśaparivartaḥ’). According to paleographic and codicological characteristics, the new fragment is very close to another previously published manuscript of the Lotus Sutra stored in the Serindian Collection under call number SI 1934. The article describes the external features of both manuscripts (SI 1934 and SI 6584), transliterates, translates and compares fragment SI 6584 to the other well-known texts of the Lotus Sutra. The paper also contains a facsimile reproduction of fragment SI 6584. Conclusions. As compared to other texts of the Lotus Sutra, fragment SI 6584 belongs to the Central Asian edition of ‘Saddharmapuṇḍarīka’, and its text is almost identical to that of the Kashgar manuscript by N. F. Petrovsky (fol. 335b–337a).

In a Foreign Land: Estrangement in “Rappaccini's Daughter”

Abstract When Hawthorne set “Rappaccini's Daughter” in Italy, he recreated a country he had known, at that stage of his life, only through his reading and his perusal of prints. Unable to leave his native country, he had traveled to Italy imaginatively, and he had further emphasized the distance between the Italian tale and his American productions by attributing it to his French alter ego M. de l’Aubépine. Although “Rappaccini's Daughter” is one of Hawthorne's most widely discussed tales, the provenance of its male protagonist, Giovanni Guasconti, has received but scant attention. This essay will concentrate on the precise identification of Giovanni as a Neapolitan student who has left his home and has traveled a great distance to study at the University of Padua, in the north. Given the story's setting, namely, Renaissance Italy, Giovanni has traveled from what was then the Kingdom of Naples to the territory of the Republic of Venice. To all intents and purposes, Giovanni is a foreigner in a city where everything is unfamiliar and mysterious. The estrangement he experiences inevitably colors his perception of places, people, and events. Giovanni feels ill at ease in the stony urban center of Padua and longs for the sunny vistas of seaside Naples. It is precisely his longing that renders him particularly vulnerable to the lure of Dr. Rappaccini's luxuriant garden (a sort of microclimate, a southern oasis in the north), which he can see from his window. He hungers, one might say, for greenery, and that need exposes him to danger.

Особенности проблемы социально-демографических процессов населения в Кашкадарьинском и Сурхандарьинском оазисах (конец XIX в.)

This article presents a scientific analysis of the problems of the socio-economic way of life and demographic processes of the population of the Kashkadarya and Surkhandarya oases and their features in the late 19th centuries. The administrative centers experienced an increase in population and ethnic composition, but in rural areas their standard of living was significantly higher. An analysis of demographic processes shows that the population of this southern region accelerated the transition to a more sedentary lifestyle during this period. As a result of these factors, the population of the cities, which were the administrative centers in the southern oases, gradually increased, and gradually commercial and industrial enterprises appeared. In conclusion, it is concluded that there were still many problems in the demographic processes of the social life of the population in the principalities of the southern oases.

Ўзбек уруғлари моддий маданияти тарихи (қўнғирот ўруғи мисолида)

Anotomy This article analyzes the material culture of ethnic Uzbeks living in the southern oasis of Uzbekistan in the late 19th and early 20th centuries and their ethnic location. It also provides information on the social history of the kangaroo seeds, which is one of the largest genera of Uzbeks. It also provides information on the history of folklore schools in southern oasis.

Water use efficiency and yield responses of cotton to field capacity-based deficit irrigation in an extremely arid area of China

The objectives of present investigation were to test the effects on water use efficiency (WUE) and cotton yield of implementing a range of deficit irrigation regimes triggered at specific fractions of root zone soil moisture, field capacity (θfc) and different crop phenological stages. The study was conducted on southern oasis of the Taklamakan desert, China. The cotton crop’s WUE was quantified, as were leaf photosynthesis and yield. From a photosynthetic perspective, deficit irrigation resulted in 16.8%, 10.3% and 2.2% increases in leaf WUE under θfc-based regulated deficit irrigation (T1, T2, and T3), compared to the control, respectively. Cotton yield and its components were significantly affected by irrigation depths (p≤0.05). A relatively high seed yield (0.65 kg/m3) and the highest WUE were achieved, under T3 (70% θfc at seedling stage, 60% θfc at squaring, 50% θfc at full-bloom, 70% θfc at boll, 70% θfc at boll cracking stage), showing it to be the most effective and productive irrigation schedule tested. As the application of θfc-based deficit irrigation in surface-irrigated cotton fields showed great potential in saving water, maintaining a high WUE, and improving cotton seed yield, a management strategy consisting or irrigation thresholds of 70% θfc in the root zone at the seedling, boll and boll cracking stages, and of 60% θfc at the squaring stage, and 50% θfc at the full-bloom stage, would be recommended for this extremely arid region. Keywords: regulated deficit irrigation, evapotranspiration, seed cotton yield, water use efficiency, Qira Oasis DOI: 10.25165/j.ijabe.20191206.4571 Citation: Li H F, Qi Z M, Gui D W, Zeng F J. Water use efficiency and yield responses of cotton to field capacity-based deficit irrigation in an extremely arid area of China. Int J Agric & Biol Eng, 2019; 12(6): 91–101.

Nitrogen leaching, recovery efficiency, and cotton productivity assessments on desert-sandy soil under various application methods

Poor fertilizer nitrogen recovery due to excessive N leaching in sandy soils often results in low cotton yield. The objective of the present study was to compare nitrate-N accumulation in the rootzone, leaching to plant uptake, and cotton yield under different urea application methods in a desert sandy soil. The study was conducted on southern oasis of the Taklamakan desert, China during cotton growing seasons of 2015 and 2016. Treatments included a control (no N-fertilization-C), conventional top-dressing of urea before flood irrigation (CTD), fertigation of soluble urea by drip irrigation (FD), and urea side-drilled in mud after flood irrigation (SDM). Results revealed that SDM and FD methods retained 4-fold and 3-fold, respectively, higher nitrate-N in 0–60 cm layer of the soil profile than CTD; the later had the most accumulation in 60–120 cm zone of the soil profile. However, greater nitrate-N accumulation in cotton root zone (0–60 cm) with SDM corresponded to aboveground cotton N uptake 6% and 41% higher than with FD and CTD, respectively. The highest N-leaching of 165 kg N ha−1 occurred with CTD, being 61% and 70% higher than FD and SDM, respectively. Improved N-uptake under SDM corresponded to higher cotton biomass, boll density, boll weight, seed cotton and lint yield, and agronomic, physiological and recovery N-use efficiencies than FD and CTD methods. Together, the results indicate that flood irrigation followed by side-drilling of urea in mud is effective to improve yield, nitrogen recovery and use efficiency of cotton on sandy soils, where, the drip irrigation is not locally preferred.

Water use efficiency and yield responses of cotton to field capacity-based deficit irrigation in an extremely arid area of China

The objectives of present investigation were to test the effects on water use efficiency (WUE) and cotton yield of implementing a range of deficit irrigation regimes triggered at specific fractions of root zone soil moisture, field capacity (θfc) and different crop phenological stages. The study was conducted on southern oasis of the Taklamakan desert, China. The cotton crop’s WUE was quantified, as were leaf photosynthesis and yield. From a photosynthetic perspective, deficit irrigation resulted in 16.8%, 10.3% and 2.2% increases in leaf WUE under θfc-based regulated deficit irrigation (T1, T2, and T3), compared to the control, respectively. Cotton yield and its components were significantly affected by irrigation depths (p≤0.05). A relatively high seed yield (0.65 kg/m3) and the highest WUE were achieved, under T3 (70% θfc at seedling stage, 60% θfc at squaring, 50% θfc at full-bloom, 70% θfc at boll, 70% θfc at boll cracking stage), showing it to be the most effective and productive irrigation schedule tested. As the application of θfc-based deficit irrigation in surface-irrigated cotton fields showed great potential in saving water, maintaining a high WUE, and improving cotton seed yield, a management strategy consisting or irrigation thresholds of 70% θfc in the root zone at the seedling, boll and boll cracking stages, and of 60% θfc at the squaring stage, and 50% θfc at the full-bloom stage, would be recommended for this extremely arid region. Keywords: regulated deficit irrigation, evapotranspiration, seed cotton yield, water use efficiency, Qira Oasis DOI: 10.25165/j.ijabe.20191206.4571 Citation: Li H F, Qi Z M, Gui D W, Zeng F J. Water use efficiency and yield responses of cotton to field capacity-based deficit irrigation in an extremely arid area of China. Int J Agric & Biol Eng, 2019; 12(6): 91–101.

Diversificación agroproductiva en Mendoza, Argentina. El tomate fresco y procesado en la década de 1930

En este artículo se reconstruyen los orígenes de una agroindustria nueva en Mendoza, Argentina, donde la vitivinicultura era la actividad económica principal; para ello se consultaron fuentes públicas y privadas. La situación internacional de la década de 1930 creó las condiciones para la diversificación productiva, en la que operaron tanto las inversiones privadas como las de gobierno. La producción de tomate se dinamizó desde el oasis sur de Mendoza al resto de la provincia, para venderlo fresco e industrializado. Este trabajo constituye una aportación a las reflexiones historiográficas sobre la formación de economías regionales, debido a la falta de investigaciones sobre el comienzo de la diversificación agroproductiva en Mendoza.

EDITORIAL

One of the recurrent patterns in the Eurasian past is the tension between the steppe and the sown—between the nomadic peoples occupying the grassland belt from the Ukraine to China, and the settled farmers living along their southern margins. Peoples of the steppe have featured regularly in recent issues of Antiquity: the bronze-working traditions of the eastern steppes (Hsu et al. 2016)1, Andronovo settlement in Xinjiang (Jia et al. 2017)2, the Yamnaya people of the western steppes (Heyd 2017; Kristiansen 2017)3,4, or animal husbandry in the southern oases (Lhuillier et al. 2017)5. The more nomadic the lifestyle, the fewer the archaeological traces one might expect to find; but for some steppe peoples, those traces are nonetheless spectacular. And for none is that truer than for the Scythians, subject of the current major exhibition at the British Museum.

Future of Water Supply and Demand in the Middle Drâa Valley, Morocco, under Climate and Land Use Change

Regions of scarce fresh water resources, such as the Middle East and North Africa, are facing great challenges already today, and even more in the future, due to climatic and socioeconomic changes. The Middle Drâa valley in Morocco is one of many semi-arid to arid mountainous areas struggling with increasing water scarcity threatening self-sufficient husbandry. In order to maintain people’s livelihoods water management needs to be adapted. The Water Evaluation And Planning System (WEAP) software has been widely used to examine complex water systems in the water resource planning sector all around the world and proved to be a helpful asset to show the various interactions of water supply and demand. This paper presents the application of WEAP on the Middle Draâ valley’s water demand and supply, including several socioeconomic and land use scenarios under one basic climate change scenario. The climate scenario shows a significant decrease in available water resources up to 2029 while all socioeconomic scenarios show an increase in water demand. In years of droughts groundwater is used for irrigation, leading to increasingly depleted aquifers. The aquifers are recharged by percolation losses from irrigation and by river bed infiltration the latter of which is stronger in the northern oases than in the southern oases due to water withdrawal rules. A drastic reduction of irrigated agricultural area is the only solution to guarantee sustainable water use.